变位非对称聚合物行星齿轮的瞬态热弹流润滑

为探究非对称齿廓的内啮合齿轮在变位情况下的热弹流润滑特性,用多重网格法对采用变位设计的非对称聚合物齿轮进行了瞬态热弹流润滑分析,比较了不同传动类型的变位齿轮的弹流润滑特性,分析了不同变位系数分配形式以及齿廓修形对非对称聚合物齿轮在内啮合情况下的瞬态弹流润滑的影响。结果表明,非对称齿轮能改善变位齿轮的润滑性能,正传动的变位类型的齿轮润滑性能最优,内齿轮采用较大的变位系数对热弹流润滑更为有利,合理的修形能够改善非对称变位齿轮的润滑性能。     

有限长线接触斜齿轮副瞬态弹流润滑研究

采用统一Reynolds方程建立斜齿轮有限长线接触瞬态弹流润滑模型,研究瞬态效应与表面粗糙度对润滑特性的影响。结果表明:考虑瞬态效应的斜齿轮副润滑参数在单齿啮合区域剧烈变化,其接触区域膜厚较低且摩擦因数较大,容易处于混合润滑状态;在单齿啮合区域,瞬态解有效承载区变窄且二次压力峰明显增大。当前算例表明全膜弹流润滑状态下,粗糙度对斜齿轮副的瞬态弹流润滑特性影响较少,仅在双齿啮合区域考虑粗糙度的平均膜厚较大,且对应接触压力与膜厚围绕光滑解波动。     

渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮非牛顿瞬态弹流润滑分析

齿轮的润滑设计都是应用理想牛顿流体的结果,但实际上,在中、轻载荷下Ree Eyring流体更符合实际。因 此研究齿轮在非牛顿润滑下的瞬态弹流机理,对于指导齿轮润滑问题的设计更具有工程实际价值。本文应用数值 稳定性好、收敛速度快和计算精度高的多重网格算法,得到了用Ree Eyring流体润滑的齿轮瞬态弹流问题的完全数 值解。     

橡胶滑块与镀镍钢环的水润滑机理分析

对水润滑橡胶轴承在完全水润滑条件下的标准实验模型进行了弹流理论建模,应用多重网格技术对理论模型进行了数值计算和结果分析。结果表明:完全水润滑条件下,在高速轻载时形成了弹流润滑,而在低速重载时,即使在完全水润滑条件下橡胶滑块与镀镍钢环之间也较难形成稳定的弹流润滑。计算结果与实验结果基本一致。     

纳米级润滑膜的粘度修正与薄膜润滑计算

根据纳米级润滑膜的试验测试结果提出薄膜润滑状态的粘度修正公式 ,并在此基础上建立了润滑膜厚度计算的数值计算方程。将该数值计算结果与弹流理论计算值和试验值进行对比表明 ,在薄膜润滑条件下 ,膜厚与速度和润滑油粘度的关系与弹流润滑计算结果相差较大 ,可明显看出弹流润滑向薄膜润滑的过渡 ,所提出的粘度修正式与试验结果则有较好的一致性     

直齿轮传动非牛顿流体瞬态弹流润滑研究

综合考虑润滑流体的非牛顿特性以及齿轮传动的瞬态效应，采用Bair-Winer粘塑模型推导了非牛顿流体雷诺方程，建立了非牛顿流体瞬态弹流润滑模型；进行直齿轮传动非牛顿流体弹流润滑数值分析，获得了齿轮传动沿啮合线的油膜压力、油膜形状以及摩擦因数的分布。结果表明：在非牛顿流体工况下，油膜厚度、油膜压力以及轮齿表面摩擦因数均有所降低,因此在齿轮弹流润滑研究中应考虑流体的非牛顿特性的影响。     

连续波状粗糙度对直齿轮热弹流润滑的影响

工程实践中没有理想光滑的表面,在齿轮弹流润滑中,油膜的厚度通常与某些切削工艺形成的金属表面粗糙度处于同一数量级,所以表面粗糙度对齿轮弹流润滑的影响是不应该忽略的。在考虑不同啮合点处的曲率半径、卷吸速度、轮齿载荷随时间变化的基础上,考虑轮齿表面连续波状粗糙度对弹流润滑的影响,利用多重网格技术求得齿轮瞬态微观热弹流润滑的完全数值解。结果表明,连续波状粗糙度会造成齿轮瞬态弹流润滑的油膜压力和温升产生振荡,并使最小膜厚变薄,最高压力变大,最大温升增大。轮齿间振荡的高压和高温会造成齿轮振动疲劳破坏,所以连续的波状粗糙度对齿轮的润滑是不利的。     

