The prospects for hard coal as a fuel for the Polish power sector

This paper presents the prospects for the development of the Polish hard coal sector from the perspective of the power sector. The most important issues determining the mid- and long-term future for domestic coal production are: (1) the development of the economy, hence the demand for electricity, (2) regulations (mostly environmental) affecting the power sector, (3) the competitiveness of coal-based technologies, and (4) the costs of domestic coal production. Since the range of issues and relations being considered is very broad, a specific method needs to be employed for the quantitative analysis. The tool applied in this study is the partial equilibrium model POWER-POL, in which both the coal and the power sectors are incorporated. The model focuses on energy–economy–environmental issues without capturing detailed macroeconomic links. The model was run under six scenario assumptions. The results show that the domestic coal sector should maintain its position as a key supplier of primary energy for the Polish power sector. However, the environmental regulations to which the domestic power sector has to conform will decrease the share of coal in the fuel-mix. Since the investment processes in this sector are usually long-term, the effects of changes will be noticeable from 2015 onwards.     

The market for low-sulphur coals under the restrictive environmental standards in Poland

This paper describes the low-sulphur coals market in Poland. It is a crucial issue question because these types of coals will be particularly in demand after the year 2005, when the Polish environmental standards will be more restrictive. This is applicable especially to the energy sector, which is the main consumer of coal in Poland. The purpose of this work is the evaluation of abilities to balance the quantity and quality of low-sulphur coal supplies to the basic consumers, which are domestic heat-and-power plant's and others. The article focuses on three key issues. The first one includes an analysis of the supply side of the coal market in Poland. The second concern is an overview of present and future emissions-standards for the energy sector. The third problem applies to the demand side of the coal market and describes the consequences of putting into operation related emissions standards. The analysis ends with conclusions and recommendations for applying an appropriate strategy to meet the new environmental regulations. Conditions under which the burning of low-sulphur coals can be sufficient to meet emissions standards are also described.     

Selection of coal for small district-heating stations in Poland as a method of avoiding investments in flue-gas desulphurization

Poland is one of the biggest producers of hard coal in the world and uses its domestic coal for electricity and heat generation: 42 million tons for electricity and heat production in power industry, and about 8–10 million tons used by small district-heating stations annually. Changes in demand for coal, destined for heat generation, result from the changes in the forecast structure of energy carriers to be used by local heating stations and the new emission standards coming, this year, into effect in Poland. To meet the regulations, the heat generators have to keep to environmental requirements. The cheapest solution is to burn the compliance coal. The comparison of the forecasts for coal demand and supply and the possibility of adjusting quantitative and qualitative requirements of the smaller coal consumers points out that it would be possible, when the market rules, to heal the situation between coal producers and coal consumers in Poland.     

洁净煤技术产业化是山西煤炭工业发展的必然选择

山西以煤为主的单一能源格局以及洁净煤技术产业化进程滞后,导致了山西以煤烟型为主的大气污染相当严重,成为制约山西经济与社会发展的重要因素。山西要切实转变工业增长方式,增强技术创新能力,积极采用高新技术和先进适用技术,加快传统产业技术改造,努力使山西煤炭工业发展成为社会效益与煤炭工业健康发展相统一、环保要求与煤炭企业经济效益相一致的新型煤炭工业。推进洁净煤技术产业化,促进煤炭深度加工、洁净燃烧、提高效率、减少污染,既是山西经济和社会可持续发展的需要,也是山西煤炭工业发展的必然选择。     

Coal mining industry restructuring in Poland: implications for the domestic and international coal markets

The paper describes the efforts to improve the profitability of the Polish hard-coal industry. The experience of seven years of restructuring programmes shows that the industry has to reduce the number of existing coal mines. Coal production in Poland will decrease and coal will no longer be the cheap source of energy. The final shape of hard-coal industry will force the change in energy balance of Poland and will change the position of Polish coal in the international coal market.     

