Simulation of failure process of jointed rock

A modified discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) algorithm was proposed to simulate the failure behavior of jointed rock.In the proposed algorithm,by using the Monte-Carlo technique,random joint network was generated in the domain of interest.Based on the joint network,the triangular DDA block system was automatically generated by adopting the advanced front method.In the process of generating blocks,numerous artificial joints came into being,and once the stress states at some artificial joints satisfy the failure criterion given beforehand,artificial joints will turn into real joints.In this way,the whole fragmentation process of rock mass can be replicated.The algorithm logic was described in detail,and several numerical examples were carried out to obtain some insight into the failure behavior of rock mass containing random joints.From the numerical results,it can be found that the crack initiates from the crack tip,the growth direction of the crack depends upon the loading and constraint conditions,and the proposed method can reproduce some complicated phenomena in the whole process of rock failure.     

非连续岩体破裂机理及其工程稳定性研究

本研究为应用基础研究,以解决工程实际问题为目的,以围岩中客观存在的破裂区为主线,从对地下工程稳定性问题的评价入手,以相似材料模型试验和数值模拟计算为基本手段,以断裂力学为基础,研究了断续节理岩体的细观破坏机理、宏观破坏过程及其对围岩破裂区和围岩碎胀变形的影响规律;研究了断续节理岩体中围岩破裂区的性质、破裂区与地下工程稳定性的关系等问题,提出了以围岩破裂区和围岩收敛量作为判定围岩稳定性方法,为采矿工程的设计、施工和生产提供了较为可靠的决策依据.本文获得以下主要结论:1)围岩破裂区是一个综合数量指标,采用以围岩破裂区厚度作为围岩稳定性评价的指标.2)采用数字照相变形量测方法来测量围岩的变形,较好地解决了平面应变模型试验中的变形量测问题,符合非接触变形量测的发展趋势.3)断续节理岩体的破坏机制为:在集中应力作用下,节理端部岩桥首先发生张拉破坏,新生的岩桥裂纹与邻近原生节理相互串通,最终形成阶梯状滑移面而使岩体强度丧失.4)当节理两端的次生裂纹扩展长度l=h/sinβ时,节理岩体将产生贯通破坏.5)在节理岩体中,围岩破裂区是由于新生裂纹与节理相互贯通导致纵横交错的贯通裂隙所致,断续节理贯通破坏的边界可定义为围岩破裂区的边界.6)通过相似模型试验发现,当节理密度大时,围岩破裂区会跨越相邻节理;反之,节理对围岩破裂区的扩展有阻隔作用.7)围岩收敛速率的第一次突然增大,预示围岩中已产生破裂区,而围岩收敛速率的每一次突然增大,意味着围岩产生了剧烈的破坏.8)当节理角度在30°～75°之间时,节理角度对岩体强度的影响较大,并且在60°左右时岩体强度最低,稳定性也最差.9)当巷道的收敛量达到或超过2.5%时,巷道围岩中将产生破裂区;当巷道的收敛量达到或超过5%时,巷道将发生冒顶事故,已处于失稳状态;当巷道的收敛量达到或超过22.8%时,巷道将完全毁坏,并失去了人工稳定的可能.     

直剪作用下不共面断续节理岩桥 破断试验与数值研究

在伺服控制剪切加载系统下对不共面类岩石断续节理试件进行正向、反向直剪试验,研究直剪下不共面断续节理的岩桥破断机理和剪切规律,试验研究发现,直剪作用下不共面断续节理岩桥破坏过程具有明显的阶段性,经历线弹性阶段、裂纹起裂扩展阶段、岩桥断裂贯通阶段、剪切面爬坡咬合阶段和残余摩擦阶段5个阶段,正向剪切下岩桥呈齿形破断面,反向剪切作用下岩桥产生沿直剪方向贯通的带形破断面,与正向剪切相比,反向剪切下节理的初裂抗剪强度和峰值抗剪强度较大,裂纹倾角、法向应力和相邻节理搭接比例是影响试件初裂抗剪强度和峰值抗剪强度的主要因素。采用FLAC3D对正向、反向直剪作用下不共面断续节理的岩桥破断、剪切破断面的形成过程进行数值试验,数值试验结果和类岩石直剪试件的试验结果基本吻合,数值试验揭示了直剪作用下不共面断续节理岩桥的拉裂破坏和破断面的剪切屈服机理。     

Failure mechanism and stability control of a large section of very soft roadway surrounding rock shear slip

