一种新的分裂属性选择方法

代价敏感决策树通常讨论测试代价和误分类代价,在其分类过程中,最关键的是节点分裂属性的选择。分析了代价敏感决策树分类问题目前常见的选择分裂属性方法的优、缺点,提出了综合信息量和测试代价并且最大程度降低误分类代价的分裂属性选择方法,UCI数据集实验结果显示该方法在各个方面好于已有的方法。     

动态误分类代价下代价敏感属性选择分治算法

代价敏感属性选择问题的目的是通过权衡测试代价和误分类代价,得到一个具有最小总代价的属性子集。目前,多数代价敏感属性选择方法只考虑误分类代价固定不变的情况,不能较好地解决类分布不均衡等问题。而在大规模数据集上,算法效率不理想也是代价敏感属性选择的主要问题之一。针对这些问题,以总代价最小为目标,设计了一种新的动态误分类代价机制。结合分治思想,根据数据集规模按列自适应拆分各数据集。基于动态误分类代价重新定义最小代价属性选择问题,提出了动态误分类代价下的代价敏感属性选择分治算法。通过实验表明,该算法能在提高效率的同时获得最优误分类代价,从而保证所得属性子集的总代价最小。     

基于相对等待时间的代价敏感决策树

首先引入相对等待时间代价,将它与测试代价一起称为有形代价,利用单位有形代价中无形代价(即误分类代价)降低最多的原则选择分裂属性;然后结合序列测试策略和批量测试策略建立相对等待时间代价敏感决策树。实验结果显示,该方法无论在误分类代价的减少量上还是所需有形代价的数量上都优于存在的算法,并且实验地分析了建立代价敏感决策树考虑相对等待时间是必要的。     

决策粗糙集与代价敏感分类

将决策粗糙集与代价敏感学习相结合,提出了一种基于决策粗糙集的代价敏感分类方法。依据决策粗糙集理论和属性约简方法,对待预测样本分别计算最优测试属性集,使得样本在最优测试属性集上计算的分类结果具有最小误分类代价和测试代价,依此给出样本的最小总代价分类结果。针对全局最优测试属性集求解过程中计算复杂度高的问题,提出了局部最优测试属性集的启发式搜索算法。该算法以单个属性对降低总分类代价的贡献率为启发函数,搜索各样本的局部最优测试属性集,并输出在局部最优测试属性集上样本的代价敏感分类结果。在UCI数据上的实验分析显示,所提算法有效地降低了分类结果的总代价和测试属性个数,使得样本分类结果同时具有较小的误分类代价和较小的测试代价。     

一种基于属性加权的代价敏感支持向量机算法

针对实际中存在的各类别样本错分造成不同危害程度的分类问题,提出了一种基于属性加权的代价敏感支持向量机分类算法,即在计算各个样本特征属性对分类的重要度之后,对相应的属性进行重要度加权,所得的数据用于训练和测试代价敏感支持向量机。数值实验的结果表明,该方法提高了误分代价高的类别的分类精度,同时属性重要度的引入提高了分类器的整体分类性能。该方法对错分代价不对称的数据分类问题具有重要的现实意义。     

测试代价受限下数据的属性和粒度选择方法

代价敏感学习中经常考虑测试代价和误分类代价。在实际应用中,一个属性的测试代价常跟属性值的粒度有关,而一个具有多个属性的对象的误分类代价又常受它的属性的总测试代价大小的影响。基于这一点,研究在总测试代价受限的情形下,数据的属性和粒度选择的问题。以最小化数据处理的平均总代价为目标提出了一种方法,该方法能同时选择最优的属性子集和数据粒度。首先建立了该方法的理论模型,再设计了一个高效的算法。实验结果表明,所提算法能有效地进行不同大小的测试代价约束下的属性和粒度选择。     

基于代价敏感混合分裂策略的多决策树算法

煤矿瓦斯预警可视为是否安全的分类问题,数据呈现不平衡分布特点。为此,提出一种混合策略属性选择多决策树分类算法:算法融合代价敏感因子,结合C4.5和CART属性选择方法作为分裂指标,并采用了基于不同根节点信息的多决策树建树方法。首先采用11个非平衡数据集进行算法有效性验证,实验结果表明,该方法可以有效针对不平衡数据进行分类,保证高准确率的前提下,有效提高了少数类预测准确性;进而将该算法用于煤矿瓦斯数据预测,结果表明,所提出方法可以有效提高煤矿瓦斯数据的总体预测性能。     

模糊决策粗糙集代价敏感属性约简研究

针对决策中普遍存在的代价问题,在模糊理论和决策粗糙集的基础上,对其代价敏感属性约简方法进行了研究。在模糊决策粗糙集属性约简中引入了包含误分类代价和测试代价的总代价。因此约简的目标不再只是考虑正域的大小,而是寻找使得总代价最小的最优属性子集。提出了一种模糊决策粗糙集代价敏感属性约简(COSAR)算法,该算法采用启发式方法搜索最优属性子集。给出了算法的步骤,并将该算法与已有的模糊粗决策粗糙集属性快速约简(QuickReduct)算法进行了性能对比。实验结果表明,COSAR算法比QuickReduct算法具有更强的属性约简能力、更低的分类总代价、更短的运行时间,且随着测试样本的增加,分类总代价差值也越来越大。     

劣质数据上代价敏感决策树的建立

代价敏感决策树是以最小化误分类代价和测试代价为目标的一种决策树.目前,随着数据量急剧增长,劣质数据的出现也愈发频繁.在建立代价敏感决策树时,训练数据集中的劣质数据会对分裂属性的选择和决策树结点的划分造成一定的影响.因此在进行分类任务前,需要提前对数据进行劣质数据清洗.然而在实际应用中,由于数据清洗工作所需要的时间和金钱代价往往很高,许多用户给出了自己可接受的数据清洗代价最大值,并要求将数据清洗的代价控制在这一阈值内.因此除了误分类代价和测试代价以外,劣质数据的清洗代价也是代价敏感决策树建立过程中的一个重要因素.然而,现有代价敏感决策树建立的相关研究没有考虑数据质量问题.为了弥补这一空缺,着眼于研究劣质数据上代价敏感决策树的建立问题.针对该问题,提出了3种融合数据清洗算法的代价敏感决策树建立方法,并通过实验证明了所提出方法的有效性.     

基于免疫量子粒子群优化的测试代价敏感属性约简算法

为了解决测试代价敏感属性约简的高效性和准确性问题,提出一种基于免疫量子粒子群优化的最小测试代价属性约简算法。依据条件信息熵和测试代价因素定义适当的适应值函数,将最小测试代价属性约简问题转化为0-1组合优化问题,提出最小属性的属性约简问题是一种具有特殊测试代价的最小测试代价属性约简问题。最后结合量子粒子群和人工免疫方法给出约简算法。实验对比已有的最小属性约简算法和测试代价敏感属性约简算法,实验结果表明本算法是有效的。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。