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1.
Conclusions  Small rivers reflect to a considerable extent the general situation in the water-protection zone of the Ivankovo reservoir and make their negative contribution to worsening of water quality. Being the most vulnerable link of the ecosystem, they require some correction (if only from positions not requiring large material expenditures), namely:
–  banning plowing of lands up to the water’s edge and creating small forest strips in the near-channel part of rivers;
–  banning the application of fertilizer on snow in water-protection zones, since in this case a considerable amount of it enters directly into the rivers;
–  monitoring the observance by farm and poultry plant workers of the regime of sanitary zones of water objects, reference being to the impermissibility of the washout of wastes from the territories of these enterprises directly into rivers;
–  banning the grazing of large cattle herds on low and high floodplains, which owing to their territorial limitedness and instability to loads do not withstand such pressure and are brought out of an equilibrium state.
Assessment of the ecological state of small rivers and their drainage basins requires further development and refinement. But the preliminary results already permit concluding the need to reduce the level of anthropogenic loads on certain stretches of the basin right now and the need to legalize the status of sanitary zones for small rivers. To improve the water quality of small rivers of the drainage basin of the Ivankovo reservoir it is necessary first of all to elevate the ecological knowledgeability of the population living in the territory of the basin as well as to fulfill the scientifically founded standards of anthropogenic loads with respect to various types of use of resources. Furthermore, it is necessary to carry out water reclamation works on numerous stretches, which has not been done heretofore: clearing and deepening river channels and clogged springs; removal and utilization of trash and prohibiting the entry of wastewaters from the territories of agricultural and industrial enterprises directly into water objects (embanking the banks on hazardous stretches, creation of wastewater collectors, forest reclamation, etc.). Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 7, pp. 14–20, July, 1999.  相似文献   

2.
Conclusions  
1.  The experience of design works on the hydropower equipment of a hydrostation as large of a large number of suppliers requires a technical coordinator of the works with strict obligations on coordinating the designs of equipment with this coordinator before sending to the customer.
2.  At the stage of preparing the tender documents for complete delivery of hydrostation equipment it is necessary to enlist a design organization for a general assessment of the layout of equipment given in the tender drawings, for preparing alternative variants of the layout, and simplifying the process of final coordination of changes in the contract specifications in the case of winning the tender.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 3, pp. 52–54, March, 1998.  相似文献   

3.
Conclusions  
1.  The expediency of hydraulic-fill grading of marshy coastal territories and city dumps for housing construction and recreation park and beach zones was proved practically.
2.  Underwater coastal borrow pits in the shallow-water zone can be used for direct dredging of soil.
3.  In the absence of sand borrow pits, fine-grained loamy sand soils can be used for hydraulic filling the construction sites.
4.  To operate dredges on large water areas under conditions of violent wind-wave action, it is necessary to work out a special works organization plan taking into account the preservation of supply lines, machines, and crew during a storm and under ice conditions in the winter.
5.  The possibility of using the ash of heat and power plants for engineering grading of a marshy territory for housing construction on a pile foundation was proved.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 9, pp. 29–33, September, 1997.  相似文献   

4.
Conclusions  
1.  The use of hydraulicking when processing muddy industrial and sewer sludge in Moscow city limits promotes improvement of the environmental and sanitary-epidemiological safety of the city and is becoming a radical methods of controlling pollution of cities by industrial, municipal, and domestic waste.
2.  The hydraulicking method of clearing and dredging water areas, reclaiming lands, providing public services and amenities, and filling protective bank reinforcement structures solves problems of the multipurpose and efficient use of the country’s natural resources, restoration of the water-resources potential, safety of operating reservoirs and hydraulic structures, and improving the health of the environment.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 7, pp. 26–28, July, 1999.  相似文献   

5.
1.  The final stage of damming the Irtysh River was carried out without complications owing to thorough preparation for this important stage of works on the part of the entire team of Irtyshgesstroi.
2.  The cut made to the upper cofferdam and undercutting of the cofferdams by dredges considerably facilitated damming of the Irtysh in the final stage.
3.  When modeling damming, the design and research organizations have to approach this important problem in greater detail and from all sides and to investigate the process with the active help in the investigations of those doing the damming.
4.  Damming of the Irtysh River in the region of Semipalatinsk city was complicated by the considerable difference of the actual drop in the gap and that determined on the model owing to the complexity of modeling such a large river with a multitude of branches.
5.  Damming of rivers in the winter at negative temperatures considerably complicates the works both organizationally and technologically, and therefore preparation for damming should be thoroughly perfected.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 13–16, September, 1991.  相似文献   