The measured data and simulation test phenomenon of surrounding rock deformation and failure at the project site indicate that shear failure which firstly occurs in surrounding rock, block slip and second shear failure are the root cause of deformation and damage of supporting structure of the surrounding rock at a large scale. We derived limit load of surrounding rock shear slip failure and reasonable support resistance of given load by means of shear slip line field theory, discussed the main factors which influence the limit load of surrounding rock. Shear slip line field and limit load of circular tunnel surrounding rock were obtained by means of physical simulation test, which agreed well with the theoretical analysis results. Based on the theoretical analysis and physical simulation test, the cause deformation and failure at large scale of Xinshanghai No. 1 coal mine big section ingate was analyzed, and the shear failure resistance and block slip in surrounding rock were proposed as the core technical supporting ideas. Proper range of supporting resistance which came from calculation was suggested. The support scheme which is mainly composed of large grouting anchor, sprayed anchor net support technique and full-face grille concrete finally ended the dilemma of repeated failure and mending of ingate and created critical conditions for smooth production in the coal mine.     

Numerical simulation study of the failure evolution process and failure mode of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadways

Based on the safety coefficient method,which assigns rock failure criteria to calculate the rock mass unit,the safety coefficient contour of surrounding rock is plotted to judge the distribution form of the fractured zone in the roadway.This will provide the basis numerical simulation to calculate the surrounding rock fractured zone in a roadway.Using the single factor and multi-factor orthogonal test method,the evolution law of roadway surrounding rock displacements,plastic zone and stress distribution under different conditions is studied.It reveals the roadway surrounding rock burst evolution process,and obtains five kinds of failure modes in deep soft rock roadway.Using the fuzzy mathematics clustering analysis method,the deep soft surrounding rock failure model in Zhujixi mine can be classified and patterns recognized.Compared to the identification results and the results detected by geological radar of surrounding rock loose circle,the reliability of the results of the pattern recognition is verified and lays the foundations for the support design of deep soft rock roadways.     

A new fracture model for the prediction of longwall caving characteristics

A new numerical model is presented to simulate fracture initiation and propagation in geological structures. This model is based on the recent amalgamation of established failure and fracture mechanics theory, which has been implemented to the finite difference FLAC code as a constitutive FISH user-defined-model. Validation of the model has been studied on the basis of comparing the transitional failure modes in rock. It is shown that the model is capable of accurately simulating fracture distributions over entire brittle to ductile rock phases. The application of the model during longwall retreat simulation highlighted several caving characteristics relevant to varying geological condition. The distribution and behaviour of modelled fractures were both realistic and shown to provide an enhanced post failure analysis to geological structures in FLAC. Moreover, the model introduces new potential insight towards the failure analysis of more complicated problems. This is best suited towards improving safety and efficiency in mines through the prediction of various key fractures and caving characteristics of geological structures.     

Effect of rock mass structure and block size on the slope stability--Physical modeling and discrete element simulation

This paper studies the stability of jointed rock slopes by using our improved three-dimensional discrete element methods (DEM) and physical modeling. Results show that the DEM can simulate all failure modes of rock slopes with different joint configurations. The stress in each rock block is not homogeneous and blocks rotate in failure development. Failure modes depend on the configuration of joints. Toppling failure is observed for the slope with straight joints and sliding failure is observed for the slope with staged joints. The DEM results are also compared with those of limit equilibrium method (LEM). Without considering the joints in rock masses, the LEM predicts much higher factor of safety than physical modeling and DEM. The failure mode and factor of safety predicted by the DEM are in good agreement with laboratory tests for any jointed rock slope.     

Effect of rock mass structure and block size on the slope stability——Physical modeling and discrete element simulation

Rock slope has many geological structures with different sizes, configurations and mechanical properties such as joints, fissures, faults, shear bands and so on[1]. These geological structures may make the slope unstable, producing toppling, fracturing or sliding failures. A lot of investigations have focused on the stability of jointed rock slope, however, the mechanisms on the progressive failure of jointed rock slope is still an open issue in either physical modeling or numerical simulation…     

An improved form of smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for crack propagation simulation applied in rock mechanics

The simulation of crack propagation processes in rock engineering has been not only a research hot spot among scholars but also a challenge. Based on this background, a new numerical method named improved kernel of smoothed particle hydrodynamics(IKSPH) has been put forward. By improving the kernel function in the traditional smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method, the brittle fracture characteristics of the base particles are realized. The particle domain searching method(PDSM) has also been put forward to generate the arbitrary complex fissure networks. Three numerical examples are analyzed to validate the efficiency of IKSPH and PDSM, which can correctly reveal the morphology of wing crack and the laws of crack coalescence compared with previous experimental and numerical studies.Finally, a rock slope model with complex joints is numerically simulated and the progressive failure processes are exhibited, which indicates that the IKSPH method can be well applied to rock mechanics engineering. The research results showed that IKSPH method reduces the programming difficulties and avoids the traditional grid distortion, which can provide some references for the application of IKSPH to rock mechanics engineering and the understanding of rock fracture mechanisms.     

