频响法在变压器绕组变形检测中的应用

频响法是由变压器绕组一端注入扫频信号,然后通过测量绕组两端特性参数,分析其频域图谱特性,判断变压器绕组是否变形的一种新方法。它比低压脉冲法易于实施,且测得的图谱较稳定;它与短路阻抗法相比,对影响变压器变形的分布电感和电容更为灵敏。在详细分析了频率响应法测试变压器绕组变形的全过程和测试过程中的影响因素后,结合在某供电公司现场获取的实际数据和曲线,进行了分析、判断,其结果与吊芯检查相吻合。     

电机定子结构及其绝缘介电常数的频率特性对定子绕组电容值的影响

确定电机定子线棒的高频参数对于研究局部放电信号在电机绕组中的传播特性及研究PWM逆变器驱动的交流电机的定子绕组电压分布有重要意义。文中对大型汽轮发电机定子线棒的电容做了比较详细的研究，内容包括：对电机定子线棒复合绝缘等值介电常数的频率特性的测试研究、采用数值计算方法计算出用铝箔纸裹住的电机定子线棒的多导体传输线模型的单位长度电容、线棒股线间薄绝缘对电容的影响、对铁心硅钢片叠片间隙对电容的影响等。其数值计算结果与之前测量得到的电容值比较吻合，这也证明了通过测量开路阻抗、短路阻抗来得到电机定子线棒分布参数的试验方法是有效的。     

A novel protection scheme for synchronous generator stator windings based on SVM

This paper proposes a novel scheme for detecting and classifying faults in stator windings of a synchronous generator (SG). The proposed scheme employs a new method for fault detection and classification based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). Two SVM classifiers are proposed. SVM1 is used to identify the fault occurrence in the system and SVM2 is used to determine whether the fault, if any, is internal or external. In this method, the detection and classification of faults are not affected by the fault type and location, pre-fault power, fault resistance or fault inception time. The proposed method increases the ability of detecting the ground faults near the neutral terminal of the stator windings for generators with high impedance grounding neutral point. The proposed scheme is compared with ANN-based method and gives faster response and better reliability for fault classification.     

基于变压器绕组中谐振过电压识别的传输函数

Power transformer insulation systems are subjected to many stresses during normal operation due to lightning and switching.If the spectrum of incoming surge voltage matches the winding one,the corresponding resonance will be excited.Therefore external transients occurring in power systems might trigger internal overvoltages with large maximum value in transformer windings.Overvoltages having such characteristic have been the root cause of many power transformer failures.The paper presents an approach to the identification of sensitive zones in the transformer windings based on the measurements of overvoltages inside windings and frequency dependences of admittance of the power transformer.The frequency characteristic of the transformer winding may determine those regions in the frequency spectrum.The presented approach might be used both for design optimization and diagnostics of distribution and power transformers.     

A novel protection scheme for synchronousgenerator stator windings based on SVM

Integration of electric vehicles (EVs), demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system. A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station (BSS) bundled with PV (photovoltaic) power. Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration. The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS. The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand. Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multiscenarios PV power generation and swapping demand. A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station’s net profit. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization. Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries, chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.     

Analogs and characteristics of compensated asynchronous machines with different numbers of phases

The disadvantages of three-phase asynchronous motors with short-circuited rotors, which are widely used in practice, are discussed. It is determined that the most significant disadvantage is consumption of two types of electric energy from a network: active energy for conversion into mechanical energy accompanied by inevitable heat losses and reactive energy that is not converted into other types of energy, but is expended on generation of the magnetic field required for electromechanical conversion of energy in an electrical machine. It is suggested to use internal capacitive compensation of reactive power to improve the technical and economic indices of asynchronous machines of both motors and generators. In addition, each phase winding of the asynchronous machine stator is divided into two parts equal in number of turns spatially shifted between each other in the core slots by an angle of 30°. These parts are connected according to the scheme of the rotary autotransformer to the electrical capacity at its output. The change of the spatial position of the stator windings leads to a change in time of the action of the phase angles of their electromotive force and, therefore, of currents and voltages without changing the introduced reactive impedances. Thus, the spatial coordinate of the electrical value is converted into the time coordinate in the electromagnetic circuit with a rotating magnetic field. The combination of this property of the stator windings in accordance with the rotary autotransformer with the action of the electrical capacity at its output creates the effect of internal capacitive compensation of reactive power in an asynchronous machine. The ability to use internal capacitive compensation of reactive power in single-phase asynchronous machines is considered. A method of calculation of the characteristics of compensated asynchronous machines taking into account the change of the magnetizing contour resistance is presented. The advantages of compensated asynchronous motors and compensated asynchronous generators are determined. Recommendations as to their effective practical use are given.     

