Studying the operation characteristics and structure of vertical channel copper-phthalocyanine organic semiconductor transistor

The creation of Au/CuPe/Al/CuPc/strueture is a perpendicular type electricity found in the channel of organic static induction transistor. In the following we analyze transistor operation characteristics and machine structural relation. The results express that the transistor drives the voltage low and has no-saturation currentvoltage characteristics. Its operation characteristics are dependant on gate bias voltage and the construction of the aluminum eleetrode. The vertical ehannel of organic static induction transistor （OSIT） , with structure of Au/CuPc/Al/CuPc/ Cu, has been determined. According to the test results, the relation of its operation characteristics aud device structure was analyzed. The results show that this transistor has a low driving voltage and unsaturation Ⅰ-Ⅴ characteristies. Its operation characteristics are dependant on gate bias voltage and the structure of the aluminum electrode.     

Surface Modification for Metal Hydride Electrode of Ni／MH Battery

A novel method was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride (MH) electrode of the Ni/MH battery. The electrode was plated with a thin silver film by using plasma technology and its effect on the performance of the Ni/MH battery was examined. Charge-discharge test proved that the battery with modified electrode exhibits a better high-rate dischargeability and chargeability than the battery with untreated electrode. The battery with modified electrode exhibits satisfactory durability. After 500 cycles, the capacities of the batteries with modified and unmodified electrode are 90.1% and 82.3 % of their original capacities. The inner pressure test shows that the battery with modified electrode displays a much lower inner gas pressure on charging. The experimental results demonstrate that this method is an effective way for the surface modification of the electrode of the Ni/MH battery.     

Fabrication of ferrocenyl glutathione modified electrode and its application for detection of cadmium ions

l＇-cysteaminecarbonyl-1-glutathionecarbonyl-ferrocene （Fc-GSH） was synthesized from ferrocene dicarboxylic acid and reduced glutathione （GSH） with 4 steps. IR and 1^H-NMR were used to characterize the products. Then Fc-GSH was immobilized on the surface of gold electrode. Cyclic votammetry （CV） was adopted to investigate the electrochemical properties of this Fc-GSH modified electrode in the absence and presence of Cd^2＋ aqueous solutions. The peak oxidation potential （Ea） and reduction potential （Ec） of Fc-GSH modified electrode were observed at Ea= 0.74 V and Ec= 0.64 V （vs Ag/AgCl） before the accumulation of Cd^2＋. This redox process is a monoelectron chemical reaction. The anodic shift is about 80 mV in the presence of 20 nmol/L of Cd^2＋ aqueous solution. Moreover, this shift is in proportion to the concentration of Cd^2＋ when the concentration of Cd^2＋ is lower than 20 nmol/L. So the modified electrode can be used as probes to detect cadmium ions with the limit of 0.1 nmol/L by cyclic voltammetry.     

Effect of Overcharge on Electrochemical Performance of Sealed-Type Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries

The effects of overcharge on electrochemical performance of AA size sealed-type nickel/metal hydride（Ni/MH） batteries and its degradation mechanism were investigated. The results indicated that the relationship between the effects of different overcharge currents on the increasing velocity of inner pressure and the degradation velocity of cycle life and discharge voltage remains in almost direct proportion. After overcharge cycles, the positive electrode materials remain the original structure, but there occur some breaks because of the irreversible expand of crystal lattice. And the negative electrode alloy particles have inconspicuous pulverization, but are covered with lots of corrosive products and its main component is rare earth hydroxide or oxide. These are all the main reasons leading to the degradation behavior of the discharge capacity and cycle life of Ni/MH batteries.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation behavior of L -cysteine at Pt microparticles modified nanofibrous polyaniline film electrode

Platinum（Pt）/nanofibrous polyaniline（PANI） electrode was prepared by pulse galvanostatic method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of L-cysteine at the Pt/nanofibrous PANI electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the pH value of the solution and the Pt loading of the electrode have great effect on the electrocatalytic property of the Pt/nanofibrous PANI electrode; the suitable Pt loading of the electrode is 600 μg/cm^2 and the suitable pH value of the solution is 4.5 for investigating L-cysteine oxidation. The L-cysteine sensor based on the Pt/nanofibrous PANI electrode has a good selectivity, reproducibility and stability. The Pt/nanofibrous PANI electrode is highly sensitive to L-cysteine, and the linear calibration curve for the oxidation of L-cysteine can be observed in the range of 0.2-5.0 mmol/L.     

