膜聚结法油品脱水研究

对研制的聚结分离床进行了油品脱水的实验研究,结果表明:分离效率随流率的变化存在着高效分离区和基本分离区,高效分离区的脱水率达70%以上,而在较高的处理量下,聚结分离床仍具有一定的基本分离效果.分离效率与处理流率、油品性质、初始含水量、分离床的特征尺寸等有关.     

Numerical analysis of flow field and separation characteristics in an oilfield sewage separation device

A novel oilfield high-oil-recovery water injection treatment device, the hydrocyclone oil removal device, was developed to treat oilfield sewage in the oil phase. It addresses the problems of high oil content in oilfield sewage, direct discharge of contaminants to the environment, and reduction of formation water absorption capacity by reinjection formation. An experimental verification and numerical simulation of the device were carried out to analyze its mechanism and influencing factors. An analysis of the flow path, phase distribution, velocity distribution, and pressure distribution of oil and water revealed the oil removal mechanism of the hydrocyclone oil removal device: automatic separation of oil and water could be realized by using the physical properties of the fluid, the special structure of the equipment, and the appropriate operating parameters. The influence of the inlet oil concentration, flow, pressure, and oil droplet size on the separation efficiency was investigated. The inlet flow, pressure, and the oil droplet size were found to be directly proportional to the separation efficiency, and the oil concentration was found to be inversely proportional to the separation efficiency. These results could further the efficient application of the high-oil-recovery water injection treatment device. The research results also have important engineering value for the efficient treatment and recycling of oil and gas field wastewater.     

Upstream Operations in the Oil Industry: Rigorous Modeling of an Electrostatic Coalescer

This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer units devoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstream operations in oil fields. The main phenomena governing the behavior of the electrostatic coalescer are described, starting from fundamental laws. In addition, the gradual coalescence of the emulsion droplets is considered in the mathematical modeling in a dynamic fashion, as the phenomenon is identified as a key step in the overall yield of the unit operation. The resulting differential system with boundary conditions is then integrated via performing numerical libraries, and the simulation results confirm the available literature and the industrial data. A sensitivity analysis is provided with respect to the main parameters. The mathematical model results in a flexible tool that is useful for the purposes of design, unit behavior prediction, performance monitoring, and optimization.     

Energy‐Efficient Oil–Water Separation of Biomimetic Copper Membrane with Multiscale Hierarchical Dendritic Structures

Membrane‐based materials with special surface wettability have been applied widely for the treatment of increasing industrial oily waste water, as well as frequent oil spill accidents. However, traditional technologies are energy‐intensive and limited, either by fouling or by the inability of a single membrane to separate all types of oil–water mixtures. Herein, a biomimetic monolayer copper membrane (BMCM), composed of multiscale hierarchical dendritic structures, is cleverly designed and successfully fabricated on steel mesh substrate. It not only possesses the ability of energy‐efficient oil–water separation but also excellent self‐recovery anti‐oil‐fouling properties (<150 s). The BMCM even keeps high separation efficiency (>93%) after ten‐time cycling tests. More importantly, it retains efficient oil–water separation capacity for five different oils. In fact, these advanced features are benefited by the synergistic effect of chemical compositions and physical structures, which is inspired by the typical nonwetting strategy of butterfly wing scales. The findings in this work may inspire a facile but effective strategy for repeatable and antipollution oil–water separation, which is more suitable for various applications under practical conditions, such as wastewater treatment, fuel purification, separation of commercially relevant oily water, and so forth.     

循环流化床锅炉用旋风分离器性能的实验研究

结合水煤浆流化-悬浮燃烧的特点,通过全面测定循环流化床锅炉用旋风分离器在不同操作参数下的分离效率,研究了入口气速、入口颗粒浓度、入口颗粒物性等对旋风分离器的压降和分离性能的影响规律。实验结果表明,影响旋风分离器分离性能的主要物性参数是颗粒的中位粒径、密度,在入口颗粒的中位粒径相差较大时分离性能主要受粒径的影响,而当入口颗粒粒径相差较小时密度对分离器分离性能的影响则更为显著。     

Underwater Self‐Cleaning PEDOT‐PSS Hydrogel Mesh for Effective Separation of Corrosive and Hot Oil/Water Mixtures

Oil‐polluted water is a worldwide problem due to the increasing industry oily wastewater and the frequent oil‐spill pollution. Here, PEDOT‐PSS hydrogel meshes are successfully prepared by using in‐situ chemical polymerization on Ti mesh substrate, which are composed of hierarchical porous structures and present superhydrophilicity in air and superoleophobicity underwater. And PEDOT‐PSS hydrogel meshes exhibit excellent environmental stability under a series of harsh conditions, which are used for the separation of the mixtures of oil and various corrosive and active aqueous solutions, including strong acidic, alkaline, or salt aqueous solutions, even hot‐water. The hydrogel meshes offer high separation efficiency of up to 99.9%. Importantly, the mesh still reveals 99.5% separation efficiency even after 50 times separation operation, demonstrating its excellent durability that shows attractive potential for practical oil‐water separation in industry and everyday life.     

