A Model for Currents and Voltages Induced Within Long Transmission Cables by an Electromagnetic Wave

A model is presented for determining the transient currents and voltages induced within a long coaxial cable by a uniform plane traveling wave whose variation with time may be specified. The cable may be located above or within a half-space lossy dielectric with the wave incident from the half-space lossless dielectric. This results in a model for either aerial or buried cables with the source of the wave located in the atmosphere. A method is also presented for generalizing the approach to more complex cables encountered in communication systems. A demonstration of the applicability of this model is presented by analyzing the response of a 0.375-in coaxial cable for both aerial and buried situations. An incident electromagnetic wave with a rectangular time domain waveform is used to demonstrate the transient response. This waveshape is adequate to clearly indicate the transient phenomena. It is found that voltage enhancement results in both aerial and buried cables when the incident wave approaches grazing incidence. This voltage enhancement can be significant especially for aerial cables. Cable shield current enhancement also results for an aerial but not for a buried cable.     

Propagation Along a Coaxial Cable with a Helical Shield

A leaky coaxial cable is modelled by a dielectric coated conductor shielded by a finite number of unidirectional helical wires. A modal equation is derived and soIved numerically for the propagation constants of both the monofilar and bifilar modes. Numerical results are also presented for the effective surface transfer impedance of the shield. This parameter is found to depend, in general, on the propagation constant.     

Analysis on the transient voltage performance of a DC superconducting cable

Transient voltage distribution in a DC superconducting cable, comprising of four concentric metallic cylinders was analyzed. Of the four concentric cylinders, two carry the load current, and the other two comprise the cryogenic enclosure. Analysis was performed with transient current injected either to the innermost or the outermost cylinder. The outermost cylinder was either bare or insulated. The outer three cylinders were either solidly grounded or isolated from ground at the point of current injection. It was concluded that transient voltages will appear across the RETURN cryogen flow and also across the vacuum space in the cryogenic enclosure. As these two systems are designed for their thermal performance, they may suffer permanent damage caused by unwanted electrical transients.     

Propagation Along a Braided Coaxial Cable in a Circular Tunnel

The modes of propagation along a coaxial structure contained within a circular tunnel are considered. The primary objective is to develop an approximate impedance boundary condition at the outer surface of the shielded cable that can be used in previously developed formalisms for axial conductors in tunnels. It is assumed that the metal braid can be characterized by a surface-transfer impedance. We also account for the possibility that a Iossy film exists on the outer surface of the dielectric jacket of the cable.     

Linear Dummy Loads

The need for linear dummy loads is established. It is indicated that nonlinear dummy loads generate predominantly oddorder harmnonics. A theoretical analysis is presented which demonstrates that an ?infinite? coaxial cable with an infinite load (open circuit)at the output has an input impedance equivalent to the cable's characteristic impedance Z0. An equation is derived relating the voltage standing-wave ratio S, cable length h, and the cable attenuation constant ?. The linearity of a cable load is compared with the linearity of ?typical? commercially available loads and the commercial loads tested are found to generate 20 to 80 dB more third harmonic. Cable selection guidelines for a linear coaxial cable load are presented.     

Transferred surface currents in braided coaxial cables

It is shown that the transfer of longitudinal current to the outer surface of a long length of braided coaxial cable, such as might be used in a `leaky-feeder? radiocommunication system, is a function of other parameters besides the surface-transfer impedance of the braid. The dielectric is particularly significant.     

大长度低损耗半硬同轴电缆的研制

设计了一种采用膨体聚四氟乙烯作为绝缘,连续激光焊接铜管作为外导体的新型低损耗半硬同轴电缆,以打破传统的半硬同轴电缆制造长度的局限性,同时对电缆工艺的可行性进行了探讨。膨体聚四氟乙烯绝缘的采用降低了电缆的介电常数,减小了半硬同轴电缆高频段的传输损耗。连续焊接铜管外导体的采用不但增加电缆的制造长度,并且保留传统半硬同轴电缆良好的阻抗均匀性和屏蔽特性,同时也提高了生产效率,降低了材料消耗。     

Development and Use of the BLT Equation in the Time Domain as Applied to a Coaxial Cable

