耐高低温聚乙烯(PE)防滑包装材料的制备与研究

以自制A型、B型和外购E型热熔胶为防滑涂层,喷涂于PE包装薄膜表面,经后期热处理分别制得新型PE防滑包装材料AE-S-PE、BE-S-PE与EE-S-PE。通过对材料室温(25℃)、高温(70℃)和低温(-20℃)条件下摩擦系数、力学性能和粘结强度进行表征,研究并对比了3种防滑包装材料在各温度条件下的防滑性能、粘结强度和力学强度,并确定性能最佳的防滑材料投入实际应用。结果表明,BE-S-PE防滑包装材料在相同定量和温度条件下的摩擦系数、力学性能和粘结强度均优于AE-S-PE和EE-S-PE材料,当定量为70g/m~2时其在室温、高温和低温条件下摩擦系数分别为1.356,2.097,0.866;粘结强度等级均为5B。因此BE-S-PE材料具有更好的耐高低温性,并最适合作为一种耐高低温防滑材料应用于运输包装领域。     

成型工艺对多孔PI材料摩擦学及力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

为探索冷压定容烧结成型工艺对多孔聚酰亚胺(PI)材料摩擦性能和力学性能的影响,采用正交实验设计方法,研究了密度、烧结温度、保温时间对多孔PI材料含油性能、摩擦因数、拉伸强度和冲击强度的影响。通过综合考虑甩油后摩擦因数和冲击强度,优化了多孔PI材料的成型工艺。实验结果表明:随着密度的减小,材料表面孔洞增大,内部孔洞支架变稀疏,含油率明显增大,但含油保持率较低,摩擦因数相对较高,拉伸强度和冲击强度显著下降;当烧结温度为350℃时,冲击强度较高;保温60 min即可保证不同密度多孔PI材料的强度;优化制备工艺后,材料含油率为12.0%,离心甩油2 h后摩擦因数为0.092,冲击强度为105.9 kJ/m 2,拉伸强度为74.2 MPa。     

爆炸喷涂WC-Co/MoS_2-Ni多层复合自润滑涂层的摩擦学行为

采用爆炸喷涂技术研制WC-Co/MoS_2-Ni多层复合自润滑涂层,系统研究涂层的微观结构、元素分布、结合强度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:在高温爆炸喷涂过程中,少量MoS_2发生氧化分解,生成SO_2气体,残留在涂层内的SO_2气体可使局部形成微小孔洞。在摩擦测试中,WC-Co涂层在预磨阶段摩擦因数迅速上升,进入稳定阶段后,摩擦因数缓慢增加;而多层复合涂层的摩擦因数在经历预磨阶段迅速上升后,很快进入稳定阶段,直至表层WC-Co涂层被磨穿后,摩擦因数开始逐渐下降。添加自润滑涂层MoS_2-Ni后,WC-Co涂层的内聚结合强度略有下降,但减摩效果显著,摩擦因数下降了约40%,耐磨性能略有提升。     

包装材料对大豆贮藏品质影响的研究

目的研究大豆在贮藏过程中包装材料对其品质变化的影响。方法采用3种包装材料(PE,PA/PE,BOPP/PA/PE)对大豆进行真空保鲜包装,监测常规储藏和不同材料包装大豆存储期间品质指标的变化,研究包装材料对大豆保鲜效果的影响。结果用薄膜包装大豆的重要品质指标均明显优于对照组,储藏至18个月时,3种包装大豆的脂肪酸值分别为20.2 mg/100 g,15.5 mg/100 g,13.7mg/100 g,而对照组大豆的脂肪酸值达到28.6 mg/100 g,已开始陈化;3种薄膜包装大豆的蛋白质溶解比率分别为71%,75.8%,74.2%,对照组的大豆蛋白质溶解比率为61.8%,高于国家规定不易存储的临界值。结论包装材料能够明显改善大豆的储藏品质,其中材料的阻隔性对大豆保鲜效果影响最显著,3种薄膜中BOPP/PA/PE的保鲜效果最优。     