6.
Conclusions  
1.  The quality control system created at the Zagorsk PSS mainly provides quality control of construction. However, the repeated transfer of control from one firm to another leads to the loss of primary documents needed for putting the structure into service.
2.  The absence of test equipment (tensile-test machines of more than 100 tons, freezers, etc.) does not permit conducting tests in good time and to the full extent.
3.  It is necessary to solve the problem of appropriate financing of the control service (at least 1% of the cost of construction and assembly works).
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 21–23, October, 1999.  相似文献   

7.
Conclusions  
1.  The joint-stock company Gidrospetsstroi has accumulated fundamental experience in the development and introduction of progressive technologies in the area of special underground works, including underpinning foundations, construction of pile foundations, and stabilization of weak soils by various methods.
2.  The team at Gidrospetsstroi for more than 40 years has successfully carried out antiseepage and reinforcement measures on civil and industrial objects in Moscow and the Moscow Oblast, including a number on the instructions of the Russian Federation government and Moscow city government. By now works have been carried out on more than 1000 objects just in the capital.
3.  To prevent developing deformations of buildings and structures, Gidrospetsstroi used the construction of bored-injection (rootlike) piles for the first time in domestic practice in Moscow (1976). This technology was subsequently introduced actively on objects in Moscow and abroad.
4.  For the 850th anniversary of Moscow, Gidrospetsstroi carried out works on constructing bored cast-in-place and bored-injection piles as well as grouting of foundations and foundation-soil contact at many objects of the capital.
5.  The long accumulated experience of performing special works, highly skilled engineers and workers, mobility and flexibility of the system, which includes the necessary links—all this gives ground to consider that the joint-stock company Gidrospetsstroi can successfully accomplish almost all new upcoming tasks.
. To those interested, send a request to the address: Moscow, ul. Nikol'skaya, dom 10, Gidrospetsstroi. Telephone 925-07-93: 928-00-13. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 9, pp. 4–8, September, 1997  相似文献   

8.
1.  Small hydrostations under high-mountain conditions should operate with trash racks, devices should be provided for their cleaning from trash and shuga, as well as shuga-deflectors into the diversion canal.
2.  To reduce abrasion of the turbine equipment, it is necessary to provide operation of the suspended-particle settling basins.
3.  Specifications on the assembly of bearings and movable couplings should be developed for conducting maintenance works.
4.  During restoration works the profile of the runner blades should be made strictly according to the template in conformity with the plant drawings.
5.  Extremely necessary is the equipping of hydrostation with means for monitoring the technial parameters (bearing temperature, water pressure in the passage, wobble of the shafting, etc.), observation of the changes in which will make it possible to carry out in good time preventive maintenance and to reduce the probability of occurrence of breakdown.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 43–45, March, 1990.  相似文献   

9.
Conclusions  
1.  The vibration testing of hydroelectric units should be performed prior to and after overhaul.
2.  The volume of measurements taken during the tests should be sufficient not only for comparison of the vibration level with existing norms, but also for determination of basic impairments of the hydroelectric unit.
3.  It is expedient to include vibration tests with an expanded volume of measurements in the schedule for the overhaul of hydroelectric units.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo. No. 12, pp. 21–22, December, 1997.  相似文献   

10.
Conclusions  
1.  The water-power resources of small rivers in the Volga basin are significant: the economic potential of the WPR of these rivers is more than 20% of the production of electric power by the hydroelectric plants in the basin.
2.  Use of the water-power resources of the small rivers in the basin will create a significant nature-preserving effect: thus, the number of releases of polluting substances by thermal electric plants into the atmosphere will diminish by 92,100 tons/year, and the releases of polluted water by 11,100 tons/year.
3.  The production of electric power by hydroelectric plants on small rivers of the basin will increase the reliability of electric supply to rural consumers, owing to which shortages of electric power will be reduced by 13.1 million kWh/year.
4.  The effectiveness of capital expenditures for utilization of the WPR of the small rivers is rather high: considering the nature-preserving effect, the increase in reliability of electric supply, and an increase recreational potential, the payback time may be 5.8 years; this is significantly shorter than the operating period of the hydroelectric plants (30–40 years).
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 46–49, May, 1997.  相似文献   