Dynamics of conductive and nonconductive particles under high-voltage electrostatic coupling fields

With the high-voltage electrostatic theory and numerical analysis, the dynamics of conductive and nonconductive particles under high-voltage electrostatic coupling fields was studied. The oscillation behavior of the conductive particle between the corona electrode and ground electrode was analyzed and its oscillation amplitude was Sm=(ta+ts)·νm/2. It was found that there was the "lift-off voltage (Ulo)" for the conductive particle between the electrostatic electrode and ground electrode. The concepts of "cr...     

Mechanism of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution

Reaction mechanism of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution was studied by electrochemical methods,such as cyclic voltammetry,chronopotentiometry,AC impedance,linear sweep voltammetry.Apparent activation energy of anodic process of gold electrode dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution is 14.91 kJ/mol.Rate determining step is the process of gold thiourea complex diffusing away from electrode surface to solution.The results of AC impedance and chronopotentiometry indicate that thiourea adsorbs on gold electrode surface before dissolving in solution.There does not exist proceeding chemical reactions.Formamidine disulfide,the decomposed product of thiourea,does not participate the process of gold dissolution and thiourea complex.Species with electro-activity produced in the process of electrode reaction adsorbs on the electrode surface.In alkaline thiourea solution,gold dissolving mechanism undergoes the following courses:adsorption of thiourea on electrode surface;charge transfer from gold atom to thiourea molecule;Au[SC(NH2)2]ads receiving a thiourea molecule and forming stable Au[SC(NH2)2]2 ;and then Au[SC(NH2)2]2 diffusing away from the electrode surface to solution,the last step is the rate-determining one.     

Effect of annealing on composition, structure and electrical properties of Au layers grown on different thickness Cr layers

110 nm-thick Au layers were sputter-deposited on unheated glasses coated about a 10 nm-thick and a 50 nm-thick Cr layer respectively. The Au/Cr bilayer films were annealed in a vacuum of 1 mPa at 300~C for 2, 5 and 30 min, respectively. Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composition and structure of the Au layers. The resistivity of the bilayer films was measured by using four-point probe technique. The adhesion of the bilayer films to the substrate was tested using tape tests. The amount of Cr atoms diffusing into the Au layer increases with increasing the annealing time, resulting in a decrease in lattice constant and an increase in resistivity of the Au layer. The content of Cr inside the Au layer grown on the thinner Cr layer is less than that grown on the thicker Cr layer. For the Au/Cr bilayer films, the lower resistivity and the good adhesion to the glass substrate can be obtained at a shorter annealing time for a thinner Cr layer.     

Super-capacitive Properties of Thick RuO2·xH2O Electrodes:Effect of Thickness,Binder and Carbon Black Addition

Hydrous ruthenium oxide,RuO2·xH2O,was synthesized through a sol-gel reaction of ruthenium chloride aqueous solution.The annealed RuO2·xH2O powders are aggregate of very small particles in nano-size of 70-80 nm and have abundant porous structure as observed by SEM.The effect of electrode thickness,PTFE binder and carbon black addition on the super-capacitive properties of thick RuO2·nH2O electrodes was investigated.At low scan rate of 5 mV/s,the specific capacitance of RuO2·xH2O (SCR,based on the weight of RuO2·xH2O only) for pure RuO2·xH2O and RuO2·xH2O-PTFE-CB electrodes can reach 665 F/g.Increasing electrode thickness and mixing PTFE into RuO2·xH2O lead to a degradation of SCR and rate capacity.By adding carbon black into RuO2·xH2O-PTFE mixture,the rate capacity of the thick electrode (RuO2·xH2O-PTFE-CB) can be improved close to the thick pure RuO2·xH2O electrode.However,mixing with PTFE and carbon black leads to a loss of the overall mass-specific capacitance.The reason for the dependence of SCR and rate capacity on electrode thickness,binder and carbon black addition was discussed based on the relation between the resistance and utilization rate of electrodes.     

Effect of interface layers on electron field emission properties of amorphous diamond films

Hydrogen-free high sp~3 content amorphous diamond (AD) films are deposited on three different substrates——Au-coated Si (Au/Si), Ti-coated Si (Ti/Si) and Si wafers. Electron field emission properties and fluorescent displays of the above AD films are studied by using a sample diode structure. The compositional profile of the interfaces of AD/Ti/Si and AD/Si is examined by using secondary ions mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Because of the reaction and interdiffusion between Ti and C, the formation of a thin TiC intermediate layer is possible between AD film and Ti/Si substrate. The field emission properties of AD/Ti/Si are sufficiently improved, especially its uniformity. A field emission density of 0.352 mA/cm~2 is obtained under an electric field of 19.7 V/μm. The value is much more than that of AD/Au/Si and AD/Si under the same electric field.     

