LaB6空心阴极发射体失效的拓展寿命模型及可靠性定量评估北大核心CSCD

空心阴极的寿命是制约离子推力器寿命及可靠性的关键因素之一,而发射体殆尽失效又是制约空心阴极寿命及可靠性的关键因素。在前面工作中,已建立了LaB6空心阴极工作在额定发射电流下时发射体的损耗过程及工作寿命预测模型,文章在此寿命预测模型的基础上提出了一种发射体寿命扩展模型,即发射体进一步消耗发射体下游顶端高温区域,利用扩展模型重新计算了发射体耗尽失效模式下空心阴极的寿命,并用威布尔统计规律及分析方法定量分析了空心阴极的可靠性,较基本模型而言,扩展模型中空心阴极的寿命及可靠性均得到明显提升。并且发射体温度分布对发射体寿命及可靠性有重要影响。     

20cm氙离子发动机空心阴极3000h寿命试验

介绍了兰州物理研究所正在进行的离子发动机空心阴极寿命试验.试验表明,该空心阴极在经过3 000h放电工作后,状态稳定,未见衰退趋势.研究结果还表明,该空心阴极暴露大气后具有良好的抗中毒能力.     

一种磁控管用W-Y合金阴极热发射特性研究

研制了一种大功率磁控管用W-Y合金阴极,并对该合金阴极的热发射、寿命等特性分别进行了测试。热发射测试结果显示,该合金阴极在1400℃工作温度时,其直流热发射特性曲线出现了较明显的空间电荷偏离点。而当阴极工作温度升高为1500℃、1600℃时,该阴极的直流热发射特性曲线一直呈直线上升,并未出现空间电荷偏离点,这与金属阴极的热发射特性曲线一般会出现空间电荷偏离点常识相违背。寿命测试结果显示,该合金阴极在1600℃工作温度下,经过80 h寿命测试后,热发射电流密度从初始的1.5直线下降至0.2 A/cm~2,能谱仪分析结果显示,此时W-Y合金阴极中Y元素从初始的46.45%下降至8.36%。最后,对该合金阴极热发射反常现象机理进行了有益的探讨。     

空间用六硼化镧空心阴极最新研究进展及发展趋势

六硼化镧(LaB_6)材料优异的电子发射性能和抗中毒特性,是空心阴极小型化长寿命设计的首选电子源材料之一,在中高功率空间电推进任务中具有很好的应用前景。特别是随着高功率长寿命航天电推进任务的论证,越来越受到国内外电推进研究领域的关注。本文对近年国内外空间用LaB_6空心阴极的研究情况进行了调研、对比和分析。调研结果显示国内LaB_6空心阴极工程研究处于国际同等或稍高水平,但理论研究成果较少。结合国内外发展趋势,作者分析指出了目前存在的技术难点,并对未来发展趋势进行了讨论。     

空心阴极放电稳定性试验研究

为研究空心阴极在起弧、稳态及熄弧等三个关键过程的放电特性从而改善地面测试试验中供电电源与空心阴极的匹配性,搭建了实验平台进行了试验研究,获得了这三个过程中阴极的典型伏安特性曲线。对阴极组件起弧及稳态工作过程进行监测,通过动态回路平衡方程确定了使用稳压稳流电源时系统的稳态工作点,并通过试验验证了空心阴极在不同流率点下放电特性的变化情况。最后对空心阴极熄弧过程的伏安特性进行了研究,通过拉偏测试试验确定了维持阴极自持放电的最小维持功率。结果表明:空心阴极与供电电源构成的系统具有两个工作点,阴极在起弧至稳态工作过程中将跨过首个工作点并最终稳定在在阻抗更小的工作点上。阴极的稳态工作伏安特性呈现为典型的负阻特性,适当增大气体流量和发射电流可以提升发射效率。维持LHC-5L型BLa_6阴极稳态放电所需最低输入功率为14 W,维持功率低于该值时空心阴极将熄弧。     

石墨触持极空心阴极性能实验研究

空心阴极触持极溅射腐蚀会导致离子推力器性能退化甚至失效,为确保离子推力器长期工作性能稳定性,触持极材料应选用溅射腐蚀速率尽可能低的材料。开展不同触持极结构对空心阴极放电性能的影响研究。最后,进行了1 000 h短期地面寿命实验。实验结果表明,石墨触持极空心阴极放电性能稳定,长期工作触持极表面的溅射腐蚀不明显,能够有效避免空心阴极长时间工作后因触持极溅射腐蚀导致的性能退化。     

用于电子轰击式汞离子推力器空心阴极的实验研究

本文叙述了空心阴极在电子轰击式汞离子推力器中的功能、推力器对空心阴极的要求。给出了阴极材料、结构、工艺及某些实验结果:即空心阴极的真空发射性能;阴极的放电形式及其伏安特性;阴极点火电压与阴极温度及通过阴极汞流率的关系,稳定放电时离子轰击阴极的加热特性。     

