冷却速率对钢中MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物包裹率的影响研究

通过实验室试验研究钢中MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物的生成以及不同冷却速率对MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物包裹率的影响。结果表明:被推动到钢液凝固前沿的Al_2O_3,会为MnS析出提供异质形核质点;随着冷却速率的增加,复合夹杂物的尺寸从4μm降至2.5μm左右,MnS+Al_2O_3复合夹杂物包裹率逐渐降低。本次试验研究为得到较优包裹程度的实验条件以及进一步改善钢材性能提供一定的理论分析。     

60Si_2Mn-Cr弹簧钢中夹杂物演变行为分析

针对某钢厂60Si_2Mn-Cr弹簧钢的生产工艺,取不同工位处的钢样,研究夹杂物的转变效果。实验表明:微铝工艺生产钢中的夹杂物逐渐转变为Al_2O_3-SiO_2-CaO-MgO复合氧化物夹杂,形状逐渐趋于球状夹杂物尺寸逐渐减小,最终铸坯中夹杂物的平均尺寸为4.6μm。通过热力学计算,得到了不同工位下夹杂物的SiO_2+CaO-MgO-MnO+Al_2O_3相图,在中间包和铸坯中的夹杂物大多数处于1500-1 600℃温度下的液相区,减小高硬度夹杂物的危害,提高了弹簧钢的质量。     

钙处理对2205双相不锈钢夹杂物的影响及热力学分析

针对某钢厂2205双相不锈钢的生产工艺,取钙处理前后的钢样,研究钙处理对夹杂变性的效果。实验表明:钙处理后钢中的Al_2O_3、MgO-Al_2O_3夹杂物逐渐演变为MgO-Al_2O_3-CaO-(CaS),部分处于1 873 K温度下的液相区内,夹杂物的形状更加规则,但是还有少数的夹杂物变性效果不理想。通过热力学计算,得到了1 873 K时的Ca-Al、Al-S平衡曲线,得出了为避免生成固态铝酸钙、CaS理论上应满足的条件:即将w([Ca])、w([Al])含量控制在C_(12)A_7曲线附近。     

高氮钢电渣重熔夹杂物控制研究

对高氮钢电渣重熔前后夹杂物进行对比研究,分析不同渣系和自耗电极氧含量对重熔后夹杂物的影响。研究发现,不同渣系对电渣钢的洁净度影响很大,适当提高w(Ca O)/w(Al2O3)可有效降低电渣锭中的夹杂物和全氧量。对高氮钢电渣重熔的脱硫进行研究,分析了不同渣系和熔炼速率对高氮钢脱硫率的影响,实验结果表明:电渣重熔后,硫化物夹杂的平均直径和单位面积数量大大减少,夹杂物的主要类型为Mn S+Al2O3复合型夹杂物,同时适度提高渣中Ca O含量实现提高硫分配比是提高脱硫效率的有效手段。脱硫动力学推导中发现重熔速率越低,脱硫效果越明显,但实验发现脱硫率随重熔速率的降低呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其原因在于渣池中发生硫化物富集,导致"回硫"现象发生。     

一种钢中外加纳米粒子类型的选择方法研究

通过热力学计算和动力学分析的方法,研究了四种常见高熔点纳米粒子,Al_2O_3、TiN、Ce_2O_3和MgO,在钢液中的溶解度、与形核相之间的错配度以及在钢液中的停留时间等特征。结果表明,TiN在钢液中溶解度较大,Al_2O_3和Ce_2O_3与形核相之间的错配度相对较高,综合比较可以认为四种纳米粒子中,MgO为最佳的外加第二相粒子类型。纳米级粒子在静止的钢液中基本近似于悬浮状态,这给纳米粒子在钢液中的弥散提供了动力学理论支持。     

电解提取风电齿轮钢夹杂物研究

采用小样电解法对风电齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6中的夹杂物进行了系统的分析检测,通过对齿轮钢中夹杂物的电解、提取、分离,较为完整地将钢中的夹杂物电解并收集,借助SEM-EDS对所收集的夹杂物进行了定性分析。结果表明:通过小样电解法可以较为完整地得到风电齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6中夹杂物的三维形貌;Al2O3、Al2O3-SiO2类夹杂物多呈不规则多边形状,平均尺寸分别为29.7μm、15.81μm,A l2O3-MgO-CaO-SiO2复合类夹杂物通常为包裹形态的球状,平均尺寸为13.1μm,Ca O类夹杂物通常呈块状,平均尺寸为11.7μm,MnS类夹杂物形貌多呈长条状或纺锤状,平均尺寸为18.8μm,Ca S类夹杂物通常呈规则长条状,平均尺寸为9.2μm;与传统金相法相比,小样电解法在观察钢中夹杂物真实的三维形貌和尺寸时是更为行之有效的方法。     