高密度电法在探测隐伏岩性分界面中的应用

灰岩作为一种可溶性碳酸盐岩,容易发生地面塌陷等地质灾害。因此,在隐伏基岩区确定灰岩的分布范围,划分可溶岩与非可溶岩地质界线具有重要意义。首先简要介绍了高密度电法工作原理,然后通过数值模拟研究了高密度电法划分可溶岩与非可溶岩隐伏岩性分界面的可行性,最后给出了一个野外探测实例。实践表明高密度电法在划分隐伏岩性分界面效果较好,值得推广应用。     

Probabilistic approach for open pit bench slope stability analysis——A mine case study

The geotechnical slope design of an open pit wall starts at the bench scale configuration. At this scale, the rock slope stability is governed primarily by the geological discontinuities within the rock mass and as a result, structurally-controlled failures(e.g. planar, wedge or toppling) are most likely to occur. The probabilistic approach offers a major advantage over the traditional deterministic method in that it accounts for the different degrees of variability and uncertainty often encountered in rock properties. This paper presents a bench slope stability assessment for an open pit mine in Peru using a probabilistic-based approach by coupling a kinematic analysis based on stereographic projection techniques followed by a kinetic analysis by means of the limit equilibrium method. Finally, these two probabilities are combined to provide an overall measure of the probability of failure(PoF) of the bench slope system. The case study is characterized by significant scatter in the geometrical and mechanical properties of the joints.Extensive surface mapping was conducted at 36 different sites following the ISRM suggested procedures.Several direct shear tests were carried out. It is shown that by combining field and laboratory measurements and engineering judgment, the probability density functions(PDF) of the discontinuity parameters can be obtained. These are then used in a Monte Carlo simulation process to compute both kinematic and kinetic probabilities of failure. The overall probability of failure aims to provide the design engineer with a tool to critically evaluate the bench performance from a geotechnical risk perspective and to provide a basis for future bench design optimization.     

柱状节理岩体开挖卸荷效应及破裂区分布规律

为了分析柱状节理洞室的变形和破裂区分布特征,研究岩体开挖扰动后的卸荷效应.在构建的复合型多弱面本构模型的基础上,建立柱状节理岩体开挖卸荷过程中弹性模量随应力水平的变化机制,提出适用于柱状节理岩体的理论公式,并成功嵌入本构模型,实现了柱状节理岩体的卸荷效应.结合取得的研究成果,进行柱状节理洞室开挖的计算分析,获取了围岩的变形特征及塑性区分布规律,发现节理面的屈服破坏与节理的倾向关系密切.研究各组节理面在塑性区开展过程中的影响,结果表明,垂直于开挖面的主节理面影响最大.揭示了柱状节理洞室围岩破裂区的开展过程及分布规律,即主节理面破裂贯通的过程并伴随次节理面的破裂扩展及岩体的开裂.     

差异风化型危岩形成和破坏机理

陡倾硬岩和软岩基座组成的差异风化型危岩是地质灾害的常见形态。在建立危岩的力学分析模型的基础上,研究了边坡中张性地应力和岩腔发育深度对差异风化型危岩形成与破坏的影响。以重庆洪崖洞危岩边坡为工程背景,采用空心包体应力计对边坡地应力进行了现场测试和分析,判定了危岩松动发育区范围。用算例分析了差异风化型危岩体的形成和破坏过程,结果表明张性地应力和岩腔深度对主控裂隙的形成具有最强的相关性,并分析了各种参数的影响,提出了预测差异风化型危岩控制性破坏模式的方法。分析方法和结果适用于类似条件下的危岩边坡,可供相关研究和工程参考。     