连续制动条件下泡沫陶瓷/金属双连续相复合材料的摩擦磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

为解决履带式特种车辆机械制动器过热失效问题,采用挤压铸造法制备SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe双连续相复合材料,研究两种材料在连续紧急制动工况和连续高温制动工况下的摩擦磨损性能。结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)、三维形貌仪等手段分析摩擦因数、温度和磨损率的变化规律,揭示相应的磨损机理。结果表明:在连续紧急制动实验中,接触表面经历了摩擦膜形成和层间断裂过程,摩擦因数随接合次数增加略微下降,并趋于稳定。在前40次接合中,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率整体下降。在40~60次接合中,SiC/Cu摩擦副黏着磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳磨损加剧,磨损率升高。而SiC/Fe摩擦副以磨粒磨损为主,磨损率较低。在连续高温制动实验中,摩擦因数在前6次接合中逐渐升高,制动时间逐渐缩短。在第6次接合后,摩擦副边缘区域出现的黏着磨损和疲劳磨损导致力矩下降,摩擦因数和制动时间均呈先降后升趋势。连续高温制动过程中以严重的黏着磨损为主,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率均随接合次数增加而升高。     

PTFE编织复合材料摩擦特性研究

在高速摩擦磨损试验机上以摆动频率、载荷为变量对PTFE编织复合材料进行于摩擦性能测量实验,分析摆动频率、载荷对摩擦因数的影响规律。结果表明:材料的摩擦因数随载荷增大呈稳定降低趋势,最后趋于平稳。在20～40kN载荷范围内,摩擦因数随摆动频率的增大经过一个最小值后上升到稳定值。载荷对摩擦因数的影响大于频率的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜对不同载荷频率下产生的PTFE编织复合材料转移膜的分析,从微观上解释了摆动频率、载荷影响PTFE编织复合材料摩擦因数的作用机理。     

2024铝合金水下搅拌摩擦焊热力耦合仿真分析

目的 优化搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数,以提高接头的力学性能。方法 基于ABAQUS软件建立了热力耦合有限元模型,使用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法对典型的航空航天用板材2024铝合金的水下搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行了仿真研究。分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中板材的温度场分布和材料变形情况,同时研究了前进侧和后退侧相应位置材料的流动特征,进一步讨论了搅拌头冷却速度和摩擦因数对焊接温度和材料流变场的影响。结果 当摩擦因数较小时,针对焊接过程的有限元模拟将会失败;前进侧和后退侧材料变形和流动差异显著;焊接温度和等效应变随摩擦因数的增大而升高,随冷却速度的增大而降低。结论 当摩擦因数为0.8时,能较好地完成焊接。相对于空冷,水冷能明显缩短高温持续时间。     

淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲包装材料的制备及其性能

利用模压成型法制备出可替代聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)的淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲包装材料。通过正交实验探讨了不同配比的原材料对新材料密度及力学性能的影响,获得主要的影响因素及各组分的最优配比。结果表明:随PVA添加量增加,缓冲材料密度先减小后增大,而材料抗压强度逐渐增大;发泡剂含量越高,材料密度越小而抗压强度越低;秸秆纤维与淀粉比例为1:2时材料抗压性能较好。采用静态压缩实验比较淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲材料与EPS力学性能的差异,并利用体式显微镜分析了淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲材料微观结构与EPS的差异,提出两种材料差异产生的原因及改善方法。     

木粉/PE复合材料与高速钢刀具摩擦特性的研究

目的 切削加工时木工刀具的摩擦磨损形式较为复杂,旨在研究高速钢与木粉/PE复合材料之间的摩擦特性.方法 通过木粉/PE复合材料与高速钢的摩擦试验,围绕木粉质量分数、往复频率、轴向载荷等因素,分析木粉/PE复合材料与高速钢摩擦因数的变化规律,以及试验后木粉/PE复合材料的表面形貌.结果 木粉/PE复合材料与高速钢刀具的摩擦因数随着木粉质量分数的增加呈现出先升高再降低的趋势,在木粉质量分数为50％时达到最大,摩擦特性为磨粒摩擦及粘着摩擦.结论 随着频率、载荷的升高,木粉质量分数较高的木粉/PE复合材料摩擦因数明显降低,高速钢刀具更适用于切削加工木粉质量分数较高的木粉/PE复合材料;摩擦试验后木粉/PE复合材料粗糙度显著降低,使用高速钢刀具切削加工木粉/PE复合材料,木粉质量分数为50％的材料试验后形貌较为平整,这为获得较好的表面切削质量提供了有力参考.     

