DC current injection into the network from PV inverters of <5 kW for low-voltage small grid-connected PV systems

The present paper is focused on the study of DC current injection for low-voltage small grid-connected PV systems, which is one of the power quality requirements of utility companies. To achieve this aim, the existing status of guidelines and regulations in six selected countries where the development in the grid PV sector has evolved rapidly over the last decade (Australia, Germany, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States) has been reviewed according to the DC current injection into the grid. Furthermore, a grid-connected system installed in Spain has been used to carry out measures concerning possible DC current injection into the grid. Thus, 12 single-phase inverters <5 kW (according to the transformer options: 50 Hz LF transformers, HF transformers or transformerless) from the European market have been tested. Many groups of measurements were made under different conditions. The results show that in all cases there is DC current injection, even if an LF transformer inverter is used.     

MMC子模块电容电压波动及谐波研究

目的  柔性直流的快速发展为MMC（Modular Multi-Level Converter,模块化多电平变流器）拓扑确定了实践支撑。文章以半桥MMC换流器为例,研究MMC稳态电容电压波动、谐波交互规律及桥臂开关函数的关系,以对MMC系统设计、控制策略给予理论支持。 方法  通过建立子模块电容电压、桥臂开关函数的解析表达式,得到MMC换流器上下桥臂能量波动及电容电压波动的数学近似表达式,进而研究了上下桥臂电流、交流阀侧、直流侧中各次谐波的分布规律及相间环流的正负序关系,基于谐波公式得到二次环流的估算方法;进一步,采用变量对照法研究了桥臂开关函数、子模块电容电压随阀侧功率因数、子模块电容大小的变化关系;最后基于实际工程参数搭建了详细的PSCAD/EMTDC模型,开展了理论解析与离线仿真的一致性对比。 结果  研究表明：MMC相间环流只含偶数次谐波,且其中6k+2次环流呈负序、6k+4次环流呈正序、6k次环流呈零序特性,同时稳态下MMC阀侧出口交流电压电流只含奇数次谐波,MMC直流侧电压电流只含偶数次谐波,且在功率因数角φ<0的某些范围内桥臂开关函数峰值会大于1,在低功率因数下子模块电容电压波动峰值大于高功率因数下的波动。 结论  可由此开展换流器电容容值的选型设计及暂稳态策略研究,并通过理论解析掌握MMC拓扑的运行本征特性。     

考虑特高压和复杂接线的直流偏磁风险治理

准东—皖南特高压直流工程是世界上首个±1 100kV特高压输电工程,避免其可能造成的直流偏磁风险意义重大。为此,结合安徽电网规划情况,对接地极附近165km范围内的大地构造调研和现场实测反演得到等效的土壤模型,依据场路耦合理论建立安徽电网交流系统直流电流分布计算模型,计算各个变电站主变中性点电流,分析了直流偏磁对安徽省交流电网影响范围、影响程度及主要的影响因素,并探讨了换流站和特高压站变压器受直流偏磁的影响,针对各电压等级变电站提出直流偏磁抑制措施,制定治理原则,进一步探究综合治理方案,从而使治理效果、治理经济性达到较好的平衡。     

直流偏磁对变压器励磁及振动特性的影响

直流偏磁会引起变压器励磁电流畸变,导致变压器振动加剧,影响变压器的稳定运行。为了研究偏磁电流对变压器的励磁及振动特性的影响,建立了基于多物理场耦合的变压器有限元模型,仿真分析了直流偏磁对变压器励磁电流和振动的影响,并通过搭建的试验平台对仿真结果进行了验证。结果表明,无偏磁时励磁电流中不含偶次谐波,偏磁时出现了偶次谐波分量且铁芯磁密正负半周失去了对称分布特性,振动亦随之加剧。     