断续节理岩体中围岩破裂区的试验研究

为了研究断续节理对围岩破裂区形成与扩展以及破裂区大小的影响,采用真三轴巷道平面应变模型试验台,运用数字照相进行变形量测的方法,研究分析了断续节理岩体中裂纹的产生、扩展与贯通机理及其围岩的破坏失稳行为．结果表明：在断续节理岩体中,围岩破裂区是由于新生裂纹与原有节理相互贯通,导致岩体中产生纵横交错的贯通裂隙所致;在断续节理的影响下,巷道围岩破裂区并不是均匀发展,而是首先产生于顶板节理附近,然后向巷道周边其它相邻部位发展;最终的破裂区厚度在平行于节理方向最大,而在垂直于节理方向的厚度最小．     

坚硬顶板型冲击矿压灾害防治研究

针对兖州矿区济三煤矿6303工作面的冲击矿压问题，分析了冲击矿压发生的主要原因及影响因素．根据现场条件和数值模拟分析，提出了采用顶板爆破解除冲击矿压危险的技术措施，并确定了爆破参数．采用矿用钻孔窥视仪并配合电磁辐射法和钻屑法对爆破进行了效果检验．结果表明，通过顶板爆破措施可以破坏工作面上方坚硬厚层砂岩顶板的完整性，提前释放顶板聚集的弹性能，减弱和消除了工作面的冲击矿压危险，胜，保证了工作面的安全生产．现场实践证明，该项技术对具有坚硬顶板型冲击矿压的防治效果明显．     

公路隧道围岩动态分级方法研究

由于地质条件的复杂多变以及勘察方法和技术缺陷等原因,导致在勘察设计阶段的公路隧道围岩分级与实际施工阶段的围岩分级差异很大,应该寻求动态的对公路隧道围岩分级进行描述的定量评价方法,以确保隧道围岩和支护结构体系在施工和运行过程中的稳定性。通过对走马岭隧道现场进行详细地质调查,采用多变量分析法对走马岭隧道围岩进行了动态分级。结果表明,隧道施工阶段围岩分级结果与原来勘查设计部门的结果有较大出入;隧道施工阶段围岩分级结果更加真实,正确反映了围岩的稳定性。     

节理岩体的有限元分析

本文由节理和岩块体变形迭加的方法推导出节理岩体的应力—应变关系式,并分析了各种节理和岩块体破坏的组合形式及其变形状态,因而能较准确地反映节理岩体的破坏机理。     

基于强度折减法随机裂隙岩体结构稳定性分析

克服裂隙岩体确定性分析方法的局限性,采用有限元强度折减法对节理裂隙随机分布的重力坝安全稳定性进行评价。运用Monte-Carlo方法,生成二维和三维随机节理裂隙网络模型,模型较为真实的还原了节理裂隙的分布情况;针对重力坝只含软弱夹层和同时含软弱夹层和节理裂隙两种情况,采用强度折减法对比分析其塑性区和水平位移变化情况。研究结果表明,含节理裂隙的重力坝坝基内部塑性区较多,且局部破坏严重,坝体的水平位移相对较大。该结果可为裂隙岩体地下工程的安全和稳定性研究提供参考。     

不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响

为探究不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响,依托九绵高速全线软岩大变形隧道,通过岩石力学试验确定遍布节理模型参数,基于数值模拟,探究不同软岩大变形等级（轻微、中等、强烈）下层理角度对层状软岩大变形隧道围岩及支护体系受力变形的影响,并通过现场统计的层理角度与大变形情况对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明：1）层理小角度（0°、15°）与大角度（90°）围岩变形、支护结构受力变形较大,随着大变形等级的增大,层理角度引起的围岩支护变化效果越明显。2）随着层理角度的增大,围岩变形从拱底逐渐转移到右拱腰。围岩变形主要发生在隧道轮廓与层理面相切位置,其中拱底及左拱脚对层理角度变化较敏感。3）初支应力偏向及节理塑性区大致与层理弱面法向一致,随着层理角度的增大,节理的剪切塑性区由拱顶、拱底转移到左拱脚、右拱肩,最终偏移到左右拱腰上下位置;相比初支压应力,初支拉应力对层理角度更敏感,垂直节理增大了张拉剪切破坏塑性区贯通的风险,但剪切破坏塑性区半径反而有可能减小。4）现场的统计规律表现为小角度与大角度大变形等级较高,层理角度为60°以下时,岩层破坏发生在拱腰及拱肩处,随着层理角度的增大,有向拱肩发展的...     

高层建筑岩石洞室地基稳定性分析

通过有限元计算、经验类比和现场观测,对以重庆市邹容广场为例的高层建筑岩石洞室地基稳定性分析进行了较为全面的研究,其中包括岩体力学参数、岩体破坏准则、有限元计算方案、稳定性分析结论及工程措施。