非对称聚合物行星齿轮瞬态弹流润滑分析

为满足机械结构紧凑化、轻量化要求,在行星齿轮传动系统中可应用非对称聚合物齿轮。为研究非对称聚合物行星齿轮传动中内啮合轮齿的瞬态弹流润滑性能,建立非对称聚合物行星齿轮内啮合传动的润滑模型,采用多重网格法进行了数值求解与仿真分析;对比分析了行星齿轮内啮合与外啮合几何参数的异同,探讨了齿轮运行工况以及齿轮副材料对非对称聚合物行星齿轮瞬态弹流润滑的影响;考虑热效应的影响,探究了非对称聚合物行星齿轮内啮合最高温升与3个特殊瞬时啮合点的温度分布变化规律,对比分析了等温与热弹流润滑条件下不同齿轮材料的弹流润滑性能。结果表明,由于传动啮合方式的不同,行星齿轮内啮合的几何参数不同于外啮合,齿轮转速和载荷对弹流润滑效果影响显著;使用非对称聚合物齿轮可提高齿轮承载能力和改善齿轮的等温弹流润滑性能;但高温重载时聚合物齿轮材料影响轮齿强度和散热效果,非对称聚合物行星齿轮更适于在低温低速环境中应用。     

斜齿轮非稳态等温弹流润滑数值分析

建立了渐开线斜齿圆柱齿轮弹流润滑计算的数学模型,将渐开线斜齿圆柱齿轮的啮合等效为长椭圆接触的弹流润滑问题,针对实际高速列车用齿轮在平稳运行和启动工况下,应用统一Reynolds方程方法求得了轮齿在不同啮合瞬时的非稳态弹流润滑完全数值解.结果表明:随啮合位置不同,啮合线上各点的压力、膜厚分布均有很大变化;油膜形状受瞬态挤压效应影响,与稳态解有明显不同;主动轮齿顶/被动轮根部位润滑条件相对较差.     

粘弹性流体动力润滑与润滑磨损

分析了等效微弹流接触表面形状与真实情况之间的差异。讨论了材料粘性对弹性变形的影响。将材料粘性引入微弹流模型中,给出了润滑条件下磨粒磨损计算模型以及发生润滑磨损的条件准则。利用所给模型对接触弹流润滑磨损问题进行了数值计算并给出了与试验结果的对比。     

齿轮传动系统的动态-瞬态弹性流体动力润滑

本文给出了考虑齿轮传动系统振动影响的瞬态弹性流体动力润滑方程组及其求解方法。在瞬态弹流润滑理论的研究中综合考虑了变载荷、变曲率和变速度的瞬态效应,并被用于渐开线直齿轮的润滑问题。其中,变载荷是考虑到实际齿轮传动中所存在的系统振动所引起的动载荷,该动载荷由一个8质量、16自由度的振动方程求解而得。沿啮合点的动态-瞬态弹流润滑被作为一个时间过程作了完全数值求解。文中给出了一个算例,求得了沿啮合线上啮合时的二次压力峰及油膜厚度的变化曲线,并给出了七个特殊啮合点上的压力分布及油膜形状。     

渐开线斜齿圆柱齿轮弹流润滑模型的建立

渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的弹流润滑问题已经基本成熟，而对同样是线接触的渐开线斜齿圆柱齿轮的弹流润滑求解却研究甚少并颇有争议。分析了斜齿轮齿廓曲面的形成及啮合特点，建立了研究渐开线斜齿圆柱齿轮弹流润滑的物理模型和数学模型．通过数学推导，得到了膜厚方程，通过多重网格法即可获得渐开线斜齿圆柱齿轮在某一瞬时的弹流润滑数值解。     

Effect of lubricant selection on EHL performance of involute spur gears

As the gear oils usually undergo shear-thinning even in the inlet zone, an accurate EHL analysis requires realistic rheological models. This is necessary for gear oil selection so as to prevent scuffing failure. This paper demonstrates the effect of rheology on the EHL characteristics of spur gears using full transient thermal EHL simulations with Carreau shear-thinning model and Doolittle's free volume based pressure-viscosity relationship. The PDMS oil considered here is found to exhibit severe film thinning with 74% thinner EHL film as compared to a moderately shear-thinning PAO oil which, on the other hand, undergoes a larger thermal reduction.     