1000kV GIS TPY级电流互感器励磁特性现场测试与数据分析

1000kV GIS TPY级电流互感器能否保证一次电流传变至二次时不失真,关系着安全保护装置的动作情况及电网的安全稳定运行,励磁特性测试是检验其性能好坏的重要措施。基于电流互感器铁心饱和特性及剩磁分析,提出新的直流方波励磁特性测试方法。对锡盟多伦特高压工程中1 000kV套管式保护用电流互感器暂态特性的测试结果表明,电流互感器合格,直流方波励磁特性测试方法正确。     

虚拟同步发电机技术控制的MMC型固态变压器

针对在大容量直流负荷和高渗透率分布式电源接入固态变压器低压侧时,高压并网接口易呈惯量低、阻尼特性差的问题,提出一种虚拟同步发电机技术控制的模块化多电平换流器（MMC）型固态变压器。首先,分析虚拟同步发电机原理并推导MMC与虚拟同步发电机的等效数学模型,并将虚拟同步发电机技术融入到输入级的控制中,使并网接口的惯性与阻尼增强,在输出端功率变化时对上级电网呈现出友好的柔性缓冲能力。其次,为提升MMC型固态变压器对上级电网的频率支撑能力,在低压直流环节配置储能装置,通过改变充放电功率主动响应一次调频。然后,通过输入级的无功控制环节,验证其具备一定的调压能力。最后建立仿真模型验证了所提控制策略的有效性与可行性。     

An approach for the integration of renewable distributed generation in hybrid DC/AC microgrids

This paper presents an investigation of a hybrid DC/AC integration paradigm to establish microgrids (MGs) by using a conventional three-phase local power delivery system. This approach adds an additional DC power line to the local power distribution system in order to collect energy generated by distributed domestic renewable sources. The local renewable distributed generation (DG) works in conjunction with the conventional grid utility to reduce the power draw from the grid. Researchers designed an energy conversion station to mix energy from the local DGs with energy from the grid utility. This approach, therefore, uses a continuous energy mixing strategy for DC integration of local generation and grid energy to supply energy to MG consumers via the conventional three-phase power distribution system. Thus, local distributed renewable generators do not have to contend with AC integration problems, such as AC stability and line synchronization. This approach can facilitate the transformation of conventional local power distribution systems into reliable MGs in an affordable way for stakeholders and it is a step towards construction of future smart grids.     

德宝直流输电对750 kV宝鸡主变压器运行影响研究

通过计算和现场实测,得到了750 kV宝鸡变电站和处于宝鸡换流站周围100 km内的330 kV、110 kV变电站内的变压器中性点直流电流,并分析了对变压器的运行影响,提出了今后还需开展的重点工作,为今后西北电网的直流输电对交流变电站变压器的影响提供了数据。     

低压柔性直流微电网的电流互感器应用分析

  [目的]  低压柔性直流微电网是沟通储能、电动汽车等直流设备与中压直流配电网的桥梁。随着直流技术发展及越来越多直流设备接入电网,发展低压柔性直流微电网具有可行性、必要性。直流电流互感器是低压柔性直流微电网的重要组成部分。  [方法]  分析了典型的低压柔性直流微电网应用场景,对比了直流电流互感器,从可靠性、经济性角度分析了直流电流互感器的选型。  [结果]  该应用场景下精度要求高的支路保护、控制独立配置电流互感器,精度要求低的支路保护、控制共用电流互感器,当前技术水平下,推荐使用电阻分流器或巨磁电阻效应传感器。  [结论]  提出的当前低压直流电流互感器选型、应用分析是正确并有效的,同时也为其他应用场景提供了选型、配置建议。     

Digital power factor control and reactive power regulation for grid-connected photovoltaic inverter