Memory characteristics of Au/PZT/BIT/p-Si ferroelectric diode

A ferroelectric memory diode consisting of Au/PZT/BIT/p-Si multilayer configuration has been fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The ferroelectric properties and the memory characteristics are investigated. The P-E curve of the PZT/BIT/p-Si films system had an asymmetry saturated hysteresis loop with P, = 15 μC/cm2 and Ec = 48 kV/cm, and the decay in remanent polarization was only 10% after 109 switching cycles, meanwhile the increase in coercive field was 12% . The C-V hysteresis loop and the I-V curve showed a memory effect derived from the ferroelectric polarization of PZT/BIT films, and the current density was 6.7 × 10-8 A/cm2 at a voltage of + 4V. Our diode had nonvolatile and nondestructive memory readout operation. There was a read current disparity of 0.05 μA for logic "1" and logic "0" at a read voltage of + 2V, and the stored logical value ("1" or "0") could be read out in 30 min.     

Preparation and characteristics of Cu/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/MgF<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Au tunnel junction

The fabrication process of Cu/Al₂O₃/MgF₂/Au double-barrier metal/insulator/metal junction (DMIMJ) was introduced, and more stable light emission from this junction was successfully observed. The light emission physical mechanism of the junction was discussed. Results show that light emission spectrum of this structure locates at wavelength of 250–700 nm with two peaks at around 460 nm and 640 nm, which moves towards shorter wavelength region in comparison with that of the Al/Al₂O₃/Au junction. The light emission efficiency of this junction ranges from 0.7×10⁻⁵–2.0×10⁻⁵, which is 1 to 2 orders higher than that of the single-barrier Al/Al₂O₃/Au junction. The improved properties of this structure should be due to the electrons resonant tunneling effect in the double-barrier.     

Low-temperature sintering and microwave dielectric properties of Li2MgTi3O8 ceramics doped with BaCu（B2O5）

The influences of BaCu(B₂O₅) (BCB) addition on sintering, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂MgTi₃O₈ ceramics were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and microwave dielectric measurements. The experimental results show that a small amount of BaCu(B₂O₅) addition can effectively reduce the sintering temperature to 900 °C, and induce only a limited degradation of the microwave dielectric properties. Typically, the best microwave dielectric properties of ɛ _r=24.5, Q×f =24 622 GHz, τ _f=4.2×10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹ are obtained for 1.0% BCB-doped Li₂MgTi₃O₈ ceramics sintered at 900 °C for 3 h. The BCB-doped Li₂MgTi₃O₈ ceramics can be compatible with Ag electrode, which may be a strong candidate for low temperature co-fired ceramics applications.     

Laccase biosensor using magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes and chitosan/silica hybrid membrane modified magnetic carbon paste electrode

A simple and rapid strategy to construct laccase biosensor for determination of catechol was investigated. Magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MMCNT) which possess excellent capability of electron transfer were prepared by chemical coprecipitation method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to identify its surfacetopography and magnetization, respectively. Laccase was immobilized on the MMCNT modified magnetic carbon paste electrode by the aid of chitosan/silica (CS) hybrid membrane. Using current-time detection method, the biosensor shows a linear response related to the concentration of catechol in the range from 10⁻⁷ to 0.165×10⁻³ mol/L. The corresponding detection limit is 3.34×10⁻⁸ mol/L based on signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) ≥3 under the optimized conditions. In addition, its response current retains 90% of the original after being stored for 45 d. The results indicate that this proposed strategy can be expected to develop other enzyme-based biosensors.     

Electrochemical behavior of K3Fe（CN）6 in water-in-oil microemulsion

A water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion composed of Triton X-100, n-hexanol, n-hexane and water solution with hydrochloric acid was prepared. K₃Fe(CN)₆ was added in as a water-soluble electroactive probe, and its electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that the H⁺ concentration of the water phase has a great effect on the conductivity of the W/O microemulsion, and hence influences the electrochemical behavior of K₃Fe(CN)₆. When the pH value of water phase is about 7, the electrical conductivity of the W/O microemulsion is only 1.2×10⁻⁶ S/cm, and K₃Fe(CN)₆ almost cannot react at the glassy carbon electrode. But when the H⁺ concentration is more than 3 mol/L, the W/O microemulsion has a good electrical conductivity and K₃Fe(CN)₆ shows good electrochemical performance in it. The results of CV and EIS studies indicate that the electrochemical behavior of Fe(CN)₆ ³⁻/Fe(CN)₆ ⁴⁻ in the W/O microemulsion is different from that in the aqueous solution. This may be due to the unique liquid structure of the W/O microemulsion and the unique mass transfer in the W/O microemulsion. Foundation item: Projects(20673036, J0830415) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Projects(05JT1026, 2007JT2013) supported by the Science Technology Project of Hunan Province, China     