This paper discusses the use of the Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) equation for calculating transmission-line load responses directly in the time domain. From the frequency-domain BLT equation, its transient counterpart is first derived. For the special case of a coaxial cable, explicit expressions for the transient propagation function, the surge impedance and admittance, and the transient reflection coefficients at each end of the line are derived. These quantities, together with the transient-BLT equation, are used to compute the transient load voltages. The computed results are subsequently compared with transient responses obtained using the frequency-domain BLT equation and Fourier inversion, and the agreement is excellent for highly conducting cables. The benefit of deriving the BLT equation in the time domain is that it may be used, with slight modifications, to treat the case of nonlinear or time-varying loads. This will be described in a future paper     

Superconductive Coaxial Cable as a Communication Medium with Enormous Capacity

Superconductive coaxial cable has been investigated to survey its feasibility as a communication medium with enormous capacity. The measurements of the frequency and the temperature dependences of the attenuation of coaxial pairs show that dielectric loss is dominant at 4.2 K, but conductor loss increases and gets the attenuation sensitive to temperature as 5 K is exceeded at a few gigahertz. The effect of periodic impedance lrregularities, which is the greatest problem in the transmission characteristics, has been solved by the improvement of the manufacturing process based on spectral analysis of the dimensional variations of the materials, and it is suggested that superconductive coaxial line is applicable to wide-band communication. A thermal insulation pipe for the cable is manufactured and its insulation efficiency is measured. The feasibility of superconductive coaxial cable Will be increased not only by developing the refrigeration system, but also by applying superconductive materials with low surface resistance and critical temperatures higher than lead.     

Resonance Properties of the Shield of a Coaxial Cable over a Ground Plane

In situations where several high-power transmitters and their antennas are to be used near one another, a certain amount of mutual interference can be expected. An instance of particular interest is that of high-intensity radiation inducing standing waves between the shields of nearby coaxial cables and a metal deck of ground plane. Standing waves induced may cause high potentials and possible breakdown at the ends of the cable, damaging connectors and antennas. There may also be some reduction of the shielding effectiveness of the coaxial cable when high-voltage standing waves are present in the shield. It has been common practice to eliminate such standing waves by periodic grounding of the outer conductor of the coaxial cable. This, however, requires penetration of the insulation material on the cable and formation of metal-to-metal joints on the shield. This is not only an inconvenient method of installation, but is also undesirable around salt water. Copper shielding will corrode, and corrosion at the joint of the dissimilar metal can cause nonlinear interference effects. The standing waves induced in the transmission system formed by the cylindrical shield of a coaxial cable and a conducting plane are examined theoretically and experimentally as a function of the shield-to-ground impedance at the end points only (Z1 and Z2 of Fig. 1). Ordinarily, standing waves are eliminated by terminating a guiding system in its characteristic impedance. In this situation, however, the exciting source (i.e., incident radiation) is distributed along the length of the transmission system.     

馈电同轴芯径对微带天线性能的影响

针对同轴线馈电的微带天线,建立了等效电路模型。该等效电路表明,馈入到微带天线内部的导体直径直接影响天线的输入阻抗。为此设计了单频圆极化微带天线,采用电磁计算软件HFSS仿真计算了不同馈电芯径对天线参数的影响,验证了该理论。同时设计了双层介质的双频微带圆极化天线,采用同一个馈点馈电,上层微带介质中馈电导体的直径与下层微带介质中馈电导体直径不同。通过HFSS软件的优化仿真,得到了对应于两个不同频段的最优上下层馈电导体直径,获得了最佳的驻波。研究表明,对于单频和双频微带天线,通过优化馈入到介质中导体的直径可以改善天线的驻波特性。     

A Feasibility Study to Monitor Soil Moisture Content Using Microwave Signals

A buried leaky coaxial cable is used as a sensor to continuously monitor the average moisture content of irrigated soil at a desired depth. The two-phase feasibility study consists of an analytical and an experimental investigation. The modal equation in the cable is expressed in terms of the surface impedance at the inner conductor boundary and an effective surface impedance at the outer leaky conductor boundary. The effective surface impedance is related to the soil moisture content through its measured attenuation. The results of the experimental work condncted in the field are in good agreement with the analytical results. It is shown that the recorded phase difference between the test signal from the buried cable and the reference signal can be used to monitor the soil moisture content.     

低阻抗同轴电缆的制备与可调电阻测试法

在射频功放运用中经常会涉及到使用一些低阻抗的同轴电缆的情况,如制作平衡-非平衡轮换的巴伦,以及特定阻抗变换电路? 研究了根据标准同轴电缆的结构,通过改变部分关键结构参数,制备任意非标准的低阻抗同轴电缆技术方法;通过同轴电缆中的电磁传播理论分析和推导,提出准确测试低阻抗同轴电缆的可调电阻测试法?     

