吹砂时间对定向凝固DZ125合金再结晶厚度及蠕变性能的影响

对铸态柱状晶DZ125合金进行不同时间的表面吹砂,然后进行扩散热处理和固溶热处理,获得不同厚度的再结晶层,并测定合金的蠕变寿命。采用扫描电镜对铸态、热处理态和蠕变断裂后合金的微观组织进行观察,对比分析再结晶及其厚度对合金蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:热处理后合金表面再结晶厚度随吹砂时间的延长而增大。铸态DZ125柱状晶合金中的碳化物呈片状、条状或颗粒状,经标准热处理后合金中的碳化物部分发生溶解,片状碳化物尺寸减小,碳化物表面出现孔洞,条状碳化物转变为颗粒状,原有颗粒状碳化物尺寸降低。再结晶后,晶界析出少量颗粒状碳化物。在980℃/235 MPa条件下再结晶合金的蠕变寿命比未发生再结晶的柱状晶合金寿命低30%。蠕变期间再结晶晶界碳化物积聚和长大,这有利于提高再结晶晶界强度。蠕变期间断裂裂纹主要沿与应力轴垂直的再结晶晶界萌生,同时在柱状晶合金内部也存在裂纹萌生点。再结晶晶粒内发生了γ′相筏形化,说明柱状晶再结晶晶界虽然弱化了合金的蠕变强度,但其本身也具有一定的强度。     

合金状态对DZ125定向凝固高温合金再结晶的影响

对定向凝固高温合金DZ125合金进行表面喷丸处理,然后在1000~1230℃加热4 h,研究铸态、固溶态和标准热处理状态DZ125合金的表面再结晶行为。结果表明:在表征喷丸强度的Almen值为0.17 mm时,3种状态的合金出现再结晶的温度分别为铸态1000℃、固溶态1050℃和标准热处理态的1100℃。3种状态加热温度为1150℃及以下均产生胞状再结晶,在相同实验条件下,3种状态合金的再结晶表现为铸态再结晶层最深、其次是固溶态,然后是标准热处理态。可以通过先固溶处理再吹砂然后时效处理的工艺来替换铸态吹砂然后热处理的工艺来降低生产过程中产生的再结晶层厚度,进而降低再结晶对力学性能的影响。     

DZ125定向凝固合金的再结晶行为研究

研究了DZ125定向凝固合金发生再结晶的温度条件以及吹砂条件对其再结晶行为的影响。结果表明：铸态和热处理态DZ125定向凝固合金开始发生再结晶的温度基本相同,均在1000—1050℃范围内;该合金的再结晶深度随热处理温度的升高而增大,当热处理温度低于1150℃时,增大的幅度较小,当温度超过1150℃后,再结晶深度迅速增大,γ相的溶解是DZ125合金再结晶的控制因素;随着吹砂压力或吹砂时间的增加,DZ125合金表面变形量增大,再结晶深度也随之增大。     

单晶高温合金DD6再结晶组织及其对持久性能的影响

对单晶高温合金DD6进行表面吹砂处理,然后分别在1100,1200和1300℃保温4h,研究了不同加热条件下DD6合金的再结晶组织及其对持久性能的影响.结果表明,DD6合金吹砂试样1100℃加热4 h形成胞状再结晶组织,胞状再结晶晶界前沿的基体中存在大量的位错缠结,合金的持久寿命略微降低;1200℃加热4 h形成胞状再结晶与等轴再结晶同时存在的混合型再结晶组织,合金的持久寿命降低;1300℃加热4 h形成等轴再结晶组织,等轴再结晶晶界上发现碳化物析出,合金的持久寿命严重降低.带有等轴再结晶组织的持久试样的断口形貌为沿晶断口,带有胞状再结晶组织的持久试样的断口形貌为韧窝断口,带有再结晶组织的试样裂纹起源于再结晶晶界.     