聚丙烯腈纤维对汽车摩擦材料性能的影响

在一种成熟低金属配方基础上,采用热压法制备聚丙烯腈纤维增强摩擦材料,研究聚丙烯腈纤维含量对摩擦材料物理性能、力学性能、摩擦磨损性能及制动噪音的影响。结果表明:随聚丙烯腈纤维含量增加,摩擦材料的密度逐渐降低,而气孔率、压缩变形量和内剪切强度先升高然后降低;添加聚丙烯腈纤维对名义摩擦因数的影响较小,但会降低材料的抗高温衰退性能,并且随着其含量的增多,摩擦因数的衰退幅度增大;添加聚丙烯腈纤维会提高材料的磨损率,并随其含量的增加呈现先降低后略有增加的趋势;添加适量的聚丙烯腈纤维有利于抑制噪音的产生,在质量分数为3%~5%左右时,噪音表现最佳。     

Mechanical properties of thermally sprayed Fe based coatings

Abstract

An additional coating against wear or corrosion on component parts is required for many applications. These coatings protect the substrate material against external influences, thus increasing the economic lifetime of the component. Coating processes such as build-up welding and thermal spraying are well established and commonly used. The thermal spray process, in particular, permits deposition of metals, ceramics, or cermets materials to produce near net shape coatings on complex surface geometries. However, commonly used coating materials suffer from high raw material costs, thus decreasing the cost effectiveness of the coating process. Fe based materials are low priced and possess noteworthy mechanical properties; they thus provide the possibility of substituting the expensive Ni and Co based materials commonly used for thermal spray processes. In this work, 2 mm thick high velocity oxyfuel sprayed Fe based coatings in the as sprayed and thermally sprayed and hot isostatic pressed condition were investigated with respect to their mechanical and wear properties. Additionally, the fracture surface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy to characterise the fracture behaviour. It could be demonstrated that the substrate and the heat treatment have the greatest impact on the shear strength of thermally sprayed cold work tool steel. It is shown that the substrate materials as well as the heat treatment are promoting diffusion processes across the interface between the coating and the substrate. Hence, a material integrated bond is formed. The microstructures of the thermally sprayed coatings become more important regarding the mechanisms of failure of the four point bending tests. The material strength is influenced by quenching and tempering and the specimen deflection is influenced by diffusion reactions induced by hot isostatic pressing treatment. The thermally sprayed coatings in the as sprayed condition feature the highest wear resistance due to their hardness.     

莫来石粉末化学镀镍和涂层的高温摩擦学性能

先进行正交试验优化镀液的工艺参数,然后用化学镀对莫来石粉末进行表面包覆并对包覆粉末进行850℃热处理,用等离子喷涂技术在304不锈钢表面分别制备莫来石涂层和包覆粉末涂层。用附带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征了包覆粉末和涂层的微观结构,用HV-1000维氏显微硬度仪测试了涂层硬度,用HT-1000摩擦实验机测试了800℃时涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：镀液的优化工艺参数为：硫酸镍20 g/L,次磷酸钠30 g/L,柠檬酸钠20 g/L,氯化铵20 g/L,pH=5.5,水浴温度80℃,施镀时间1 h。在莫来石粉末表面包覆的Ni-P镀层均匀致密,热处理使包覆镀层由非晶态向晶态转变,生成了Ni和Ni3P相。莫来石涂层主要由莫来石相和γ-Al2O3相组成,包覆粉末涂层主要由Ni、AlNi3、Ni3P和莫来石相组成。在包覆粉末涂层中引入Ni-P镀层使涂层的硬度由417.5 HV0.2提高到500.1 HV0.2。包覆粉末涂层的耐磨性优于莫来石涂层,包覆粉末涂层的摩擦系数比莫来石涂层明显减小,包覆粉末涂层的磨损率为13×10^-4 mm³     