A deterministic model for line-contact partial elastohydrodynamic lubrication

A deterministic model for partial elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is presented in this paper. The modelling methodology adopts some of the concepts used in the stochastic modelling of partial EHL and some of the procedures for deterministic calculation of asperity pressures. The model is shown to be capable of simulating the basic process of asperity interaction and solid-to-solid contact within an EHL conjunction of rough surfaces. Deterministic results of transient partial EHL in line contacts are obtained when one pair or multiple pairs of asperities collide. The model may help to gain a fundamental understanding of the transient behaviour of asperity interactions in lubricated concentrated contacts of rough surfaces. Asperity pressures may be calculated more accurately than the conventional analyses under dry and static contact conditions. The work represents a first attempt in deterministic modelling of tribo-contacts operating in the mixed regime of micro-EHL and boundary lubrication. Future work will aim at developing more realistic models incorporating factors such as three-dimensional asperity contacts, asperity plastic deformation, thermal effects and the effect of tribo-chemistry.     

Thermal transient rough EHL line contact simulations by aid of computational fluid dynamics

Reynolds equation is the pre-dominantly used PDE for modelling the fluid flow or more accurately the fluid pressure in an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contact. The equation is derived by combining the two conservation equations of momentum and continuity into a single equation for the fluid pressure. The numerical approach for theoretical investigations performed on EHL contacts in this work is somewhat different. The modelling of the fluid flow is based on a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) technique. The fluid flow is simulated by aid of the equations of momentum and continuity in a more complete form and when the thermodynamics is incorporated, the equation of energy. The aim of the investigation was to examine whether the CFD technique could be used to handle thermal transient rough EHL line contacts. It is shown that commercial CFD software can be modified to meet such requirements. The influence of thermal effects on the flow under sliding motion was investigated. The non-Newtonian model used in this work is the Ree-Eyring model. It is shown that the choice of the Eyring stress in the model influences flow in the contacts. If the thermal properties of the surrounding solids differ, it has been shown experimentally and theoretically that a dimple or increased central film thickness may appear in the EHL contacts. This work shows that the governing mechanisms that result in the dimple are also present in thermal transient rough EHL line contacts.     

Transient EHL analysis on spur gear teeth with consideration of gear kinematics

Transient 3-dimensional elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis is performed on the contacting teeth surfaces of involute spur gears. Kinematics of the gear and the pinion are taken into account to get accurate geometric clearance around the EHL region of the contacting teeth. The surface pressure and film thickness distribution for the whole contact faces in a lubricated condition at several time steps are obtained through the analysis. Besides the pressure spike at the outlet region, a representative phenomenon in EHL regime, the pressure at the inlet region is slightly higher than that of the center region. The film thickness of transient condition is thicker than that of steady condition.     

A System-Approach to the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Point-Contact Problem

The classical EHL point contact problem is solved using a new “system-approach,” similar to that introduced by Houpert and Ham-rock for the line-contact problem. Introducing a body-fitted coordinate system, the troublesome free-boundary is transformed to the fixed domain. The Newton-Raphson method can then be used to determine the pressure distribution and the cavitation boundary subject to the Reynolds boundary condition. This method provides an efficient and rigorous way of solving the EHL point contact problem with the aid of a supercomputer and a promising method to deal with the transient EHL point contact problem. A typical pressure distribution and film thickness profile are presented and the minimum film thicknesses are compared with the solution of Hamrock and Dowson. The details of the cavitation boundaries for various operating parameters are discussed.     

基于瞬态弹流润滑的齿轮表层应力分析

考虑齿轮传动重合度对轮齿载荷的影响以及变曲率,变速度的瞬态效应,对渐开线直齿轮会计劝进行弹流完全数值解,获得了啮合浅与不同点处表层应力的分布规律。     

渐开线直齿轮瞬态微观热弹流润滑分析

考虑了瞬态效应、轮齿表面油膜温度场和轮齿表面纵向粗糙度等因素,对渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的弹流润滑问题进行研究。载荷由双齿或单齿承担,根据实际载荷谱简化的轮齿载荷曲线,利用压力求解的多重网格法和弹性变形求解的多重网格积分法以及温度求解的逐列扫描技术,得到渐开线直齿轮瞬态微观热弹流润滑问题的完全数值解,讨论了轮齿间油膜的厚度、压力、温度沿啮合线的变化规律。数值计算结果表明,齿轮表面纵向粗糙度对轮齿间油膜的压力、膜厚、温升都有较大影响。考虑轮齿表面粗糙度后,油膜压力和温升明显增大,并随压力的增加而影响越来越显著,粗糙峰使油膜压力分布和温度分布产生振荡,轮齿表面的粗糙峰对摩擦因数影响较小,摩擦因数和最高温升在节点两侧最大。     

齿轮传动的瞬态弹性流体动力润滑

本文考虑了流体可压缩性，衙合度对轮齿荷的影响以及变曲率，变速度的瞬态效应，给出了齿轮传动瞬态弹流润滑方程及其求解方法，在引入齿轮传动的实际工况参数后进行完全数值解，得到了两齿轮在啮合线任意上的油膜压力分布和油膜形状以及最小油膜厚度沿啮合线的变化曲线。