Engineered Hybrid Materials with Smart Surfaces for Effective Mitigation of Petroleum-Originated Pollutants

The generation and controlled or uncontrolled release of hydrocarbon-contaminated industrial wastewater effluents to water matrices are a major environmental concern. The contaminated water comes to surface in the form of stable emulsions, which sometimes require different techniques to mitigate or separate effectively. Both the crude emulsions and hydrocarbon-contaminated wastewater effluents contain suspended solids, oil/grease, organic matter, toxic elements, salts, and recalcitrant chemicals. Suitable treatment of crude oil emulsions has been one of the most important challenges due to the complex nature and the substantial amount of generated waste. Moreover, the recovery of oil from waste will help meet the increasing demand for oil and its derivatives. In this context, functional nanostructured materials with smart surfaces and switchable wettability properties have gained increasing attention because of their excellent performance in the separation of oil–water emulsions. Recent improvements in the design, composition, morphology, and fine-tuning of polymeric nanostructured materials have resulted in enhanced demulsification functionalities. Herein, we reviewed the environmental impacts of crude oil emulsions and hydrocarbon-contaminated wastewater effluents. Their effective treatments by smart polymeric nanostructured materials with wettability properties have been stated with suitable examples. The fundamental mechanisms underpinning the efficient separation of oil–water emulsions are discussed with suitable examples along with the future perspectives of smart materials.     

Preparation of Superhydrophilic and Underwater Superoleophobic Nanofiber‐Based Meshes from Waste Glass for Multifunctional Oil/Water Separation

The deterioration of water resources due to oil pollution, arising from oil spills, industrial oily wastewater discharge, etc., urgently requires the development of novel functional materials for highly efficient water remediation. Recently, superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic materials have drawn significant attention due to their low oil adhesion and selective oil/water separation. However, it is still a challenge to prepare low‐cost, environmentally friendly, and multifunctional materials with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, which can be stably used for oil/water separation under harsh working conditions. Here, the preparation of nanofiber‐based meshes derived from waste glass through a green and sustainable route is demonstrated. The resulting meshes exhibit excellent performance in the selective separation of a wide range of oil/water mixtures. Importantly, these meshes can also maintain the superwetting property and high oil/water separation efficiency under various harsh conditions. Furthermore, the as‐prepared mesh can remove water‐soluble contaminants simultaneously during the oil/water separation process, leading to multifunctional water purification. The low‐cost and environmentally friendly fabrication, harsh‐environment resistance, and multifunctional characteristics make these nanofiber‐based meshes promising toward oil/water separation under practical conditions.     

Calcinable Polymer Membrane with Revivability for Efficient Oily‐Water Remediation

Fouling of polymeric membranes remains a major challenge for long‐term operation of oily‐water remediation. The common reclamation methods to recycle fouled membranes have the issues of either incomplete degradation of organic pollutants or damage to filter membranes. Here, a calcinable polymer membrane with effective reclamation after fouling is reported, which shows full recovery of the original oil/water separation efficiency. The membrane is made of polysulfonamide/polyacrylonitrile fibers by emulsion electrospinning, followed by hydrothermal decoration of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The bonding structured fibrous membrane displays outstanding thermal stability in air (400 °C), strong acid/alkali resistance (at the pH range from 1 to 13), and robust tensile strength. As a result, the chemically fouled polymeric membrane can be easily reclaimed without decreasing in separation performance and mechanical properties by annealing treatment. As a proof‐of‐concept, the as‐prepared membrane is integrated into a wastewater separation tank, which achieves a high water flux over 3000 L m^?2 h^?1 and oil rejection efficiency of 99.6% for various oil‐in‐water emulsions. The presented strategy on membrane fabrication is believed to be an effective remedy for membrane fouling, and should apply in a wider field of filtration industry.     