The overall efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid depends on the efficiency of direct current (DC) of the solar modules to alternate current (AC) inverter conversion. The requirements for inverter connection include: maximum power point, high efficiency, control power injected into the grid, high power factor and low total harmonic distortion of the currents injected into the grid. An approach to power factor control and reactive power regulation for PV systems connected to the grid using field programmable gate array (FPGA) is proposed. According to the grid demands; both the injected active and reactive powers are controlled.In this paper, a new digital control strategy for a single-phase inverter is carried out. This control strategy is based on the phase shift between the inverter output voltage and the grid voltage, and the digital sinusoidal pulse width modulation (DSPWM) patterns, in order to control the power factor for a wide range of the inverter output current and consequently the control and the regulation of the reactive power will be achieved. The advantage of the proposed control strategy is its implementation around simple digital circuits.In this work, a simulation study of this strategy has been realized using Matlab/Simulink and PSIM. In order to validate its performance, this control has been implemented in a FPGA. Experimental tests have been carried out demonstrating the viability of this control in order to control the power factor and the injected power into the grid.     

Low voltage ride through of doubly-fed induction generator connected to the grid using sliding mode control strategy

Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) connected to the grid is subjected to high transient currents at rotor side and rise in DC-link voltage during voltage sag at stator/grid side. To secure power system operation wind turbines have to meet grid requirements through the Low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability and contribute to grid voltage control during severe situations. This paper presents the modeling and control designs for WECS based on a real model of DFIG taking into account the effect of stator resistance. The non-linear control technique using sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is used to alter the dynamics of 1.5 MW wind turbine system connected to the grid under severe faults of grid voltage. The paper, also discusses the transient behavior and points out the performance limit for LVRT by using two protection circuits of an AC-crowbar and a DC-Chopper which follow a developed flowchart of system protection modes under fault which achieved LVRT requirements through results. The model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK for both rotor and grid side converters.     

变频器对船舶电网电流谐波影响及抑制方案

针对变频调速推进系统对船舶电网电流谐波的影响,通过改变变频器输出功率和输出频率,观察变频器交流侧电网电流谐波的变化规律,详细分析了变频器在交流电网侧产生的间谐波。结果表明,变频器输出功率、输出频率降低,交流电网侧电流谐波畸变率增大;间谐波主要分布于低频段,间谐波频率越低,谐波幅值越大。由此提出了基于无源滤波器、直流侧电容和高通滤波器综合滤波方案,并利用Matlab建立仿真模型进行分析,有效验证了方案的可行性。     

Analysis and comparative study of pulsating current of fuel cells by inverter load with different power converter topologies

Fuel cells are being increasingly used for stand alone and grid connected systems in wide range of applications due to their high efficiency and low emissions. Because of unregulated nature of fuel cell voltage a power conditioning unit, consisting of DC-DC converter and an inverter, is invariably used as an interface between the fuel cell and the load in a typical fuel cell system for ac applications. Major issues with the use of fuel cells for ac applications are the low frequency pulsating current propagation on to the fuel cell side and dynamic response to various loads during transient conditions. Low frequency pulsating currents are reported to affect reactant utilization, degrade the performance and life of fuel cells. These current ripples can be reduced by filters with passive elements having bulky inductor and capacitor in the dc-link between the fuel cell and the inverter but, it will add to the weight and cost. DC-DC converters of different configurations are being used in the power conditioning unit of fuel cell systems. These converters are operated at high frequencies and the filtering units of these converters have minimal effect on low frequency ripple. But, it is observed that different configurations of power conditioner with same filtering components perform differently for the low frequency current ripple of the inverter load by mitigating the power mismatch between load and source at the DC link. This paper investigates and compares the low frequency current ripple mitigation by cascaded converters with conventional push-pull and also with series connected converters in the power conditioning stage of fuel cell system for ac applications. Parameters such as peak switching currents, the percentage of peak to DC level of low frequency current ripple are analyzed using these conversion topologies in power conditioning unit. The analytical and simulation results related to the study are presented. Key results are verified with experimental work.     