Dynamics of electrodeposition of tetraethylthioram disulphide (TETD) on pyrite surface

Ｄｉｅｔｈｙｌｄｉｔｈｉｏｃａｒｂａｍａｔｅ(ＤＤＴＣ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｕｓｅｄｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｆｏｒｆｌｏｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅａｖｙ ｍｅｔａｌｓｕｌｆｉｄｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｇａｌｅｎａ ,ｃｈａｌｃｏｐｙｒｉｔｅａｎｄｊａｍｅｓｏｎｉｔｅ ,ａｎｄｓｈｏｗｓｓｔｒｏｎｇｓｅ ｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ[1] .ＩｔｉｓｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈａｔＤＤＴＣｉｓａｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｆｏｒｇａｌｅｎａａｎｄｖｅｒｙｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅａｇａｉｎｓｔｐｙｒｉｔｅｉ…     

Adsorption of Pb^2＋ on macroporous weak acid adsorbent resin from aqueous solutions： Batch and column studies

The adsorption properties of a novel macroporous weak acid resin (D152) for Pb²⁺ were investigated with chemical methods. The optimal adsorption condition of D152 resin for Pb²⁺ is at pH 6.00 in HAc-NaAc medium. The statically saturated adsorption capacity is 527 mg/g at 298 K. Pb²⁺ adsorbed on D152 resin can be eluted with 0.05 mol/L HCl quantitatively. The adsorption rate constants determined under various temperatures are k _{288 K}=2.22×10⁻⁵ s^t-1, k _{298 K}=2.51×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹, and k _{308 K}= 2.95×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹, respectively. The apparent activation energy, E _a is 10.5 kJ/mol, and the adsorption parameters of thermodynamics are ΔH ^Θ=13.3 kJ/mol, ΔS ^Θ=119 J/(mol·K), and ΔG ^Θ 298 K =−22.2 kJ/mol, respectively. The adsorption behavior of D152 resin for Pb²⁺ follows Langmuir model. Foundation item: Project(2008F70059) supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Planning of Zhejiang Province, China     

Thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 ceramics

Ca₃Co₄O₉ ceramics were prepared using the sol-gel process with ordinary pressing sintering and their thermoelectric properties were measured from room temperature to 673 K. The experimental results show that single phase Ca₃Co₄O₉ can be fabricated at 750–900 °C in different citrate acid molar proportions for 0.2–1.0. For all the oxides, both the Seebeck coefficients S and the electrical conductivities κ increase with the increasing temperature. The Seebeck coefficients S are all positive. The thermal conductivities k increase with the increasing temperature also and the lattice thermal conductivity κ _l plays an important role to the thermal conductivity κ. The citrate acid molar proportions have a large influence on the particle sizes, which influences the thermoelectric properties of the ceramics. The figure of merit increases with the increasing temperature and reaches 4.5×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ at 573 K for the sample in the citrate acid molar proportion of 0.46.     

Ferroelectric properties of Bi<Subscript>4</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>2.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> thin films prepared on LaNiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> bottom electrode by sol-gel method

The Bi4Zr0.5Ti2.5O12 (BZT) thin films were fabricated on the LaNiO3 bottom electrode using sol-gel method. The structure and morphology of the films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, AFM and SEM. The results show that the films have a perovskite phase and dense microstructure. The 2Pr and 2Vc of the Pt/BZT/LaNiO3 capacitor are 28.2 μC/cm2 and 14.7 V respectively at an applied voltage of 25 V. After the switching of 1×1010 cycles, the Pr value decreases to 87% of its pre-fatigue values. The dielectric constant (ε) and the dissipation factor (tanδ) of the BZT thin films are about 204 and 0.029 at 1 kHz, respectively. The films show good insulating behavior according to the test of leakage current. The clockwise C-V hysteresis curve observed shows that the Pt/BZT/LaNiO3 structure has a memory effect because of the BZT film's ferroelectric polarization.