我国能源现状及某些重要战略对策

进入21世纪,中国能源面临着5大严峻挑战:能源供应紧张;液体燃料短缺;环境污染严重;温室气体排放;农村和城镇清洁能源供应等,严重制约了我国的可持续发展。我国以煤为主的能源格局仍将持续,控制能源生产和消费总量,节能减排,提高能源的综合利用效率,大力发展现代煤化工、可再生能源以及核能是我国能源发展的重要趋势。本文提出以煤气化为核心的多联产系统是我国能源发展的战略方向,各种能源(化石能源和可再生能源)都应在广义能源系统中找到"合适的位置"。     

Forecasting the growth of China’s natural gas consumption

The use of natural gas in China is still relatively immature, as gas production only supplies a low percentage of the domestic energy system. In contrast, Chinese economy mainly relies on coal with a 67% share of the total primary energy supply. The environmental impact from this high coal dependence is significant and planners have sought for cleaner energy sources. Natural gas is both cleaner and generally more efficient than coal and gas consumption is rising quickly due to these facts.The growth tendency indicates that natural gas will become an important substitution for coal in some parts of the Chinese primary energy consumption. To quantify this tendency, this paper uses a system dynamics model to create a possible outlook. The results show that the gas consumption in China will continue to increase fast to 89.5 billion cubic meters in 2010; 198.2 billion cubic meters in 2020, before finally reach 340.7 billion cubic meters in 2030.Scenario analysis is used to assess the accuracy of the results. Finally, this paper gives policy suggestions on natural gas exploration and development, infrastructure constructions and technical innovations to promote a sustainable development of China’s natural gas industry.     

Stakeholder perceptions towards the transition to a hydrogen economy in Poland

Poland has significant reserves of energy in the form of coal. However, the exploitation of these reserves could lead to significant carbon emissions. Hydrogen technologies present a potentially sustainable option for the Polish energy system. This paper reviews the existing Polish energy system, resources, policies and measures from the perspective of planning a transition to a hydrogen-based economy. The key challenges and opportunities gathered by systematic consultation of senior stakeholders are presented. Coke oven gas and coal gasification are the major short and medium term sources of hydrogen. Underground conversion of coal deposits with integrated carbon capture and storage (CCS) is most important in the long term. Other opportunities include development of renewables, by-product hydrogen and nuclear power. Current lack of infrastructure, particularly for CCS, hydrogen pipelines and clean coal is seen as a significant barrier. Regional and central government should cooperate with industry to develop a portfolio of demonstration projects to provide experience and stimulate demand for hydrogen.     

发展现代煤化工产业提升我国能源安全

本文通过对我国能源禀赋客观条件和当前我国能源安全形势的分析,提出了我国应该因地制宜地制定实施“一次能源消费以煤为主、大力发展现代煤化工产业”的能源战略构想。本文认为实施这一战略不仅可以有效地缓解当前我国能源安全所面临的严峻形势,而且还可以为我国的经济建设提供长久稳定的能源保障,同时也有利于促进我国对煤炭资源的科学利用,实现绿色环保。     

青岛市节能潜力评估

青岛市作为典型的能源输入型城市,未来面临着巨大的能源、环境压力.影响青岛市能源利用效率的因素主要包括能源消费结构、产业结构、重点用能企业单位产品综合能耗、技术进步、居民的生活方式和节能意识等.从结构节能、重点领域节能和管理节能三个方面对青岛市的节能潜力进行评估,结果表明,青岛市“十二五”期间每年的节能潜力合计约为813.34×104t标煤.其中,产业结构年均节能潜力约46.71×104t标煤,相关工业行业每年最大节能潜力约为494.92× 104t标煤,居住建筑和公共建筑每年节能潜力约为70.31×104t标煤,交通领域年节能潜力61.7×104t标煤,居民家用电器年均节能潜力约22.7×104t标煤,农业领域直接节能潜力每年约117×104t标煤.未来青岛市应努力降低煤炭消费比重,提高第三产业比重;加快地方性配套法规和标准建设;进一步完善节能目标责任制,建立和完善省、市、区市三级节能监察体制,强化约束性节能监管;围绕节能产业化方向,加大节能投入,完善节能技术创新体系建设;全面深入地开展节能宣传活动,培养公众低碳节能的生活方式.     