膜法浓缩己内酰胺废水

为研究己内酰胺生产过程中废水的膜处理条件,以巴陵石化己内酰胺生产废水为研究对象,采用反渗透膜处理工艺,在一定条件下,考察浓缩倍数对膜通量及浓缩液和透过液的水质,包括电导率、COD、pH的影响.结果表明,反渗透膜能有效地处理己内酰胺生产过程的部分废水,且水质稳定.在适宜浓缩倍数下,离子交换过程中产生的反冲洗废水的透过液水质可达到我国工业废水排放标准,聚合废水透过液也能满足生化处理要求,对于本实验采用的原料液,离子交换废水的处理控制浓缩倍数为8左右,聚合废水浓缩4～5倍较合适.     

Barrel‐Shaped Oil Skimmer Designed for Collection of Oil from Spills

Superhydrophobic–superoleophilic (SS) materials have the prospect to be used in oil‐spill cleanup as treated felts because of their complete oil‐absorbing and water‐repelling properties. The main issues affecting the practical application of the SS materials are the low volume‐based absorption capacity (resulting in a high cost), the requirement for mechanical handling (squeeze out the oil) for recycling, and low storage stability of the collected oil. In this study, a barrel‐shaped oil skimmer mainly composed of an SS Cu foam and a glass barrel is developed as a potential step‐change device to enable separation of oil and water. The SS Cu active component is fabricated by chemical etching and stearic acid modification. The demonstrator oil skimmer quickly and selectively absorbs and collects a variety of oils from a polluted water surface, showing a high separation efficiency and volume‐based absorption capacity. The device can be easily scaled up. In addition to the high absorption capacity, the as‐prepared oil skimmer filters and collects the floating oil into the barrel, removing the traditional mechanical handling. Moreover, the as‐prepared oil skimmer also shows good storage stability; no oil escapes from the skimmer under harsh conditions. The findings presented in this study facilitate a novel, simple, and low‐cost approach for oil‐spill cleanup.     

Physicomechanical properties of hardened copper-aluminum-zincβ-alloys with an intermediate structure

The hardenability for two hardening rates (water and air) and also the influence of diffusion transformation products on their damping capacity and mechanical properties are investigated in a broad concentration area of copper-aluminum-zinc system alloys. The general character of the change in microstructure and hardness with distance from the specimen surface is determined. The relationship of hardenability of alloys of the investigated system to their composition for two hardening rates is established. It is shown that with water hardening these alloys possess high and with air hardening insufficient hardenability. It is determined that formation in hardening in the structure of the alloys of products of diffusion decomposition of the matrix phase reduces their damping capacity and mechanical properties.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 11, pp. 66–70, November, 1992.     

Screening and estimating of toxicity formation with photobacterium bioassay during chlorine disinfection of wastewater

Reclamation and reuse of wastewater is one of the most effective ways to alleviate water shortage. Disinfection plays a key role in killing the harmful pathogens in reclaimed water, while an unwanted side effect is the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Recently, a number of researches have been conducted on the formation regularities of certain DBPs. However, with current physiochemical techniques, it is impossible to detect all the DBPs. In this study, photobacterium bioassay was used to measure the formation of DBPs and their toxic effect as a whole. The effects of water quality characteristics and operational conditions on the toxicity formation during wastewater chlorination disinfection process were evaluated. A statistical model, depending on chlorine disinfectant dosage, concentration of ammonia nitrogen, and concentration of dissolved organic carbon, was developed to quantitatively estimate the toxicity formation during the disinfection process. It was found that the toxicity of the wastewater samples was positively correlated with chlorine disinfectant dosage, concentration of dissolved organic carbon and UV absorbance at 254nm, while negatively correlated with concentration of ammonia nitrogen.     

改性聚乙烯醇复合膜对微水重石脑油的渗透汽化脱水研究

用甲醛对聚乙烯醇进行改性,并用于质量分数约为100 μg/g微水重石脑油体系的渗透汽化(PV)深度脱水.考察了操作温度T、料液浓度C_w、操作流量q_v,等因素对分离性能的影响.渗透通量J与分离系数α随T、C_w的升高分别增大和减小,且J随g_v的增大而增大.实验证明在操作温度80℃,膜后压力1.5 kPa,流量500 L/h下,实现了J=60.6 g/(m~2·h),α=221.9的最佳分离效果,该技术有效脱除了油品中的微量水分,具有很好的工业应用前景.     