再结晶层厚度对DD6单晶高温合金持久性能的影响

对铸态和固溶态的DD6单晶高温合金进行强度为0.4 MPa的15 s和30 s的表面吹砂,然后分别进行不同热处理,得到不同厚度的再结晶层,研究再结晶层厚度对DD6单晶合金持久性能的影响。结果表明:在1 230℃以下均产生胞状再结晶、1 280℃以上均产生等轴状再结晶。铸态吹砂,然后标准热处理获得40~60μm的等轴状再结晶层,固溶态吹砂并时效处理后获得15~25μm的胞状再结晶层,两种状态试样的再结晶层厚度均随着吹砂时间增加而增大。在三种持久条件下,合金的持久寿命均随再结晶层的增加而降低,即不吹砂试样固溶态吹砂15 s固溶吹砂30 s铸态吹砂15 s铸态吹砂30 s。     

再结晶对定向凝固镍基高温合金DZ406高温拉伸性能的影响

对定向凝固镍基高温合金DZ406分别进行强度为0. 3 MPa、0. 5 MPa的1 min表面喷砂,经过热处理后得到不同厚度的再结晶层,通过SEM及拉伸试验机研究了再结晶层厚度对DZ406合金870℃高温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,经不同强度喷砂处理的合金在热处理过程后均产生等轴状的再结晶晶粒。0. 3 MPa喷砂后再结晶层平均厚度为15μm,而经0. 5 MPa喷砂后合金再结晶层平均厚度达到25μm,再结晶层厚度随喷砂强度的增大而增加。DZ406合金870℃高温拉伸性能随再结晶的产生而明显降低,但不同再结晶层厚度对DZ406合金高温拉伸性能的影响不大。再结晶产生的横向晶界在高温拉伸过程中成为裂纹萌生区,是造成DZ406合金拉伸性能降低的主要原因。     

单晶高温合金DD6再结晶晶界析出相特征及其形成机制

对单晶高温合金DD6进行表面吹砂处理,然后进行固溶与时效真空热处理,采用SEM,TEM,EPMA和Thermo-Calc的方法研究了单晶合金DD6再结晶晶界析出相的特征及其形成机制.结果表明,经过吹砂处理的DD6合金在固溶与时效热处理过程中发生再结晶.再结晶晶界出现析出相,分析表明析出相为M_6C碳化物,该碳化物呈粒状析出,尺寸约为0.5μm,数量极少,富含W,Re和Mo,且Cr,Nb和Co的含量与合金名义成分差别不大,而Al,Ta和Ni含量较低.由于再结晶晶界上C元素的聚集效应,C原子在晶界上达到一定浓度后即与一定数量的W,Mo等μ相形成元素发生相变反应,抑制了合金析出μ相的倾向.又因为DD6合金W含量较高,而Cr含量较低,抑制了M_(23)C_6碳化物,有利于析出M_6C碳化物.     

V对镍基高温合金组织及蠕变性能的影响

通过组织形貌观察及蠕变性能测试,研究元素V对一种镍基高温合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明:含有较高Ta、Hf成分的镍基柱状晶高温合金,当加入0.58%V后,铸态合金中的碳化物由细长条状转变为颗粒状;热处理后不含V合金中的长条形碳化物溶解转变为线性分布的颗粒状碳化物,而含V合金中的碳化物发生溶解,尺寸减小,同时γ′相数量增加,促进了MC型碳化物的分解速度,在900℃长时效2 000 h后开始出现针状TCP相组织;元素V的加入降低了合金的蠕变性能。     

定向凝固钴基高温合金DZ40M中碳化物析出与再结晶的交互作用

通过对喷丸处理后的定向凝同钴基高温合金DZ40M表面再结晶行为的研究,分析了合金中二次碳化物的析出与再结晶的交互作用.研究表明,合金在1423K退火时,二次碳化物的析出行为在再结晶开始前出现,析出的同时伴随再结晶的发生;合金中的二次碳化物能够阻碍再结晶晶粒在初生碳化物附近形核,并且阻碍再结晶晶界的迁移,仅有少量远离初生碳化物的二次碳化物由于粗化可以使再结晶晶界脱钉而继续迁移.合金在低于1423K的温度下退火时,二次碳化物的析出数量较多,尺寸小且间距小,可以有效地抑制合金的再结晶形核与长大.     

DZ4镍基高温合金的再结晶

用扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法研究了DZ4合金喷丸试样在不完全固溶和固溶热处理过程中的再结晶行为．在保温2h条件下,DZ4镍基高温合金喷丸层在1000℃可发生再结晶;在不完全固溶热处理中,再结晶以胞状形式发生;在固溶热处理中,再结晶以晶粒形式发生;γ相对再结晶晶界迁移具有阻碍作用;再结晶速率和再结晶层厚度主要取决于热处理温度,保温时间影响不显著．拉伸试样的金相观察表明,DZ4合金在1220℃保温2h条件下再结晶的临界变形大约为0．9％;再结晶晶粒优先在拉伸试样表面形核．     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.