3kW可调度型并网逆变器的研制

3kW可调度型并网逆变器采用80C196 16位单片机配合D／A转换和MOSFET功率模块实现SPWM正弦脉宽调制、电流同步跟踪、并网逆变／独立逆变的切抑控制等功能。本机设计为带有蓄电池“可调度型”并网逆变器,目的是提高光伏并网系统的实用性和调峰能力,电力部门可以根据当地电网的峰,谷期和实际需要,通过遥控方式将光伏系统进入或退出电网;当电网停电时,并网逆变器还可以自动转入“独立逆变方式”为用户供电。     

中压静态转换开关切换冲击电流抑制方法

静态转换开关是实现双电源供电场合下电源之间相互切换的一种有效措施,在中压静态转换开关带变压器负荷系统中,开关切换可能使变压器铁芯产生直流磁链分量,导致铁芯磁饱和,从而导致冲击电流。对此,首先分析了切换电源后直流磁链分量的构成,重点分析了两路电源相位差对直流磁链分量的影响;然后提出了一种基于磁链监测的消除直流磁链分量的切换策略,防止由于直流偏磁导致的变压器铁芯饱和,从而消除切换冲击电流;最终通过多种工况的仿真算例,验证了提出的冲击电流抑制方法的有效性。     

Improved particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic system connected to the grid with low voltage ride through capability

Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system encounters different types of abnormalities during grid faults; the grid side inverter is subjected to three serious problems which are excessive DC link voltage, high AC currents and loss of grid-voltage synchronization. This high DC link voltage may damage the inverter. Also, the voltage sags will force the PV system to be disconnected from the grid according to grid code. This paper presents a novel control strategy of the two-stage three-phase PV system to improve the Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability according to the grid connection requirement. The non-linear control technique using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) of a PV system connected to the grid through an isolated high frequency DC–DC full bridge converter and a three-phase three level neutral point clamped DC-AC converter (3LNPC²) with output power control under severe faults of grid voltage. The paper, also discusses the transient behavior and the performance limit for LVRT by using a DC-Chopper circuit. The model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The proposed control succeeded to track MPP, achieved LVRT requirements and improving the quality of DC link voltage. The paper shows superiority of IPSO than Incremental Conductance (IC) method during MPPT mode of PV system.     

UHVDC入地电流暂态过程对变压器励磁特性的影响

为研究接地极入地暂态电流对变压器励磁特性的影响,提出一种针对UHVDC入地电流暂态的计算方法,并搭建了受端地区直流偏磁仿真模型,计算了地表电位和偏磁电流在入地电流暂态过程中的响应,并分析了变压器的励磁特性。结果表明,暂态过程会显著增加10km范围内的地表电位和偏磁电流,在UHVDC引起的变压器直流偏磁计算时应考虑入地电流暂态过程的影响。     

取能电流互感器的有限元分析

为解决取能电流互感器的在线取能电源设计时,当一次电流较大导致取能铁芯饱和从而使铁芯输出功率难以量化计算分析的问题,利用有限元方法对电流互感器取能电源进行了建模及分析,通过对一实际开口铁芯取能电源进行建模仿真,得到了不同母线电流及负载下铁芯的输出功率及负载电压波形,利用取能铁芯的磁感应强度云图定量分析了铁芯饱和情况。模型仿真结果与实际开口铁芯电源的实测结果的对比验证了模型的正确性。该模型可用于指导实际电源的参数设计。     

磁暴对中国电网的影响

通过比较2004年11月以来十几次磁暴数据与变压器中性点电流数据的相关性,证明了变压器发生的振动和噪声增大现象是磁暴在电网产生的地磁感应电流（GIC）所为,指出了磁暴对我国电网影响较大,磁暴对电网的影响已成为迫切需要研究的问题。     

A single phase parallely connected uninterruptible powersupply/demand side management system

This paper presents the application of a single-phase parallel converter as an uninterruptible power supply and demand side management system. The proposed system consists of a bi-directional inverter that is connected in parallel to the utility system. When the grid system fails, the converter will convert the power from the battery to the AC side (utility side) at the mains voltage and frequency. On the other hand, when the utility is normal the converter will act as a demand side management system. It charges the battery during low load and shaves the transient load at the peak period system. This improves the pattern of the demand variation in the utility side. This paper presents the operational principle of the uninterruptible power supply and demand side management system, laboratory, and simulation results