图像驱动的三维人脸自动生成与编辑算法

针对图像驱动的三维人脸建模这个计算机图形学中的研究热点问题,提出一种采用三维人脸形变模型的三维人脸自动生成与编辑算法.首先建立三维人脸形变模型,由三维人脸数据库统计学习得到线性混合人脸模型,用一个低维的参数向量来描述一个人脸;然后通过人脸检测、人脸对齐、边缘提取等方法从人脸图像中提取人脸的特征,根据这些特征实现三维人脸形变模型与图像的匹配,重建出与图像对应的三维人脸模型;最后,通过改变参数向量的值实现人脸的编辑.对5个输入人脸照片进行了三维人脸模型重建和编辑并且将重建的人脸模型和真实人脸模型进行了对比,实验结果表明,该算法可实现真实化的人脸重建效果.     

基于特征点加细的多分辨率人脸形变模型及人脸建模

提出基于特征点加细的原型三维人脸对应方法建立多分辨人脸形变模型,并根据该形变模型的特点使用多分辨模型匹配方法由单张正面人脸图像进行三维人脸建模。该方法以人脸模型上的眼、眉、口、鼻等主要几何特征为基准点标注基础网格,然后通过加细特征点网格完成原型人脸之间的对应,进而建立多分辨率的形变模型;根据形变模型的构造特点,把待匹配图像按照与模型相同方式进行加细,然后进行多分辨的人脸模型匹配。实验结果表明,新的对应算法可以有效地实现原型三维人脸之间的对应,能够克服传统的光流对应算法对应效果差,算法精度低的缺陷,提高形变模型的精度。新的匹配算法不仅能够加速模型的匹配速度,而且可提高模型匹配的效率和精度,缩短模型匹配的时间。     

基于平面曲面化的三维人脸建模方法

通过一幅正面人脸照片或者两副正交人脸照片得到人脸的参数,采用基于照片的特征点及轮廓参数提取的方法建立与原型三维人脸模型之间的匹配对齐,应用MPEG-4中定义的三维人脸参数,驱动三维模型生成真实感人脸,提出了一种平面曲面化人脸形变模型.结果证实该方法计算量大大减少,该方法不仅可以进行有效的真实感三维人脸建模,而且变形简单流畅,具有广阔的应用前景.     

基于照片的个性化人脸建模系统研究

三维个性化人脸建模一直是计算机图形学中一个具有挑战性的课题。论文建立了一个基于照片的个性化人脸建模通用系统。根据MPEG-4确定出标准模型特征点的位置,从正面和侧面两幅照片出发,进行特征点编辑,获取人脸的关键特征点的位置,然后对标有对应特征点的标准模型进行变形,进行纹理映射,最后获得了真实的个性化人脸模型。该系统操作方便,可以快速地建立个性化人脸模型,为三维人脸动画提供了真实模型。     

改进的基于形变模型的三维人脸建模方法

提出了基于均匀网格重采样算法的原型三维人脸对应算法. 基于人脸特征实现原型三维人脸之间的对应, 克服了传统对应算法对应效果差，算法精度低的缺陷；提出了基于改进遗传算法的形变模型匹配算法. 新的匹配算法不依赖于目标函数的梯度信息和初值，全局搜索能力强. 优化过程中交叉和变异概率的调节机制，有效提高了算法的收敛速度和精度. 实验结果表明，新的对应算法可有效实现原型三维人脸之间的对应，提高形变模型的精度. 新的匹配算法能有效提高模型匹配的效率和精度，缩短模型匹配时间.     

改进的统计模型三维人脸特征点标定算法框架

自动三维人脸特征点标定是计算机视觉领域的研究热点,其广泛应用于人脸识别,人脸模型配准,表情识别,脸部动画等领域。通过对三维人脸样本统计建模,采用遗传算法对待匹配模型的生成数目进行参数优化,利用模型相似性匹配方法及其映射关系对三维人脸特征点进行自动标定。首先,对三维人脸数据预处理,然后对其统计建模并通过模型形变得到有映射关系的基准模型和待匹配模型。利用遗传算法对待匹配模型中的待匹配模型生成数目参数进行优化,生成与之对应的待匹配模型数;接着计算待测模型与待匹配模型的相似度。最后,利用模型相似度和模型映射关系,间接得到待测模型的特征点。实验结果表明,提出的算法是可行的,能够在一定程度上提高原有算法的效率。该算法可以自动标定三维人脸模型的特征点,当距离阈值为10像素时,39个三维人脸特征点定位的准确率都可以达到100%,并有效解决了传统方法中三维人脸模型平滑区域特征点精度不高的问题。     

基于压缩感知理论的3维人脸快速重建

形变模型是当前人脸重建研究中的一种主要方法。针对形变模型方法中模型构建的缺陷,提出一种基于压缩感知理论的快速三维人脸重建方法。首先,利用压缩感知理论估计三维原型人脸与目标人脸的形状相似性,根据相似性对原型样本进行筛选并构建相应的形变模型,提高建模精度和效率;然后,利用特征点信息进行稀疏模型匹配,并结合径向基函数插值重建生成特定的三维人脸,提高重建表面的平滑性。在BJUT三维数据库和CAS_PEAL二维数据库上的实验结果表明,与经典方法相比,本文方法能够有效地提高重建精度和速度,重建人脸具有较强真实感。     

