New models for retrieving and partitioning the colored dissolved organic matter in the global ocean: Implications for remote sensing

Despite the importance of CDOM to upper ocean biogeochemical processes and optics, our current understanding of its spatial and temporal distributions and the factors controlling these distributions is very limited. This eventually prevents an understanding of its relationship to the pool of dissolved organic carbon in coastal and open oceans. This work aims to present a new approach for accurate modeling of absorption spectra of CDOM (a_cdom) and deriving information on its composition in global ocean waters. The modeling approach uses measurements (in situ) of the remote sensing reflectances at two wavelengths (denoted ₄₄₃⁵⁵⁵R_rs) to estimate a_cdom(350) and a_cdom(412), applies them to determine two spectral slopes of an exponential curve fit (S) and a hyperbolic curve fit (γ), derives an appropriate parameter (γ^o) for grading the CDOM compositional changes from a_cdom (350) and γ, and finally employs a_cdom(350), S, and γ^o in a modified exponential model to describe a_cdom(λ) as a function of wavelength. The robustness of this model was rigorously tested on three independent datasets, such as NOMAD in situ data, NOMAD SeaWiFS match-ups data and IOCCG simulated data (all of them contain a_cdom(λ) and R_rs(λ)), which represent a variety of waters within coastal and offshore regions around the world. Accuracy of the retrievals found with the new models was generally excellent, with MRE (mean relative error) and RMSE (root mean square error) of − 5.64-3.55% and 0.203-0.318 for the NOMAD in situ datasets, and − 5.63 to −0.98% and 0.136-0.241 for the NOMAD satellite datasets respectively (for λ₄₁₂ to λ₆₇₀). When used with SeaWiFS images collected over the regional and global waters, the new model showed the highest surface abundances of CDOM within the subpolar gyres and continental shelves dominated by terrestrial inputs (and perhaps local production) of colored dissolved materials, and the lowest surface abundances of CDOM in the central subtropical gyres and the open oceans presumably regulated by photobleaching phenomenon, bacterial activity and local processes. Significant interseasonal and interannual seasonal changes in the terrestrially-derived CDOM distributions were noticed from these new products that closely corresponded with the global mean runoff/river discharge induced by climate change/warming scenarios.     

星载微波散射计的在轨定标技术现状及展望

星载微波散射计通过测量海面不同方位向的后向散射系数反演出海面的风速和风向,为了满足测量精度要求,必须对其进行在轨定标.本文总结了现有微波散射计的在轨定标技术,包括有源定标器法、陆地自然目标法、海洋目标法和星星交叉定标法;然后分析了每种定标方法的优缺点;最后,描述了现有定标方法适用扇形波束体制散射计和笔形波束圆锥扫描体制散射计的特性.     

一种分布式数字海洋云系统研究

海洋数据分布区域广泛且数据量庞大,现有数字海洋系统相对独立,海洋数据信息共享度低,制约了大规模海洋数据的高性能计算。为"数字海洋"系统提供有力的数据支持和计算服务。本文提出一种基于云的分布式数字海洋系统,把不同的海洋数据通过高速网络连接起来建立一个存储云,使用一个专用的网络服务协议,用于高性能广域网络连接的计算机集群所进行的大型分布式数据集的高性能计算。实验结果表明,与现有基于Hadoop分布式数字海洋系统相比,该系统的性能有显著提高、数据高度共享。     

Multiterminal global routing: A deterministic approximation scheme

We consider the problem of routing multiterminal nets in a two-dimensional gate-array. Given a gate-array and a set of nets to be routed, we wish to find a routing that uses as little channel space as possible. We present a deterministic approximation algorithm that uses close to the minimum possible channel space. We cast the routing problem as a new form of zero-one multicommodity flow, an integer-programming problem. We solve this integer program approximately by first solving its linear-program relaxation and then rounding any fractions that appear in the solution to the linear program. The running time of the rounding algorithm is exponential in the number of terminals in a net but polynomial in the number of nets and the size of the array. The algorithm is thus best suited to cases where the number of terminals on each net is small.This work was done while the authors were with the Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley. The work of Prabhakar Raghavan was supported by an IBM Doctoral Fellowship, and the work of Clark Thompson was supported by a California State MICRO grant (AT&T Foundation).     

Porting a global ocean model onto a shared-memory multiprocessor: Observations and guidelines

A three-dimensional global ocean circulation model has been modified to run on the BBN TC2000 multiple instruction stream/multiple data stream (MIMD) parallel computer. Two shared-memory parallel programming models have been used to implement the global ocean model on the TC2000: the TCF (TC2000 Fortran) fork-join model and the PFP (Parallel Fortran Preprocessor) split-join model. The method chosen for the parallelization of this global ocean model on a shared-memory MIMD machine is discussed. The performance of each version of the code has been measured by varying the processor count for a fixed-resolution test case. The statically scheduled PFP version of the code achieves a higher parallel computing efficiency than does the dynamically scheduled TCF version of the code. The observed differences in the performance of the TCF and PFP versions of the code are discussed. The parallel computing performance of the shared-memory implementation of the global ocean model is limited by several factors, most notably load imbalance and network contention. The experience gained while porting this large, real world application onto a shared-memory multiprocessor is also presented to provide insight to the reader who may be contemplating such an undertaking.     

