Modeling methodology and faultsimulation of distribution networksintegrated with inverter-based D

This paper proposes a pattern recognition based differential spectral energy protection scheme for ac microgrids using a Fourier kernel based fast sparse time-frequency representation (SST or simply the sparse S-Transform). The average and differential current components are passed through a change detection filter, which senses the instant of fault inception and registers a change detection point (CDP). Subsequently, if CDP is registered for one or more phases, then half cycle data samples of the average and differential currents on either side of the CDP are passed through the proposed SST technique, which generates their respective spectral energies and a simple comparison between them detects the occurrence and type of the fault. The SST technique is also used to provide voltage and current phasors and the frequency during faults which is further utilized to estimate the fault location. The proposed technique as compared to conventional differential current protection scheme is quicker in fault detection and classification, which is least effected from bias setting, has a faster relay trip response (less than one cycle from fault incipient) and a better accuracy in fault location. The significance and accuracy of the proposed scheme have been verified extensively for faults in a standard microgrid system, subjected to a large number of operating conditions and the outputs vindicate it to be a potential candidate for real time applications     

A protection scheme for microgrid with multiple distributed generations using superimposed reactive energy

With the growing integration of distributed generation, distribution networks have evolved toward the concept of microgrids. Microgrids can be operated in either the grid-connected mode to achieve peak shaving and power loss reduction or the islanded mode to increase the reliability and continuity of supply. These two modes of operation cause a challenge in microgrid protection, because the magnitude of fault current decreases significantly during the transition of a microgrid from the grid-connected mode to the islanded mode. This paper proposes a protection scheme for the microgrid based on superimposed reactive energy. The proposed scheme uses the Hilbert transform to calculate the superimposed reactive energy (SRE). The sequence components of superimposed current are adopted to detect fault incidents in the microgrid. The faulty phase and section are recognised by using the directional characteristics of SRE along with a threshold value. Moreover, a relay structure, which enables the proposed protection scheme, is designed. The significant feature of the proposed protection scheme is that it has the ability to protect the looped and radial microgrids against solid and high-impedance faults. To verify the efficacy of the proposed approach, extensive simulations have been carried out using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package. The results show that the proposed scheme successfully identifies and isolates various types of fault in a microgrid and performs well with different fault resistances and fault locations.     

高速永磁同步风电机组低电压穿越的研究

研究高速永磁同步风电机组的控制策略,提高其低电压穿越能力。在Matlab/Simulink环境下构建了背靠背双PWM变流器并网的高速永磁同步风电机组仿真模型。模拟了发电机和变流器在电网电压跌落30%(0.6s),60%(2s)时的运行情况。仿真结果表明,高速永磁同步发电机机组功率跟踪良好,在电网电压跌落时对电网提供无功支持,具有较强的低电压穿越能力。     

A novel protection scheme for synchronous generator stator windings based on SVM

This paper proposes a novel scheme for detecting and classifying faults in stator windings of a synchronous generator (SG). The proposed scheme employs a new method for fault detection and classification based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). Two SVM classifiers are proposed. SVM1 is used to identify the fault occurrence in the system and SVM2 is used to determine whether the fault, if any, is internal or external. In this method, the detection and classification of faults are not affected by the fault type and location, pre-fault power, fault resistance or fault inception time. The proposed method increases the ability of detecting the ground faults near the neutral terminal of the stator windings for generators with high impedance grounding neutral point. The proposed scheme is compared with ANN-based method and gives faster response and better reliability for fault classification.     

永磁直驱风电机组低/高电压穿越研究

低/高电压故障穿越问题严重影响永磁直驱风电机组的安全稳定运行。为提高机组低/高电压故障穿越能力,基于常规控制方案提出改进优化策略,分别对机组常态及故障暂态过程采取多模式运行方案。机侧稳态过程实现最大功率跟踪,故障暂态时由输入输出功率差值调整转速值,改变转子转速,抑制机侧有功输入值。直流侧依据电压骤升程度,提出双模式卸荷电阻投切方案,稳定母线电压值,平稳电压波动程度。网侧提出无功补偿方案并接静态无功补偿器(STATCOM)为电网提供最大化无功支撑。通过Matlab/Simulink平台搭建仿真模型,验证所提方案的有效性与合理性。     

Short circuit fault analysis in a grid connected DFIG based wind energy system with active crowbar protection circuit for ridethrough capability and power quality improvement

In power industry, improvement of the short circuit Fault-ride through (FRT) capability of grid integrated Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) for the wind power system is an important issue. In this paper an Active Crowbar Protection (ACB_P) system is proposed to enhance the Fault-ride through (FRT) capability of DFIG so as to improve the power quality of the system. The protection scheme proposed here is designed with a capacitor in series with the resistor unlike the conventional Crowbar (CB) having only resistors. The importance of ACB_P is to maintain the connection of DFIG with the grid during fault conditions to provide uninterruptable power supply to the loads. The major functions of the capacitor in the protection circuit are to eliminate the ripples generated in the rotor current and to protect the converters as well as the DC-link capacitor. The main objectives of the proposed approach are: minimisation of magnitude of rotor fault currents, maintenance of constant DC-link voltage, reduction in crowbar operation time to avoid disconnection between the DFIG and the Rotor side converter (RSC), improvement in the short circuit response of terminal voltage and enhancement in the dynamic responses of the DFIG. These objectives are achieved through the incorporation of ACB_P scheme between the rotor of the DFIG and RSC. The proposed scheme is validated on different types of fault conditions and it is observed that there is significant improvement in the objectives. Simulation results are carried out on a 1.7 MVA DFIG based WECS under different types of short circuit faults in MATLAB/Simulation and functionality of the proposed scheme is verified.     