超声波降解油田含聚污水研究进展

随着聚合物驱、复合驱等三次采油技术在油田开采中的广泛应用,我国原油的采收率得到有效提高,但是伴随产生的含聚污水量也在成倍增加,油田含聚污水难降解问题也成为污水处理相关领域研究的热点。超声波降解技术具有氧化能力强、降解速率快且无二次污染等优点,在污水处理中的应用越来越受到重视。介绍了目前油田含聚污水的特性,并分析了超声波对污水中聚丙烯酰胺的降解机理以及对水包油乳状液的破乳机理,综述了国内外超声波降解技术在油田含聚污水处理的现状。结合不同类型油田含聚污水的特点,展望了未来超声波降解技术处理油田污水的发展趋势。     

In situ fastening graphene sheets into a polyurethane sponge for the highly efficient continuous cleanup of oil spills

Oil sorbents are an attractive option for oil-spill cleanup as they may be used for collection and complete removal of oil without adversely affecting the environment.However,traditional oil sorbents exhibit low oil/water separation efficiency and/or low oil-sorpfion capacity.In this study,an ultra-high performance graphene/polyurethane (PU) sponge has been successfully obtained by in situ polymerization in the presence of graphene dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).During polymerization,the NMP/graphene dispersion not only serves as a weak amine catalyst for the formation of the sponge,but promotes fixation of the graphene sheets in the framework of the PU sponge owing to the strong dipole interaction between NMP and graphene.The as-prepared graphene/PU sponge was used as an absorbing material for the continuous removal of oil from oil-spill water.The graphene/PU sponge can continuously and rapidly remove oils from immiscible oil/water mixtures in corrosive solutions,including strong acids and bases,hot water,and ice water,with an excellent separation efficiency of above 99.99％.In addition,the as-prepared graphene/PU sponge was effective in separating surfactant-stabilized emulsions with a high separation efficiency of ＞99.91％.     

Thermal field of an oil bed in a nonstationary pressure field

We carried out a numerical investigation of the temperature field arising in an oil bed due to the Joule-Thomson effect and the heat of deaeration of the liquid in the nonstationary pressure field in displacement of oil by water. The formation of the temperature field depends substantially on the initial flooding of the bed and the approach of the front of the displacement of oil by water. The value of the water-oil ratio exerts an effect on the sign of the temperature anomaly at the outlet from the bed.     

Study on a new surfactant for removal of phenol from wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane

Removal of phenol from wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is studied in present study. A new polyamine-type surfactant was synthesized and used for stabilizing of the emulsion phase. The results for the emulsion made by the synthesized surfactant showed much better stability and performance in the separation process compared to that by conventionally used Span 80. To determine the optimum operation conditions, the effect of several parameters such as emulsifier concentration, concentration of NaOH in the internal phase, oil to internal phase volume ratio, mixing intensity, temperature, solvent type, and stabilizer concentration have been investigated. It was found that under the optimum conditions, more than 98% of phenol can be removed in a single-stage process. The removal efficiency can be increased to 99.8% in a two-stage process.     

Multifunctional Polymer/Porous Boron Nitride Nanosheet Membranes for Superior Trapping Emulsified Oils and Organic Molecules

Effective oil/water separation and removal of organic molecules from water are of worldwide importance for water source protection. Multifunctional sorbent materials with excellent sorption capacity, stability, and recyclability properties need to be developed. Here, flexible and multifunctional polymer/porous boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) membranes with high water permeability, exhibiting high effectiveness and stability in the purification of simulated wastewater tainted with either oil/water emulsion or organic molecules, are reported. Remarkably, the flexible nature of these porous membranes enables simplicity of operation for water remediation processing and ease of post‐processing collection. The composite membrane also displays a remarkably high permeability of 8 × 10⁴ L μm m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, roughly three orders of magnitude higher than pure polymer, and excellent filter efficiencies for the pharmaceuticals ciprofloxacin, chlortetracycline, and carbamazepine (up to 14.2 L g⁻¹ of BNNSs in the composite membrane for a concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹ ciprofloxacin) and the dye methylene blue (up to 9.3 L g⁻¹ of BNNSs in the composite membrane at a concentration of 30 mg L⁻¹). Exhausted membranes can be readily rejuvenated by simple washing with retention of their high‐performance characteristics. The results demonstrate the potential efficacy and practicality of these membranes for water cleaning.     

用超滤技术处理和回收玻璃纤维废水

本文介绍最近研制出的一种既适合分离和浓缩中碱又适合无碱玻璃纤维浸润剂废水的新型超滤膜。于1992年11月～1993年1月,将这种新膜用于处理和回收四川玻璃纤维厂的中碱和无碱废水,经过生产性试验和现场监测,发现COD和BOD去除率达到93%以上,并且该厂总排放口的水质达到了排放标准。通过在超滤浓缩液中加入一些由于超滤而损失掉的成分,可将其返回车间循环使用。经生产性试验证明,采用这种复配法所得到的浓缩油完全可以作为浸润剂用于玻璃纤维加工。据估算,如果该厂采用这项技术,每年可增加收入84万元,而且可以避免玻璃纤维废水所造成的环境污染。