Characteristics of atmospheric divergence and convergence in the Indian Ocean inferred from scatterometer winds

Large-scale surface atmospheric convergence and divergence patterns in the Indian Ocean are mapped using high-spatial resolution, merged scatterometer wind vectors during 1991-2000. The convergence zone evolves to north of 15°S as a result of convection promoted by warm (> 28 °C) equatorial sea surface temperature (SST), and it exhibits strong intensity during boreal summer and winter. A divergence zone evolves to the south of 15°S as a result of subdued convection caused by colder SST (< 24 °C) that reduces outgoing long-wave radiation; it exhibits enhanced intensity in the eastern Indian Ocean during boreal winter. The interannual variability shows that the divergence in the eastern Indian Ocean lags its western counterpart by 5-7 months. The convergence in the eastern Indian Ocean is stronger than its western counterpart during boreal summer. Relationship between Southern Oscillation Index and spatially averaged convergence time series indicate that the latter weakened during strong El Niño years 1994 and 1997. Spatially averaged divergence time series show a near-contemporaneous relationship with all-India rainfall, with a temporal lag of 1∼2 months.     

A global tracking control for speed-sensorless induction motors

The problem of controlling an induction motor without rotor speed measurements is addressed. Arbitrary smooth reference signals for rotor speed and rotor flux modulus are required to be tracked globally (i.e. from any initial condition). A global second-order tracking control is obtained, which is based on a novel rotor speed observer. Simulation results are provided which illustrate the controller performance.     

Creating global software: A conspectus and review

Ten books on the development of international software are reviewed and used to develop a framework for the globalization of software. Most of the books are written or edited by practitioners of global software development and therefore are filled with practical knowledge and methodologies which can guide the novice or even the experienced developer to first internationalize and then localize software. The books span a six year time span, during which the resources available to support the global software development effort have expanded and standards have been established, resulting in reduced effort. This conspectus starts with an introduction that includes several definitions, spells out the issues of translation from one language to another, localization, organization, culture, interface design, documentation, and quality assurance, recommends approaches for development of micro-based software for Macintosh and Windows environments, and ends with a unifying summary.     

A general learning framework using local and global regularization

In this paper, we propose a general learning framework based on local and global regularization. In the local regularization part, our algorithm constructs a regularized classifier for each data point using its neighborhood, while the global regularization part adopts a Laplacian regularizer to smooth the data labels predicted by those local classifiers. We show that such a learning framework can easily be incorporated into either unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and supervised learning paradigm. Moreover, many existing learning algorithms can be derived from our framework. Finally we present some experimental results to show the effectiveness of our method.     

Instantiating global crisis networks: The case of SARS

In this paper we build a multi-theoretical and multi-level framework for analyzing Global Crisis Networks (GCN). These information-centric, heterarchically structured networks are instantiated in response to major disasters with global impact. The instantiation of GCN is conceived as a problem of collective action. Its success depends on multi-level preparedness, and network orchestration and participation. With this framework we analyze the SARS outbreak in 2002 and its successful containment in 2003. We analyze two individual country cases, Canada and China and discuss the role of the network orchestrator, the World Health Organizations. The paper concludes with implications for research and practice.     

A Maple package for improved global mapping forecast

We present a Maple implementation of the well known global approach to time series analysis and some further developments designed to improve the computational efficiency of the forecasting capabilities of the approach. This global approach can be summarized as being a reconstruction of the phase space, based on a time ordered series of data obtained from the system. After that, using the reconstructed vectors, a portion of this space is used to produce a mapping, a polynomial fitting, through a minimization procedure, that represents the system and can be employed to forecast further entries for the series. In the present implementation, we introduce a set of commands, tools, in order to perform all these tasks. For example, the command VecTS deals mainly with the reconstruction of the vector in the phase space. The command GfiTS deals with producing the minimization and the fitting. ForecasTS uses all these and produces the prediction of the next entries. For the non-standard algorithms, we here present two commands: IforecasTS and NiforecasTS that, respectively deal with the one-step and the N$N$-step forecasting. Finally, we introduce two further tools to aid the forecasting. The commands GfiTS and AnalysTS, basically, perform an analysis of the behavior of each portion of a series regarding the settings used on the commands just mentioned above.     