11.
Conclusions  
1.  Gidrospetsproekt should design the groundwater system.
2.  One contractor should drill the wells and operate the groundwater-lowering system.
3.  In connection with the geological conditions, the wells should be of very high quality, for which own enrichment of the filter material (sand of the blanket) and strict control during drilling the wells are necessary.
4.  It is efficient to drill the wells by a 1BA-15V rig with a tool with backwashing.
5.  With respect to piles of the penstock foundation: Drilling the holes for the piles should be done only with casings. To organize 24-h work for increasing productivity. Works on forming the pile heads should be done immediately after concreting the pile. The piles should be tested after each change in the geological conditions.
6.  With respect vertical drainage: the wells should be of high quality, with an enormous safety margin.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 29–33, October, 1999.  相似文献   

12.
Conclusions  
1.  It is necessary to revise urgently SNiP 2.06.05-84x with respect to the designs of dams being constructed in the northern construction-climatic zone, i.e., to remove all vagueness in understanding the basic design principles.
2.  The top of watertight zones of dams should exceed the elevation of the HFL by amounts specified by SNiP. When necessary, in connection with seasonal freezing and thawing of the upper part of the core, additional measures should be provided for ensuring local static stability and seepage strength.
3.  Large dams should be evaluated under the aegis of the National Committee on Large Dams, whose role in this matter must be increased. It is necessary to establish legislatively the procedure of changing the designs of dams after approving the projects.
4.  A coordination center processing all information on construction and operation should be created for large dams and dams being constructed in the northern construction-climatic zone. The best solutions should be recommended for implementation.
5.  It is necessary to reconstruct the upper part of the dams of the Kureika hydrodevelopment, using above the NPL soils of an analogous composition for the entire zone of the core with provision of its seepage strength by an additional filter layer of sorted sand of fractions 0–10 mm. Reconstruction of the dam crests will make it possible not only to obtain additional power production due to the prism of the reservoir between the NPL and HFL within 150–200 million kWh/yr.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo. No. 3, pp. 41–45, March. 1998.  相似文献   

13.
Conclusions  
1.  It is necessary to calculate the strength of branches of penstocks by the finite-element method with the use of programs taking into account sufficiently completely the complex stress—strain state as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the material of the structure.
2.  When designing branches with large parameters it is expedient to use high-strength, sufficiently ductile, readily weldable steels with ultrasonic testing of the continuity of the rolled sheets.
3.  When calculating penstocks and branches concreted in mine workings it is necessary to examine their coaction with the surrounding concrete, and also it is recommended to take into account the unloading effect of the passive pressure of the surrounding rock mass.
4.  The loaded forks should be manufactured according to a special production plan of assembly and welding operations with the use of a technology providing a sufficiently low level of residual welding stresses.
5.  Check assembly and marking of the structural members during manufacture of bulky shaped elements of penstocks and forks as well as quality control of the welded joints during enlargement are necessary conditions of achieving a high quality of operating reliability which rule out losses of time when assembling the members.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 3, pp. 50–52, March, 1998.  相似文献   

14.
Conclusions  
1.  Russian hydropower engineering is a competitive branch of power engineering on the world market.
2.  The Russian Ministry of Fuel and Energy must create conditions for the formation and participation of domestic consortia in bids for turn-key delivery of equipment to Russian hydrostations, which will make it possible to reduce the cost, shorten construction time, improve quality, and ensure putting the units into operation on time, i.e., to use objective market mechanisms.
3.  On the initiative of the customer, certain conditions of storing, making up complete orders, delivery, and technology of installing equipment traditionally established between the customer and equipment suppliers should be revised by means of consortia for purposes of reducing costs and improving quality.
4.  One of the most important conditions for the successful work of the consortium is the clear-cut differentiation of responsibility between participants of the consortium.
5.  The date of synchronizing the unit should be taken as the date of reckoning the warranty period of the equipment.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 7–9, October, 1997.  相似文献   