直驱型永磁同步风电系统的模糊控制器的研究

文章以桨距各部分的数学模型为基础,以功率偏差为控制输入,以实际经验为依据确定了模糊论域和模糊规则库,以额定风速以上系统输出恒功率为目标,设计了直驱型永磁同步风电系统的PID控制器。利用Matlab建立了直驱型永磁同步风力发电控制系统的仿真模型,并进行了仿真,仿真结果表明模糊PID控制器能够进行变桨距控制,风能转换系统可以实现恒功率输出。     

直驱永磁同步风力发电机组低电压穿越控制策略

分析直驱永磁同步风力发电机组(DDPMSG)在电网故障情况下的低电压运行特性,提出一种综合控制策略,包括通过变桨距控制实现最大风能追踪;控制发电机电磁功率以控制直流链及电网侧逆变器的功率;利用发电机侧功率控制网侧变流器的电流,实现直流链电压的稳定,以提高直驱永磁同步风力发电机组的低电压穿越能力,维持所并电网的运行稳定性。运用仿真分析软件PSCAD/EMTDC建立DDPMSG及其控制策略的仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提策略的有效性和可行性。     

真驱永磁同步风力发电机组低电压穿越控制策略

分析直驱永磁同步风力发电机组（DDPMSG）在电网故障情况下的低电压运行特性,提出一种综合控制策略．包括通过变桨距控制实现最大风能追踪：控制发电机电磁功率以控制直流链及电网侧逆变器的功率;利用发电机侧功率控制网侧变流器的电流,实现直流链电压的稳定,以提高直驱永磁同步风力发电机组的低电压穿越能力,维持所并电网的运行稳定性。运用仿真分析软件PSCAD／EMTDC建立DDPMSG及其控制策略的仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提策略的有效性和可行性。     

基于VSC-HVDC并网风电场的低电压穿越技术研究

VSC-HVDC系统应用于大规模风电集中并网、远距离输送时,要解决电网故障时风电场的低电压穿越(LVRT)问题。为此,提出VSC-HVDC系统与风电场的协调控制策略。低电压穿越期间,通过HVDC两端变流站对电网提供无功支持并采用基于频率控制的快速功率降低算法控制风电场馈入功率,维持直流线路功率平衡。同时,提出风电机组分层控制,使之与HVDC功率控制相协调,保持风电机组的电压稳定。VSC-HVDC系统与风电场间无需通信连接,无需增加设备投资,具有较好的经济性。最后,算例仿真结果验证了该控制策略的快速性和有效性。     

基于保障低压穿越能力的风电机组撬棒自适应投切策略研究

针对风电场低压穿越(Low Voltage Ride Through,LVRT)能力提升问题,以并网型中大规模风电场为研究对象,从整个风电场层面出发,分析了故障扰动场景下双馈风机(Doubly-fed Induction Generator,DFIG)的暂态特性及LVRT能力.利用RBF(Radial Basis Fu...     

基于涉网保护的低励限制、失磁保护与失步保护配合的研究

网源协调中发电机组涉网保护问题对电网运行和发电厂涉网设备运行的影响日益显著。对实际电厂中低励限制、进相能力和失磁保护整定不合理的问题进行了明确的阐述,提出了它们之间的整定配合原则。在电力系统继电保护中,失磁保护是最重要、最复杂的保护之一,失磁保护与失步保护都是采用测量阻抗的变化规律作为动作的判据,在阻抗平面上存在重叠动作区域,因此两者在配合上存在冲突。由于功角能够实时测量,在线整定,具有自适应的特性,提出了基于功率角闭锁的方法来解决发生失步时失磁保护可能抢先误动的问题。通过仿真验证了上述结论的正确性。     

具有低电压穿越能力的集群接入风电场故障特性仿真研究

结合风电机组的结构和并网原理,对直驱风电机组提出了"卸荷电路+无功补偿"的低电压穿越改进控制方法,对双馈风电机组采用了DC-Chopper和SDBR(series dynamic braking resistor)代替Crowbar的低电压穿越改进控制方法。以PSCAD为平台分别构建了具备低电压穿越能力的直驱风电机组和双馈风电机组的并网仿真模型;结合风电并网技术规程,采用电压跌落器仿真验证了直驱、双馈风电机组在电网电压跌落下的低电压穿越能力。参照新疆达坂城实际风电场群接入系统方案,构建了包含具备低电压穿越能力的直驱、双馈风电机组的集群风电场仿真算例,研究了风电场送出线故障、集群风电场送出线电压跌落、系统线路电压跌落时风电场群故障穿越特性。仿真结果表明:集群接入风电场送出线电压跌落会影响相邻风电场及系统的电压和频率,故障结束后整个风电接入系统可以在风电接入技术规程要求的时间内恢复至稳态运行状态。研究成果有助于分析风电大规模集群接入系统的运行特性,提高电力系统对风电的接纳能力。     