Cr3C2-NiCr涂层对水力机械材料耐磨蚀性能影响研究

以水力机械材料中的A3钢为基体材料,选取UDS-200全自动爆炸喷涂系统为喷涂设备,通过不同喷涂功率在A3钢表面喷涂了5种不同孔隙率的Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层样品。采用FE-SEM和显微硬度计,研究了Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层样品的表面形貌和显微硬度;通过摩擦磨损试验和中性盐雾腐蚀试验,研究了Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层样品对水力机械材料的耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,实施摩擦磨损后,Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层样品表面的磨痕部位比其余部位更为光滑,磨痕呈现清晰的条纹状;Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层样品的摩擦系数呈现先升高后降低的趋势,升高和降低的波动幅度较小,摩擦系数基本稳定在0.6左右;Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层属于脆性材料,其质量磨损率与摩擦角度和摩擦速度成正比,而与摩擦温度成反比,孔隙率越高耐磨性能越差;Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层样品的孔隙率越高,耐腐蚀性能就越差;随着孔隙率的逐渐提升,Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层样品的失重量和失重速率均不断提升;喷涂层数越多,则Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层的腐蚀速率越低,耐腐蚀性能越好,能够更好地保护水力机械材料不被介质腐蚀。     

金属焊接件海运包装防护技术研究

目的研究新型包装防护技术对焊接件的防护效果及其对后续焊接、涂装等工艺的影响,解决常规包装无法解决的焊接部位腐蚀防护问题。方法通过自然环境暴露实验、中性盐雾实验对焊接件常规包装防护方式和改进后的新型包装防护方式,即PE袋密封包装、气相防锈袋和气相防锈袋+冷喷锌的防护效果进行对比研究。结果 30 d盐雾实验后,PE袋密封包装防护下焊接件基材、焊缝都出现了腐蚀迹象,其中焊缝部位相对于基材锈蚀更加严重。气相防锈袋密封包装防护下焊接件基材基本上无锈蚀,焊缝部位出现轻微腐蚀。气相防锈袋+冷喷锌包装防护下焊接件基材以及焊缝部位都相对完好,未出现任何锈蚀现象。结论常规的包装防护方式对焊接件基材有一定的保护作用,但是对焊接部位并不能起到较好的保护。改进后的气相防锈袋+冷喷锌包装防护方式综合了气相防锈技术和冷喷锌的双重优势,对焊接件的基材、焊缝及热影响区均具有较好的保护效果,且不影响后续的喷涂焊接工艺等,该组合型防护方式可有效应用到焊接件的海运包装防护中。     

等离子喷涂TiC-Graphite复合涂层摩擦磨损性能

等离子喷涂TiC涂层具有良好的综合性能, 在极端环境能起到较好的耐磨保护作用, 而石墨是一种优异的自润滑材料。通过喷雾干燥与真空烧结技术制备不同石墨添加量(1.25%、2.5%、5%和10%, 质量分数)的TiC-Graphite球形粉体, 并采用大气等离子喷涂技术制备TiC-Graphite复合涂层。对涂层的相组成、显微结构和力学性能进行了表征, 并对涂层的摩擦磨损性能进行了比较研究。结果发现, TiC-Graphite涂层主要由TiC和石墨相组成。随石墨添加量增大, TiC-Graphite涂层截面微裂纹增多, 表面粗糙度增大, 硬度下降。石墨对TiC涂层在高载荷的磨损性能影响更显著。在50 N高载荷条件, 随石墨添加量增大, TiC-Graphite涂层磨损率降低后急剧增大, 而摩擦系数持续减小。当石墨添加量为2.5%时, 涂层获得最低的磨损率为0.67×10^-5 mm³/(N·m), 同时具有较低的摩擦系数(0.35), 与不添加石墨的TiC涂层相比, 分别降低了72.4%和27.8%。     