温度变化对同轴电缆有线电视系统的影响

温度变化易造成同轴电缆电视系统非线性失真现象。从理论上用数学公式表述了同轴电缆的各种特性 ,反映了同轴电缆影响射频传输的各种因素 ,分析了温度变化对电视信号的影响程度 ,并用实例进行了理论分析和计算。这对有线电视系统的设计和维护都有很大的帮助。     

Theory of the Slotted Coaxial Cable

The electromagnetic problem of the coaxial cable with a continuous slot along the outer conductor is solved taking into account the dielectric constant of tbe cable insulation. Cylindrical harmonics expansions for the inner and outer space are used. The basic difficulty is to express boundary conditions on a part of the period in Fourier series. It appears that the singularity of the fields at the edge of the outer conductor plays a key role in the uniqueness of the result. The propagation constants of the monofilar and coaxial modes are obtained with a good accuracy. It is shown that these modes have different transfer inductances.     

Transmission Modes in a Braided Coaxial Cable and Coupling to a Tunnel Environment

Radio frequency transmission in a semicircular tunnel containing a braided coaxial cable is considered. The general formulation accounts for both the ohmic losses in the tunnel wall and a thin lossy film layer on the outer surface of the dielectric jacket of the cable. Using a quasi-static approximation, it is found that the propagation constants of the low-frequency transmission line modes are obtained through the solution of a cubic equation. However, for the special case when the conductivity thickness product of the Iossy film layer vanishes, this cubic equation reduces to a quadratic. The spatially dispersive form of the braid transfer impedance is also accounted for. It is shown that the quasistatic theory is well justified for frequencies as high as 100 MHz for typical tunnel geometries. Finally, special characteristic impedances are derived for the various modes of the equivalent multiconductor transmission line.     

射频功率放大器的宽带匹配设计

多倍频程功率放大器具有显著的优点,同轴电缆阻抗变换器能实现射频功率放大器有效的宽带匹配。在给出同轴电缆阻抗变换器方案设计的基础上,详细介绍了其基本原理以及1∶1和1∶4同轴变换器的具体结构及等效电路。针对工程需要,以同轴电缆阻抗变换器为宽带匹配网络的核心,设计了一款超宽带匹配功率放大器,经软件仿真优化及测试验证,阻抗匹配准确,测试结果达到了技术指标要求。     

Submarine Coaxial Cable Pressure Characteristics

In equalization design of submarine coaxial cable system, the cable attenuation deviation due to pressure in deep sea bottom has significant weight. This paper treats the submarine coaxial cable characteristics pressure dependency. By using an artificial ocean test facility, 1.7 inch submarine coaxial cable attenuation, phase, capacitance and insulator core diameter were studied and their pressure coefficients under a pressure of 0 to 500kgw/cm^{2}at temperatures of 5, 10 and 20°C were obtained. In this study, pressure dependence of polyethylene dielectric constant and dissipation loss were quantitatively analyzed. The attenuation pressure coefficient varies with frequency. For example, cable attenuation in the sea at a depth of 5000 meters is higher than that on the land by 1.09 percent at 10 MHz and by 1.54 percent at 60 MHz at a temperature of 10°C.     

Analysis of linear coaxial antennas

Two types of linear coaxial antennas, coaxial-colinear antennas, and slotted coaxial antennas are studied to check the possibility of using them as the base-station antenna in personal communication systems. The slot voltages and input impedance of linear coaxial antennas are obtained by using a transmission-line analysis where the radiation effect is accounted by a shunt and a serial admittance, respectively. The current distribution is obtained by solving an integral equation using the method of moments. The radiation pattern and directivity are then obtained from the current distribution and the reflection coefficient inside the coaxial cable. Factors analyzed include frequency, coaxial filling permittivity and segment number     

Input impedance of a probe-fed circular microstrip antenna with thick substrate

A method of computing the input impedance for the probe fed circular microstrip antenna with thick dielectric substrate is presented. Utilizing the framework of the cavity model, the fields under the microstrip patch are expanded in a set of modes satisfying the boundary conditions on the eccentrically located probe, as well as on the cavity magnetic wall. A mode-matching technique is used to solve for the electric field at the junction between the cavity and the coaxial feed cable. The reflection coefficient of the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode incident in the coaxial cable is determined, from which the input impedance of the antenna is computed. Measured data are presented to verify the theoretical calculations. Results of the computation of various losses for the circular printed antenna as a function of substrate thickness are also included.