基于分段完成低压母线故障的有选择性快速保护

变电站内低压母线设置快速保护具有非常重要的意义,实现快速保护主要问题是区分母线故障和线路近区故障,对于并列运行的低压母线还需区分故障母线和非故障母线。提出了一种新的在并列运行下区分故障母线和非故障母线的方法。通过现场总线传送线路动作闭锁信息、分段的功率方向或电流矢量到变压器后备保护。后备保护通过线路动作闭锁信息区分母线故障和线路故障,通过分段的功率方向或电流矢量区分故障母线和非故障母线,实现低压母线保护的快速性和选择性。经过工程测试,通过该方法实现的低压母线保护动作快速、准确,具有工程应用价值。     

海上风电直流耗能装置和保护配合策略研究

首先对基于直流耗能装置的交流故障穿越方案进行了理论分析。根据适合海上风电工程的直流耗能装置的拓扑结构,对该直流耗能装置的工作模式、投退策略进行了分析研究。其次研究了带直流耗能装置的大型海上风电直流保护的范围和分区。确定了直流保护动作策略,重点研究了各个直流保护区的保护配置策略。然后研究了直流耗能装置的投退对直流保护功能的影响。重点研究了直流过电压保护与直流耗能投入电压值的配合策略,直流耗能装置的保护功能设计。最后对上述策略进行了仿真试验验证。     

考虑塔影与风切变的永磁同步风电系统最大风能跟踪控制策略

为了保证风电机组高效稳定运行,通过在转矩控制环节中引入模糊变增益的转速补偿转矩,有效地减轻了由塔影效应、风切变、风速中的随机脉动分量引起的风力机输出的机械转矩波动与按照最优叶尖速比法计算的参考转速的波动对永磁同步风力发电系统的影响,抑制了风电系统的低频震荡并保证了系统的稳定性。当考虑到轴系的摩擦损耗时,为了真正地实现最大风能跟踪,通过对最优叶尖速比进行修正,得出最大电磁功率所对应的准确的参考转速,使得机组运行在最大电磁功率对应的工作点处。在Matlab/Simulink下构建了直驱永磁同步风电系统的详细仿真平台,验证了该方法的正确性与有效性。     

用于含分布式电源配网保护的无电压方向元件研究

针对含有分布式电源的配网电流保护需要安装方向元件以确保动作的正确性,提出了一种只利用电流信息判断故障方向的方法.分析含有分布式电源的配网发生短路故障时的电流特征,得出无故障支路的电流故障分量模值较小,故障支路的电流故障分量模值最大,由此可以判断出故障的方向.运用PSS/E软件,对IEEE34节点系统对各种故障进行仿真,...     

光伏T接高压配电网电流差动保护研究

分析了光伏电站故障电流的特性,研究了两个目前常用电流差动保护判据应用在光伏T接线路上存在的问题。研究结果表明,传统T接线路差动保护判据不能同时满足内部故障的灵敏性和外部故障的可靠性。结合光伏电源故障电流特点,提出了适合于光伏T接线路电流差动保护的综合判据。对改进后的判据进行了大量的仿真试验,仿真结果表明,该判据能满足区内故障时的灵敏性和区外故障时的可靠性,并且具有很强的抗过渡电阻的能力。     

双馈风力发电机组及其低电压穿越技术的研究

双馈风力发电机组是风力发电机型中的主流机型,从双馈电机的基本工作原理出发,建立了双馈发电机的数学模型,并对其在风速发生变化时进行仿真.利用其定子磁链定向对其进行矢量控制,分析了双馈电机转矩和功率独立调节的基本原理.研究了双馈风电机组在电网故障时其运行情况,通过硬件方法使双馈风电机组具有更强的低电压穿越能力.就是在电网出...     

基于电压相位比较的双馈风电场输电线路单相接地距离保护

基于双dq坐标系的双馈感应发电机(DFIG)暂态模型,推导了DFIG正、负序突变量阻抗表达式并研究其相角变化特征。针对DFIG突变量阻抗角变化,提出一种单相接地时故障点序电流与保护安装处序电流之间相位差的计算方法,从而得到以保护安装处电压为参考值的故障点电压和补偿电压的相角。以区内外故障时故障点电压和补偿电压之间的相位关系为依据,提出适用于双馈风电场输电线路的电压相位比较距离保护方案。仿真结果表明,所提方法不受过渡电阻、故障位置及系统运行方式的影响,能够准确判别区内外故障。