2005年煤炭经济运行评析

2005年我国煤炭经济运行的市场化改革不断进展,煤炭产量、煤炭销售收入、煤炭利润等指标创历史最高纪录。煤炭供需矛盾开始缓和,煤炭行业的经济效益稳步提高,煤炭产业结构调整取得进展,新型的煤炭供需关系开始建立。     

Life-cycle assessment in the renewable energy sector

The Polish energy industry is facing challenges regarding energetic safety, competitiveness, improvement of domestic companies and environmental protection. Ecological guidelines concern the elimination of detrimental solutions, and effective energy management, which will form the basis for sustainable development. The Polish power industry is required to systematically increase the share of energy taken from renewable sources in the total energy sold to customers. Besides the economic issues, particular importance is assigned to environmental factors associated with the choice of energy source. That is where life-cycle assessment (LCA) is important. The main purpose of LCA is to identify the environmental impacts of goods and services during the whole life cycle of the product or service. Therefore LCA can be applied to assess the impact on the environment of electricity generation and will allow producers to make better decisions pertaining to environmental protection. The renewable energy sources analysed in this paper include the energy from photovoltaics, wind turbines and hydroelectric power. The goal and scope of the analysis comprise the assessment of environmental impacts of production of 1 GJ of energy from the sources mentioned above. The study will cover the construction, operation and waste disposal at each power plant. Analysis will cover the impact categories, where the environmental influence is the most significant, i.e. resource depletion, global warmth potential, acidification and eutrophication. The LCA results will be shown on the basis of European and Australian research. This analysis will be extended with a comparison between environmental impacts of energy from renewable and conventional sources. This report will conclude with an analysis of possibilities of application of the existing research results and LCA rules in the Polish energy industry with a focus on Poland's future accession to the European Union. Definitions of LCA fundamental concepts, its methodology and application are described in the ISO 14040-14049 series of standards. These standards have already been introduced in some countries, but in Poland they are still at the stage of translation into Polish. Nevertheless some companies in Poland try to assess how their products influence the environment and what are the possibilities of technology improvement in the existing production process reduce their environmental impact.     

对新时期煤炭工业发展战略的思考

在相当长的时期内煤炭仍是我国的主要能源。科学地制定煤炭工业发展战略,是实现全面建设小康社会目标的需要。作为基础性产业的煤炭工业,要以“走新型工业化道路”为今后发展的总纲,从国家经济安全出发,综合考虑资源、产业结构、生态环境和区域经济以及全球经济的影响,重点实施以下七大战略:煤炭资源保障战略,以“发展高新技术,改造、提升传统的煤炭产业”为目标的科技发展战略,结构优化升级战略,煤炭洁净生产及环境保护战略,信息化战略,煤炭产业与区域经济协同发展战略,国际化战略。要从体制、制度和政策上保证煤炭发展战略实施,包括:健全煤炭宏观调控体系,完善煤炭法律法规体系,构建煤矿社会保障体系,完善相关政策。     

创新煤炭管理体制

在全面建设小康社会,构建社会主义和谐社会新的历史时期,煤炭行业承担着为社会提供可靠的能源保障的艰巨任务;煤炭行业大量外部性问题的存在,需要加强政府规制,建立与社会主义市场经济体制和经济发展要求相适应的煤炭行业管理体制;经过20多年的改革,我国并没有建立起这样的管理体制;因此,需要用科学发展观为指导,进一步深化改革,尽快建立一个集中统一、专业权威、手段先进、保障有力的新型煤炭管理体制。     

加快煤基醇醚燃料的推广应用——关于建立我国区域醇醚燃料推广应用示范区的建议

我国车用燃料甲醇国家标准和车用甲醇汽油（M85）国家标准已获批准。我国生产甲醇的主要原料是煤,2008年国内煤制甲醇的产能约1270×104t,约占甲醇总产能的61%,预计到2010年,国内将有超过70%的甲醇产能以煤为原料。为加快醇醚燃料进入市场的步伐,建议在我国相关区域建立醇醚燃料产业推广应用示范区,逐步形成规范的区域大市场,在保障我国能源安全、促进能源燃料需求与供给的平衡等方面发挥作用。建立示范区应选择具有一定醇醚燃料生产基础的省份及地区,选择煤炭资源丰富及甲醇工业发展较快的地区和燃料乙醇等生物质能源没有覆盖的地区。并应以大型甲醇或醇醚燃料生产企业为主,以新能源汽车大型生产企业为依托选择示范区。同时,推广醇醚燃料还需要国家政策的支持和各地区、各企业之间的合作,特别是质量认证、市场准入、技术创新、物流运输、醇醚燃料标准化建设等工作,是建立示范区过程中的工作重点。     