等离子喷涂碳化钨涂层的静摩擦性能

叙述了等离子喷涂碳化钨(WC)涂层与不同材料组成摩擦副的静摩擦性能.结果显示,摩擦副的静摩擦系数与偶件的表面粗糙度和显微硬度相关.与WC涂层配对的偶件材料的显微硬度越低,摩擦副的静摩擦系数越高;提高WC涂层的粗糙度以及降低与WC配对的偶件材料的粗糙度可有效地提高摩擦副的静摩擦系数.     

Surface Refinement of Metal Foams

Aluminium foams produced via the PM‐process are characterized by a moderate specific strength, a high surface roughness, and a poor wear behavior; to increase their mechanical properties and to improve the surface finish, wear and corrosion resistance; thermally sprayed coatings can be applied. The quality of the coating depends on the coating material, the chosen process, the preparation of the surface and spraying parameters. Aluminium alloys and iron based alloys for abrasive applications were deposited via electric arc spraying, ceramic coatings against wear were deposited by means of plasma spraying. Hard metallic coatings for severe abrasive applications were applied by high‐velocity‐oxyfuel spraying (HVOF). The results proved the suitability of this technique to significantly enhance the mechanical properties and the surface finish of metal foams. The specific strength and stiffness of the new composite materials outperform pure metal foams. The corrosion behavior was tested performing a salt spray test.     

Effect of high‐pressure processing on the mechanical and barrier properties of selected packagings

This investigation focuses on the effect of high‐pressure processing (HPP) on possible changes of the mechanical properties and of the water vapour permeability of seven selected packaging materials. NOD 259 (PA‐PE), BB4L (Cryovac‐Grace packaging), PET/BOA/PE, PET/PVDC/PE, PA/SY, LDPE and EVA/PE were investigated (PET, polyester; PE, polyethylene; SY, surlyn; LDPE, low‐density polyethylene; EVA, polyethylene–vinyl acetate co‐polymer; BOA, biaxially oriented polyamide). These packaging materials were selected because of their interest to the food industry. All had an internal film of PE for food use. High‐pressure tests were realized at 10°C for 10 min at pressures of 200, 400 and 600 MPa, with water as a food‐simulating fluid. The depressurization rate was either rapid (pressure drop in <10s) or slow (20 MPa/min). Permeability to water vapour was realized using the NFF H 00 030–ASTM E96‐90 standard. Mechanical tests were carried out with a tensile testing machine (Lloyd LR5K), according to the NF 54‐102 standard. Maximal stress, rupture stress and strain at rupture were evaluated with non‐treated and treated samples. Obtained results showed that HPP minimally affects the mechanical strength of packaging material. The depressurization rate did not have any significant influence in our conditions. The barrier properties to water vapour were not significantly affected and were even slightly enhanced for LDPE, which is a packaging material commonly used for HPP applications and at least as a food contact material. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

艉轴端面密封副摩擦学性能研究

对舰用艉轴密封副材料进行了筛选和研究，结果表明在不锈钢基体上热喷熔镍基合金不仅经济性好，而且其与YG8组成的摩擦副具有极其优异的摩擦学性能，优于硬质合金摩擦副。解决了因海水中泥沙含量大而导致机械密封环寿命过短的问题。     

Mikrostrukturieren von thermisch gespritzten Mo‐Schichten für Anwendungen im Bereich hoher Reib‐ und Verschleißbeanspruchungen

The properties of thermally sprayed coatings are dependent on many parameters such as the spraying material, substrate properties, and the injection parameters. In this study, the influence of two variable spray parameters (spraying distance and current) were investigated on molybdenum‐containing thermal spray coatings. Particularly, materials and surface characterizing properties were analyzed, and the dependence on each other was examined. The important surface parameters studied in this case are the porosity and the pore depth of the coatings. Following the correlation between spray parameters and coating properties, the influence of surface properties on the tribological behavior will be discussed, in comparison to an uncoated steel surface.