等距笼型转子无刷双馈电机的有限元分析

针对笼型无刷双馈电机的效率较低的问题进行研究,电机效率与转子磁场极数转换效率和转子漏阻抗参数相关,对转子结构进行优化设计是提高电机性能的根本途径。在分析现有笼型转子的特性基础上,提出等距笼型的新转子结构。新转子具有公共端环和独立叠式转子导体回路,每个转子导体回路的节距相等。利用ANSYS软件对不同笼型转子结构的磁场进行有限元分析,计算出转子磁动势谐波含量和转子漏阻抗参数。结果表明,新转子结构无刷双馈电机的转子电阻和漏电抗小,与定子功率绕组和控制绕组极数相对应的转子谐波磁场含量高,其他高次谐波磁场含量低。     

A Novel Active Power Filter for High-Voltage Power Distribution Systems Application

In this paper, a novel principle of an active power filter based on the harmonic impedance control of a transformer is proposed for high-voltage power distribution systems application. A linear transformer with multiple secondary windings is adopted. The primary winding is shunted with harmonic-producing loads, while the secondary windings are connected with inverters. The primary harmonic current is detected and then tracked by the inverters with fixed compensation coefficient. When the harmonic current compensation condition is satisfied, the transformer can really exhibit nearly zero impedance to harmonic current and primary self-impedance to fundamental current. As a result, the harmonic currents in power systems can be led to flow into the transformer branch. The operation principle, the control scheme, and the harmonic current detection method are discussed in detail. Finally, simulated waveforms and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the active power filter     

一种减小感应加热设备功率损耗的控制方法

研究了感应加热电源拓扑结构,基于全桥变流电路结构分析了电源的工作状态和输出波形,提出了一种减小损耗的有效途径,即新型定频移相控制技术(FFP),应用电磁感应理论,对感应加热电路的负载,即线圈部分的阻抗计算和优化进行了分析,得到了减小负载线圈损耗的方法。软开关仿真及实验结果验证了上述观点。     

PWM逆变器供电异步电机端部过电压的分析和仿真

PWM逆变器供电时电机的端电压出现幅值增高和振荡现象,对电机的匝间绝缘造成很大的威胁,本文提出了一种可以判断PWM逆变器供电异步电机端部过电压波形的实用仿真方法,该方法根据PWM逆变器供电电机系统的特征建立系统的仿真模型,将电机用实测的等效的阻抗频率特性来替代,将三相电缆等效成一个二端口网络,通过傅立叶分析计算电机端部的暂态过电压。与实测波形的对比,证明这种方法的仿真结果可以与实际情况良好地吻合。     

High frequency FEM-based power transformer modeling: Investigation of internal stresses due to network-initiated overvoltages

This paper presents a method of how to obtain both terminal and internal high frequency models of power transformers using FEM. The model is established from construction information and the approach implements frequency-dependent phenomena on a physical basis. Eddy current effects are represented accurately even with a relatively coarse mesh by using a frequency-dependent complex permeability representation for the core and windings. The model can be employed in EMTP-like programs for a variety of applications, such as analysis for FRA, internal/terminal stresses and transformer network interaction. Analyses of internal stresses are elucidated in this paper.     

一种大容量的串联型有源电力滤波器

为了能制造出大容量的串联型有源电力滤波器,提出了在串联变压器二次侧设计有多个绕组,每个绕组配置一个逆变器单元。该单元向相应的二次侧注入幅值相同、相位相反的基波电流,在补偿系数等于1或略大于1时,在串联变压器一次侧对基波呈近似为0的阻抗,而对谐波呈现高阻抗,从而迫使谐波流入无源支路。实验结果证明了原理分析的正确性。     

新型混合励磁发电系统用无刷励磁机电磁性能分析

本文提出了新型混合励磁发电系统,它由混合励磁发电机、无刷励磁机和旋转整流器构成,其中混合励磁发电机转子由结构上独立的两部分——永磁体和电励磁组成,定子铁心沿轴向分为三段:永磁部分定子铁心、电励磁部分定子铁心以及中间部分定子铁心,其中中间部分定子铁心采用非导磁材料。新型混合励磁系统具有永磁电机高效、高功率密度的优点。本文仅针对新型混合励磁发电系统中的无刷励磁机进行分析,无刷励磁机结构与绕线式异步电机结构相似,定、转子均采用三相绕组,无刷励磁机的转子与混合励磁发电机转子同轴,转子绕组经固定在同发电机转轴上的二极管整流将交流变为直流,供给混合励磁发电机励磁。同时本文采用电磁场有限元法对无刷励磁运行机理和电磁性能进行分析,其中包括供电电源类型、定子电流特性和转矩特性等。本研究成果对掌握无刷励磁机运行特性具有重要作用。     