微波管环境下场发射阵列阴极的工作稳定性研究

场致发射阵列阴极在微波管中的应用无疑是微波真空电子器件的一场革命,但经过多年的研究和发展目前仍没有解决微波管环境下阵列阴极的工作稳定性和寿命问题.虽然国外也有一些利用这种冷阴极的行波管和预群聚速调四极管的实验,但都存在同样的寿命问题.本文对场致发射阵列阴极在微波管环境中的工作稳定性和失效机理进行了分析研究,主要原因是真空度、微波管的残余气氛、电子枪区域的高压打火和离子的回轰影响了阵列阴极的稳定性和寿命等,提出了场致发射阵列阴极在结构、发射体材料、处理工艺、整管排气封接过程等方面的改进方法,以使这种阴极能适应微波电真空器件的特殊环境.     

空心阴极等离子体与热耦合模型研究进展

空心阴极作为高效率的宇航级电子源,被广泛应用于空间电推进系统和航天器主动电位控制系统。研究空心阴极等离子特性与热特性的耦合过程,对于提高空心阴极效率和延长其寿命具有重要意义。通过分析空心阴极等离子体与热耦合模型和空心阴极参数测量方法的特点,建议先研究空心阴极零维等离子体与热耦合模型,初步满足空心阴极研制的仿真分析需求,再发展空心阴极二维等离子体与热耦合模型,逐步提高空心阴极仿真分析水平。     

一种用于医疗加速器栅控电子枪阴极的研制

介绍一种用于移动术中放疗电子直线加速器中栅控电子枪阴极的设计、研制、发射性能测试及其在该加速器中的应用情况。基于栅控电子枪低蒸发、高可靠、长寿命的设计要求,研制出了钨基底平均孔度为21.6%、浸渍311主要单一相铝酸盐、覆Os-W膜浸渍覆膜钡钨阴极。测试结果表明:该阴极在工作温度950℃,直流发射电流密度5.8 A/cm2,在1000℃,脉冲宽度10μs,脉冲发射电流密度24.1 A/cm2,工作温度950℃,直流支取3.0 A/cm2,14000 h寿命发射稳定。该阴极制备栅控电子枪在医疗加速器中获得成功应用。     

Anwendung der Hohlkatodenplasmaquelle in der Vakuumtechnik

Various effective and simple constructed plasma sources can be developed by using the hollow cathode effect. The improve of the plasma efficiency is caused by the penetration of two or more glow regions of different parts of the cathode. The equatation p × d ∽ 1 mbar cm is a rule of thumb for the appearance of the hollow cathode effect. The hollow cathode arc discharge is caused by an additional thermal electron emission besides the effectes of the hollow cathode glow discharge. All this effects are the reason for the higher degree of ionization for a hollow cathode source in comparison with the most other plasma sources. Application of the hollow cathode glow discharge for surface finish are technics like plasmacleaning, electron beam ablation or gas flow sputtering. Latters are new technics which allow the development of new sources for the coating technology. The application of the hollow cathode are discharge is possible by using the thermal energy generated by the electron beam (electron beam heating, electron beam melting, and electron beam evaporation) and by using the different possibilities of coating technologies whith the hollow cathode arc source (plasma enhanced evaporation, plasma enhanced reactive PVD and plasma CVD).     

Optimization and performance of atmospheric Fused Hollow Cathodes

Experimental results on the atmospheric hollow cathode plasma generation and performance, using a special configuration with tunable wall separations, are presented. The influence of the gas and type of the power used for generation on the optimum size of the cathode slit is investigated. The experimental results are in agreement with the hollow cathode model. The plasma source/plasma reactor design is of utmost importance for control of plasma-chemical kinetics. An example of the atmospheric hollow cathode plasma application for the NO_x conversion is given. The energy consumption and plasma characteristics are discussed.     

空心阴极等离子体放电结构的优化设计

 低温等离子体表面处理可以有效克服液相处理法存在的环境污染、耗能大和成本高的缺点,对材料表面进行清洗、活化和接枝处理,而设计一个合理的低温等离子体放电结构能够较好地改进表面处理的质量．通过建立CRFHCP空心阴极等离子体放电的数学模型,分析影响低温等离子体放电的关键因素,并设计了不同电极配置方式、样品位置和不同远区空心阴极结构的众多方案．通过接触角测定、表面能计算、SEM照片等方式,对不同方案下处理前后的疏水性PP薄膜形态结构进行表征分析．实验结果发现：远区径向喷嘴式空心阴极等离子体放电结构处理的薄膜表面比其他处理方式具有较小的接触角和较大的表面能．这表明采用优化设计的CRFHCP空心阴极等离子体放电结构,可以较其他结构更为有效地改善材料表面的亲水性能．     

A magnetron injection gun with a reduced filament temperature and elongated cathode lifetime

An optoelectronic gyrotron system that makes it possible to efficiently heat a cathode by electrons reflected from a magnetic mirror has been developed. The parameters of the primary electron beam are retained at a level that is acceptable for efficient microwave power generation. The results of a trajectory analysis of electrons and the cathode temperature conditions are reported. The corresponding decrease in power and temperature of the cathode filament suggests a significant (severalfold) increase in the filament lifetime, which is one of the main parameters determining the device lifetime.     