15.
Conclusions  
1.  A set of measuring devices needed for operating a dredge was developed on the basis of domestic Sapfir-22 pressure transducers with protection of the pulse tubes by blowing or shutting in the air and was tested.
2.  A high reliability of the measuring set was found, it is recommended for wide use on dredges.
3.  The scheme of connecting the electrode detectors of the conductometric consistometer was improved, their series connection increases the accuracy of measurements by equalizing the electrode polarization process.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 7, pp. 28–30, July, 1999.  相似文献   

16.
Conclusions  
1.  When searching for the optimal steel percent needed for providing the bearing capacity of a specimen, it is necessary to take into account the factor of reinforcement arrangement in the soil.
2.  It is seen from the dependences γcd*=f(ζ) obtained for specimens with various steel percent that with an increase of the factor of reinforcement arrangement in soil ζ the work conditions factor decreases, which makes it possible to introduce the given factor in formula (1) for determining γcd*.
3.  The lining of the model must be regarded as an element increasing the bearing capacity of the reinforced earth model.
4.  In the case of a discontinuous and continuous lining the bearing capacity of the models (with the same steel percent) is higher than that of models with a flexible lining.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 3, pp. 19–21, March, 1998  相似文献   

17.
Conclusions  
1.  Models constructed on the basis of network graphs to describe the operation of systems of construction machines can be used to derive simple analytical equations for determining the configurations and productivities of such systems.
2.  The concept of a master equipment is not always justified in defining the configuration of a system.
3.  In calculating the productivity of a system from the proposed equations, it is not necessary to introduce the shift time-utilization factor, because technological downtimes are automatically included in the operation of the system.
4.  The calculation of system productivity in matrix from can be implemented for both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. The calculations can also be carried out for probabilistic systems, in which case computer engineering and pseudorandom-number generators are required.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 2, pp. 24–28, February, 2000.  相似文献   

18.
Conclusions  
1.  The “Guidelines on Starting, Adjusting, and Comprehensive Testing of Assembled Units” drawn up by the Union Institute for Planning and Organizing Power Construction (Orgénergostroi) in 1975 requires period updating onsideration of accumulated domestic and progressive foreign experience, comments, and suggestions of interested orgations and well as manufacturing plants.
2.  The scheme of filling the water-delivery devices of the turbine should be specified by the design.
3.  Accoording to the experience of starting and adjusting works, the best protection from unforeseen turnin otating parts of units is provided by pressing the braking jacks of the generator against the brake disk of the rotor by under a pressure of at least 50 kg/cm2 with fixing the brakes by lock nuts. The presence of anyone on rotating parts wit pressing the jacks by oil and locking the nuts should be categorically forbidden. Blowing out and converting the brake working from compressed air can be done immediately before starting the unit.
4.  It is necessary to accumulate and systematize nonstandard situations when conducting starting and adjusting we including as an aid for training the appropriate personnel.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 38–41, April, 1997.  相似文献   

19.
Conclusions  
1.  In the upper reservoir of the Zagorsk PSS there are standing waves of a complex frequency spectrum having a virtually undamped character.
2.  The excess of the level of the crest of the upper reservoir embankment of the PSS should be selected with consideration of not only waves caused by meteorological factors but also the presence of standing waves.
3.  The standard systems of measuring the upper pool level of the PSS should provide for averaging the measurements.
4.  To eliminate nonproductive water losses through leaks of the close gate apparatus of the PSS units and increased power losses in the SC regime, it is advisable to provide for the installation of preturbine gates at newly planned PSSs.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 39–42, October, 1999.  相似文献   

20.
Conclusions  
1.  The bulk of settlement caused by the action of the soil’s own weight occurred in the construction period and were canceled out by the margins left for settlement.
2.  The actual settlement coincide with the calculated.
3.  The settlements observed in section A-A are caused mainly by self-compaction of the soil, since the dynamic action of motor transport is not felt here; in section B-B by the dynamic action of the rolling stock in connection with a low value ofρ d in the track bed; in section C-C by self-compaction of soil, since dynamics from passing trains is not displayed here; along the axes of the crane tracks by the cyclicity of the crane load; the insignificant settlements of several UM marks in the dam foundation are possibly related to compaction of clays as a result of their secondary consolidation, although according to calculations the stresses from the external load die out in sands.
4.  The settlements that occurred, the predicted additional settlements, as well as the sustained settlements of several marks are not hazardous for normal operation of the dam.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 3, pp. 46–49, March, 1998.  相似文献   

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