基于序网等值电路的双馈风电机组接入系统短路电流计算方法

为了方便和准确地计算双馈风电机组(DFIG)接入系统的短路电流分布,提出了投撬棒后DFIG的工频和转频序网等值电路,并给出了利用该等值电路计算系统短路电流的方法。通过求解投撬棒后DFIG磁链的状态微分方程,得到其工频分量和转频分量的解析表达式。在此基础上,将DFIG的电压空间矢量方程按转频和工频分量进行分解,并根据空间矢量与相量间的关系,分别形成了转频和工频序网等值电路。其中,转频正序、负序等值电路分别为带内阻抗的电势和无源阻抗,而工频正序、负序等值电路均为无源阻抗。利用该等值电路只需已知DFIG的电机参数和故障初值条件而无需仿真即可求得DFIG接入系统各处的短路电流。以某DFIG接入系统为例,通过PSCAD仿真验证了该等值电路和短路计算方法在不同故障条件下的有效性。     

无速度传感器异步电动机极低转速下的磁通位置观测

在分析了异步电动机在高频脉振信号注入下的电机模型的基础上 ,得到了异步电机同步参考坐标系下的阻抗不对称的特点。提出了磁通跟踪的方法 ,通过检测高频脉振信号注入时的响应电流 ,以便观测转子的磁通位置。实验结果表明 ,上述方法在异步电动机极低转速 (包括零速 )下能准确地观测出磁通的位置     

A STATIONARY THERMAL MODEL FOR SMOOTH AIR-GAP ROTATING ELECTRIC MACHINES

ABSTRACT

A steady state heat transfer model applicable to rotating electrical machines with non salient poles is presented. Several cooling options are accounted for, ranging from the totally enclosed machine running in a high vacuum to the open ventilated one with axial and radial ducts. Sophisticated cooling systems, such as gas or water cooled windings, are not considered. The model includes such unusual levels of detail as radiation heat exchanges and prediction of the actual hot spot temperatures of the iron and windings. Peripheral results are the temperatures at other representative points and complete maps of the conduction, convection and radiation heat exchanges.

The resultant computer program may be used either to check the temperature rise constraints for a given design, or as a tool to analyze the performance of the cooling system of an actual machine or proposed design. Parametric studies can be easily performed, showing the sensitivity of the temperature rises and heat exchanges to variations of a particular dimension, loss, flow rate or material property.     

基于模糊神经网络计算VFTO作用下的过电压分布

为了研究特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)对大型变压器绕组绝缘的影响,笔者提出了基于模糊神经网络的暂态建模算法。首先假设传输线中不存在频变效应,利用模糊神经网络计算大型变压器绕组的分布参数;然后对容易损坏的前几匝线圈每匝为一单元,其余以两匝为一单元建立多导体传输线模型,提出了基于时域有限差分法的暂态建模算法;对于频变效应明显时,运用矢量匹配法实现频变阻抗的有理逼近,提出了含频变参数的暂态建模算法;最后通过仿真实例验证算法的有效性和可行性。     

阻抗可控的并联混合型有源电力滤波器

针对高压交流电力系统,提出一种基于阻抗可控的并联混合型有源电力滤波器新原理。通过电力电子变换器的控制,使得并联变压器呈现可控的阻抗。它始终对谐波呈现近似为零的低阻抗,从而输导系统中的谐波电流,流入并联变压器支路;同时对基波呈现连续无级可调的电抗,与无源电力滤波器相结合,实时补偿系统的无功功率。为满足有源电力滤波器大容量的工程需要,并联变压器采用二次侧多补偿绕组的结构。提出一种适合该滤波原理的指令电流运算方法。仿真结果表明此滤波新方案具有良好的谐波抑制和无功功率补偿的性能。     

基于转差频率旋转坐标系的无刷双馈电机数学模型

由于无刷双馈电机功率绕组和控制绕组极数不同,两套绕组电流在电机气隙内产生的旋转磁场的转速不同,使得人们在建立无刷双馈电机数学模型时,通常建立两个旋转坐标系.为解决此问题,本文提出一种基于转差频率旋转坐标系的建模方法,将本是固定的控制绕组建立在以特定速度旋转的坐标系上,这种方法可以将无刷双馈电机数学模型建立在一个旋转的坐标系上.这种建模方法,解决了原来数学模型建立过程复杂,难以理解的问题,并为建立类似传统异步电机的矢量控制方法奠定了基础.     

Effects of power system parameters on critical clearing time: comprehensive analysis

In this paper, the effects of various power system parameters on the critical clearing time are presented. The various parameters for which the analysis is presented include the machine parameters, i.e. damping, inertia constant and transient reactance, and system parameters, i.e. line impedance, transformer impedance and fault impedance. Various configurations of faults are also investigated. The simplest single machine infinite bus power system was simulated. Plots and relationships for each parameter are presented and conclusions are drawn from their behavior. The paper is a comprehensive treatment of the time domain method to the single machine system and is particularly helpful to the utility power engineers and researchers in the electric machines area to comprehend the system behavior for various system parameters. The results can be generalized to the large scale multimachine power systems as well.