稀土处理对含铝中锰钢中夹杂物的调控机理

铝脱氧中锰钢精炼过程中易形成尖晶石类夹杂物,这类硬质夹杂物会恶化中锰钢的疲劳性能,易导致钢材功能失效引发事故。采用稀土Ce处理对中锰钢中尖晶石类硬质夹杂物进行改质处理。为了阐明夹杂物的改质机理,开展了高温模拟实验。实验结果表明,Ce处理后,尖晶石夹杂物转变为稀土夹杂物,且随着TO含量的降低,稀土夹杂物类型为CeAlO₃→CeAlO₃+Ce₂O₂S→Ce₂O₂S。铈对尖晶石夹杂物的变质机理为：铈添加到钢中后,尖晶石夹杂物中镁和铝不断被铈替代(含锰尖晶石夹杂物中锰优先被置换),尖晶石结构遭到破坏,从而形成CeAlO₃。当钢中氧含量低,相对硫含量较高时,钢中硫将参与置换反应,置换出夹杂物中的氧,因此尖晶石夹杂物和CeAlO₃夹杂物最终转变为Ce₂O₂S。最后通过热力学模型计算得出,将钢中尖晶石夹杂物完全改质为稀土夹杂物的最低铈含量与钢中氧含量呈线性关系,当钢中铈质量分数为氧质...     

50CrVA弹簧钢夹杂物特性研究

采用全流程多级取样的方法,对国内某钢厂BOF-LF-CC工艺生产的50CrVA弹簧钢中夹杂物特性的演变规律进行系统分析和研究。实验结果表明:随着精炼和连铸过程的进行,钢中的夹杂物种类逐渐由SiO2-Al2O3-MnO-TiO2夹杂物转变为CaO-Al2O3-MgO和CaO-A l2O3-SiO2夹杂物。最终铸坯夹杂物中的Al2O3组元含量约为70%～75%,而Ca O含量仅为5%～10%。夹杂物熔点较高,改性不充分。建议在生产中,强化钙处理或提高炉渣碱度来实现夹杂物的低熔点化,降低其危害。     

低温渗铝涂层对P92钢650℃饱和蒸汽氧化行为的影响

利用低温粉末包埋渗法在P92钢服役温度下制备了铝化物涂层,并结合氧化增重法、扫描电镜观察及X射线衍射分析,研究了P92钢及其铝化物涂层在650℃下的饱和蒸汽氧化行为。结果表明:P92钢抗蒸汽氧化性能不足,350 h前氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律,外层疏松层氧化物Fe_3O_4+Fe_2O_3与内层氧化物FeCr_2O_4呈双层结构,氧化700 h后外层氧化膜发生严重剥落;低温包埋渗铝后,试样表面形成保护性Al_2O_3氧化膜,可显著提升P92钢抗蒸汽氧化性能;Al_2O_3氧化膜具有较慢的生长速度,因此铝化物涂层的耗损并不是继续形成Al_2O_3带来的消耗,而是Al向内扩散形成AlN相以及Fe向铝化物涂层扩散形成Fe_3Al相,从而降低Al浓度梯度。     

用助熔剂离心铸造气缸套

用离心铸造方法制造汽车、拖拉机发动机气缸套毛坯浇注时,必须预先用合成助熔剂直接注入回转的模型里,把铁水中非金属夹杂物和有害的杂质精炼出去。在研究气缸套铸造缺陷时已得知,在离心力作用下,铸件自由表面一侧,熔析出厚为0.6～5毫米的硫化物、矿渣等非金属夹杂物,是铸件废品的主要原因。这些非金属夹杂物的成分是:MnS40～46％、FeS18～22％、Cao11～13％、SiO_29～12％、Al_2O_3 2～5％、MnO1～3％。由于缸套毛坯非金属夹杂物含有很高的硫化物,于是就提出从铁水中能有效地精炼这些化合物的任务,即制定助熔剂的成分。碱金属的盐基或盐、硅酸钠、氟化物和氯化钙,能使铁水里的硫化物,激烈地过渡到助熔剂里。研究得知,Na_2O、CaO、CaF_2 对硫从铁水里过渡到助熔剂里有着良好的作用。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.