落实科学发展观 促进煤炭工业可持续发展

本文阐述了煤炭在我国能源生产与消费结构中的地位,明确提出了煤炭不但是我国的主要能源,而且是可以经济利用的能源,对国民经济的发展起着重要的支撑作用。结合我国煤炭工业发展现状,指出培育大型煤炭企业和企业集团、建设大型煤炭基地、实现煤炭资源高效开采、综合利用是我国煤炭工业发展的方向。     

我国煤炭清洁利用战略探讨

中国在一定时期内能源结构仍将以煤为主,而煤炭的清洁利用将是我国未来能源战略的关键问题。目前煤炭清洁利用单元技术主要有整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)、煤炭地下气化技术(UCG)以及以煤气化为龙头,以碳一化工技术为基础,合成、制取化工产品和燃料油的现代煤化工。现代煤化工包括煤制油、煤制天然气、煤制烯烃、煤制乙二醇、煤制乙炔等,其产品大多属于石油化工产品的替代品。现代煤化工在世界范围内还没有完全成熟的技术和成功的工业化经验可借鉴,尚处在探索、验证阶段,发展前景仍存在不确定性。为此有学者提出,煤化工项目应与IGCC发电等一起发展多联产系统,从而实现经济效益最大化、环境污染最小化。煤基多联产比单纯的IGCC发电具有更好的经济性、更高的能量效率以及更加灵活的操作性,而作为先进的洁净煤技术,IGCC将成为未来能源系统的核心技术和重要基础之一。煤气化是IGCC的核心技术,煤炭地下气化技术开辟了煤炭高效、清洁、低碳开发利用的新途径,是从根本上解决传统开采方法存在的一系列技术和环境问题的重要途径。近年来,我国现代煤化工产业发展迅速,但同时也呈现出过热和无序发展态势。目前煤化工的经济性并没有得到充分论证和认可,国内当前正在运营的项目较大部分仍处于试点阶段。以煤气化为龙头的IGCC多联产是我国煤炭清洁利用的战略方向。目前我国IGCC和多项现代煤化工技术已具备技术推广的条件,国家应该从管理体制、政策法规、融资等方面给予大力扶持。     

世界能源新格局下中国的能源安全问题

2000年以来,世界能源行业出现了新变化,预计这种新变化将会导致世界能源格局的结构性调整。广义的能源安全包括能源供给能力、能源消费结构、能耗强度、能源消费带来的环境问题、能源贸易安全等。从上述问题着手,采用纵横向交叉论证的方式对与之相关的16项分类指标进行了论述。结果表明,中国在2040年之前可保持75%以上的能源自给率,有足够长时间对宏观能源战略做出调整;中国的能源消费结构中煤炭占比过高,由此带来的环境问题突出,特别是在温室气体排放和空气动力学当量直径小于2.5 μm的颗粒物排放上形势严峻;中国在能源净进口的长期支付能力上不存在问题;中国对中东能源的依赖程度较大,要密切关注中东局势的发展,同时,要向能源进口的多元化方向努力。     

我国现代煤化工技术发展路线探讨

根据我国的能源状况分析了我国必须发展现代煤化工的理由：2005年我国能源生产和消费结构中,煤炭分别占73．3％和68．7％,煤炭现在是,将来仍然是我国能源的主力;我国原油进口量不断增加;传统的煤炭利用方式不仅效率低,而且造成了严重的环境污染。因此发展以煤气化为核心的生产洁净和可替代石油的能源和化工产品的现代煤化工已成为解决我国能源与环境问题的关键。介绍了我国有关的发展煤化工的政策和规划。分析了煤基甲醇路线是适合我国国情的现代煤化工技术路线．指出煤制油项目虽是国家能源安全的萤要组成部分,但要谨慎发展．