Continuous calibration of a vacuum ultraviolet system from 65 to 125 nm by a cascade arc and comparison with the calibrated line radiation of a hollow cathode

A high-power stationary helium cascade arc has been developed as a standard source for continuum radiation in the VUV spectral range from 65 to 125 nm. The calibration of the VUV system response was based on the calculated and measured continuum radiation of a 2-mmphi pure He arc. Diagnostics of the arc plasma in partial thermal equilibrium yielded the electron density and the temperature that were inserted in the calculations of the continuous radiation. The results were compared with the helium, argon, and krypton radiation lines of a high-current hollow cathode lamp. This lamp was built according to the construction drawings of a hollow cathode, which was calibrated by means of the electron synchrotron radiation at the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin.     

离子发动机空心阴极失效形式分析

空心阴极是离子发动机关键部件,研究其失效形式,对提高离子发动机的可靠性有重要意义.介绍了离子发动机空心阴极的工作原理,分析离子发动机空心阴极的主要失效形式,并根据分析结果,提出了一系列提高离子发动机空心阴极可靠性的途径.     

气相防锈膜有效寿命模型探讨

通过失重法测定了气相防锈膜在不同温度下的挥发率,建立了挥发率与挥发温度、挥发时间之间的数学模型,依据此模型可预测该类气相防锈膜在不同使用条件下的有效寿命.     

Measurement of total energy flux density at a substrate during TiOx thin film deposition by using a plasma jet system

The total energy flux density delivered to an electrically isolated substrate in a low-pressure pulsed DC hollow cathode plasma jet sputtering system during TiO₂ thin film deposition has been quantified. The plasma source was operated in constant average current mode and in a mixture of argon and oxygen or only in pure argon working gas. A titanium nozzle served as the hollow cathode. The total energy flux density measurements were made using a planar calorimeter probe. The main results from the calorimeter probe showed clearly that the total energy flux density at the electrically isolated substrate decreases significantly with duty cycle from 100% (DC mode) to 10% at a given pulsing frequency 2.5 kHz. A local maximum at duty cycle 60% for only pure argon operation has been observed. In addition, the voltage waveforms on the hollow cathode and before the ballast resistor have been saved for pulsed DC measurements for both pure argon and argon + oxygen mixture. A similar transient phenomenon on the cathode voltage and discharge current as observed recently in mid-frequency pulsed DC magnetron discharge has been discovered in the hollow cathode plasma jet sputtering system. We can conclude from these preliminary measurements that the main asset of the pulsed DC hollow cathode plasma jet discharge as distinct from the DC driving of the same plasma system lies in the possibility to reduce or to increase energy influx on the floating substrate within the change of duty cycle.     

PECVD mit der Bandhohlkathode

Plasma‐enhanced High Rate Surface Treatment of Steel Sheet by Means of the Strip Hollow Cathode Method Low pressure glow discharges are of strong interest for the development of new technologies for steel strip surface treatment for different applications. The challenge of the integration of plasma processes into existing continuous steel sheet coating processes consists in the requirements of a very high deposition rate combined with minimal loss due to parasitic oatings. Regarding these requirements a novel strip hollow cathode process (SHC) for surface treatment based on the hollow cathode effect between two flat and parallel cathodes has been developed. This method has significant potential for surface treatment of large area metal strips in continuous technological processes.     

Hollow cathode and hybrid plasma processing

Generation and features of the radio frequency (rf) hollow cathode discharge (HCD) and its transition into the hollow cathode arc (HCA) are described. Rf linear hollow cathodes for generation of plasma over large areas and suitable for further scale-up are presented. Examples of surface processing and coating by PVD, both by HCD and HCA, are given. The hybrid reactor, combining hollow cathode and microwave plasmas, integrates features of both and provides more options to control plasma characteristics and consequently properties of deposited films. The rf hollow cathodes can be operated in both, PVD and PE CVD regimes, depending on process parameters. These regimes can even be combined within one process. New concepts of fused hollow cathode (FHC), microwave antenna (MWA) and Hybrid hollow electrode activated discharge (H-HEAD) cold atmospheric plasma sources are introduced. The FHC with its modular concept can be used for gas conversion, cleaning and for surface treatment of temperature-sensitive materials at ambient atmosphere. The H-HEAD cold atmospheric plasma source, capable of generating plasma plumes more than 15 cm long, enables treatment of 3-d and complex geometry objects even at low gas flows.