可测上升流的海流传感器系统设计

针对上升流引起的微弱信号在A/D转换前容易被传感器系统噪声所淹没的问题,将滤波、放大和A/D转换电路采用集成芯片AD7195处理,减少分立器件噪声,AD7195芯片内部集成差分放大器、交流激励和数字滤波器,同时具有24位高精度A/D转换功能.通过搭建实验装置,采集数据和分析,测试了系统准确度.实验结果表明:该系统能够识别输入信号的误差为±0.4μV,满足设计要求.     

A multi-start central force optimization for global optimization

Central force optimization (CFO) is an efficient and powerful population-based intelligence algorithm for optimization problems. CFO is deterministic in nature, unlike the most widely used metaheuristics. CFO, however, is not completely free from the problems of premature convergence. One way to overcome local optimality is to utilize the multi-start strategy. By combining the respective advantages of CFO and the multi-start strategy, a multi-start central force optimization (MCFO) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The performance of the MCFO approach is evaluated on a comprehensive set of benchmark functions. The experimental results demonstrate that MCFO not only saves the computational cost, but also performs better than some state-of-the-art CFO algorithms. MCFO is also compared with representative evolutionary algorithms. The results show that MCFO is highly competitive, achieving promising performance.     

“数字海洋”的数据处理与应用模式研究

在分析"数字海洋"信息需求的基础上,提出了数据处理与信息服务模型."数字海洋"的数据处理与信息服务模型由数据获取、数据处理、增值信息服务组成,即数据处理模块提供基本的信息与产品及其共享服务,以及进一步进行信息处理提供增值信息服务.以海流模型应用为例分析了基于"数字海洋"的应用模式.     

A global optimization method for semi-supervised clustering

In this paper, we adapt Tuy’s concave cutting plane method to the semi-supervised clustering. We also give properties of local optimal solutions of the semi-supervised clustering. Numerical examples show that this method can give a better solution than other semi-supervised clustering algorithms do.     

Practical considerations of global and local variables

Fisher advocates that all variables should be made global to programs and subprograms in order to increase the maintainability and to reduce the problems with subprogram linkages, among other things. The fallacies of Fisher's arguments are shown and the advantages and necessity of using local variables are discussed. It is argued that, from a practical point of view, the use of local variables improves the comprehensibility and the time and space efficiency of programs, as well as makes correctness proofs easier and recursion possible.     

A feed-back control approach for global simulation of high density plasma discharges

Spatially averaged global simulations have been widely used to study discharge characteristics of high density plasma discharge, because the global insight on the dependence of quantities such as densities and temperatures can be obtained. Above all, the global model can quickly predict the plasma parameters on the external or the chamber parameters comparing with multi-dimensional modeling. However, the global model can be expensive to compute the plasma parameters for complex or mixed gas discharges. Therefore, in this work, we applied a feed-back approach to solve a set of spatially averaged fluid equations for charged particles, neutrals, and radicals. The results were shown that the developed model could efficiently enhance convergence of simulations.     

A unifying point of view on output feedback designs for global asymptotic stabilization

The design of output feedback for ensuring global asymptotic stability is a difficult task which has attracted the attention of many researchers with very different approaches. We propose a unifying point of view aiming at covering most of these contributions.We start with a necessary condition on the structure of the Lyapunov functions for the closed loop system. This motivates the distinction of two classes of designs:-the direct approach, also called control error model analysis, in which the attention is focused on directly estimating a stabilizer, and-the indirect approach, also called dynamic error model analysis, in which the stabilization task is fulfilled for an estimated model of the system and not directly for the system itself.We show how most available results on this topic can be reinterpreted along these lines.     

A framework for incremental construction of real global smart space applications

This article describes a standardised way to build context-aware global smart space applications using information that is distributed across independent (legacy, sensor-enabled, and embedded) systems by exploiting the overlapping spatial and temporal attributes of the information maintained by these systems. The framework supports a spatial programming model based on a topographical approach to modelling space that enables systems to independently define and use potentially overlapping spatial context in a consistent manner and in contrast to topological approaches, in which geographical relationships between objects are described explicitly. This approach is supported by an extensible data model that implicitly captures the relationships between information provided by separate underlying systems and facilitates the incremental construction of global smart spaces since the underlying systems to be incorporated are largely decoupled. The framework has been evaluated using a prototype that integrates legacy systems and context-aware services for multi-modal urban journey planning and for visualising traffic congestion.     

基于Agent的国际海运货代系统的设计与实现

针对海运货代系统智能、灵活与个性化的需求,本文提出了基于Agent的个性化国际海运货代系统的设计思想与实现过程。针对海运货代业务复杂繁多的特点,本系统采用招标—投标—中标方式实现任务的灵活分配,同时为满足客户个性化与高质量的需求,本系统对一基于QoS的服务选择算法进行改进,文章证明该改进算法可以选择出满足客户个性化需求且服务质量最好的服务。