基于形变模型的三维人脸重建方法及其改进

形变模型（morphable model）是近几年出现的三维人脸建模新方法．该方法使用原型人脸的组合表示新的人脸,对于特定人脸图像,通过模型匹配实现了三维人脸的自动重建．虽然形变模型具有自动化、真实感好等优点,但现有形变模型的建立依赖于不稳定的人脸图像对应光流算法,模型匹配只考虑了一般光照环境下的人脸重建问题,且建模计算量大．针对以上问题,文章对形变模型进行了改进：提出了网格重采样的方法,实现了模型人脸数据的精确对应;建立了多分辨率的三维人脸模型;在模型匹配过程中采用了多光源光照模型,使模型可适用于复杂光照环境下的人脸重建．实验结果表明,上述改进可以有效提高模型匹配的效率和准确性以及模型对光照的适应性．     

从视频中恢复三维人脸的实时方法

三维人脸恢复是视觉交互的一个难点问题,提出了一种从视频中实时恢复三维人脸的新方法.该方法利用主动形状模型进行人脸特征点提取和跟踪,确保了三维形状恢复和特征跟踪的有效性和一致性;采用非刚体形状和运动估计方法构建三维形变基,有效地适应人脸形状变化的多样性;采用非线性优化算法估算人脸姿态和三维形变基参数,实现了三维人脸形状和姿态的实时恢复.实验结果表明,该方法不仅能从视频中实时恢复三维人脸模型,而且可有效跟踪人脸各种姿态的变化.     

基于二维图像的三维人脸建模技术

建立三维人脸模型和表情动画是计算机图形学领域的一个研究热点。文章提出了一种基于二维图像的三维人脸建模方法,首先在给定的人脸的正侧面照片上提取事先定义好的反映人脸特征的特征点信息,与一个一般人脸模型上对应点的信息进行比较和修改,得到反映给定人脸特征的特定人脸模型。最后使用纹理映射技术给特定人脸模型添加纹理信息,形成真实感的虚拟三维人脸模型。     

Efficient generic face model fitting to images and videos

In this paper we present a robust and lightweight method for the automatic fitting of deformable 3D face models on facial images. Popular fitting techniques such as those based on statistical models of shape and appearance require a training stage based on a set of facial images and their corresponding facial landmarks, which have to be manually labeled. Therefore, new images in which to fit the model cannot differ too much in shape and appearance (including illumination variation, facial hair, wrinkles, etc.) from those used for training. By contrast, our approach can fit a generic face model in two steps: (1) the detection of facial features based on local image gradient analysis and (2) the backprojection of a deformable 3D face model through the optimization of its deformation parameters. The proposed approach can retain the advantages of both learning-free and learning-based approaches. Thus, we can estimate the position, orientation, shape and actions of faces, and initialize user-specific face tracking approaches, such as Online Appearance Models (OAMs), which have shown to be more robust than generic user tracking approaches. Experimental results show that our method outperforms other fitting alternatives under challenging illumination conditions and with a computational cost that allows its implementation in devices with low hardware specifications, such as smartphones and tablets. Our proposed approach lends itself nicely to many frameworks addressing semantic inference in face images and videos.     

A hierarchical dense deformable model for 3D face reconstruction from skull

3D face reconstruction from skull has been investigated deeply by computer scientists in the past two decades because it is important for identification. The dominant methods construct 3D face from the soft tissue thickness measured at a set of landmarks on skull. The quantity and position of the landmarks are very vital for 3D face reconstruction, but there is no uniform standard for the selection of the landmarks. Additionally, the acquirement of the landmarks on skull is difficult without manual assistance. In this paper, an automatic 3D face reconstruction method based on a hierarchical dense deformable model is proposed. To construct the model, the skull and face samples are acquired by CT scanner and represented as dense triangle mesh. Then a non-rigid dense mesh registration algorithm is presented to align all the samples in point-to-point correspondence. Based on the aligned samples, a global deformable model is constructed, and three local models are constructed from the segmented patches of the eye, nose and mouth. For a given skull, the globe and local deformable models are iteratively matched with it, and the reconstructed facial surface is obtained by fusing the globe and local reconstruction results. To validate the presented method, a measurement in the coefficient domain of a face deformable model is defined. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method has good performance for 3D face reconstruction from skull.     

Deformation modeling for robust 3D face matching

Face recognition based on 3D surface matching is promising for overcoming some of the limitations of current 2D image-based face recognition systems. The 3D shape is generally invariant to the pose and lighting changes, but not invariant to the non-rigid facial movement, such as expressions. Collecting and storing multiple templates to account for various expressions for each subject in a large database is not practical. We propose a facial surface modeling and matching scheme to match 2.5D facial scans in the presence of both non-rigid deformations and pose changes (multiview) to a 3D face template. A hierarchical geodesic-based resampling approach is applied to extract landmarks for modeling facial surface deformations. We are able to synthesize the deformation learned from a small group of subjects (control group) onto a 3D neutral model (not in the control group), resulting in a deformed template. A user-specific (3D) deformable model is built by combining the templates with synthesized deformations. The matching distance is computed by fitting this generative deformable model to a test scan. A fully automatic and prototypic 3D face matching system has been developed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed deformation modeling scheme increases the 3D face matching accuracy.     

3D face computational photography using PCA spaces

In this paper, we present a 3D face photography system based on a facial expression training dataset, composed of both facial range images (3D geometry) and facial texture (2D photography). The proposed system allows one to obtain a 3D geometry representation of a given face provided as a 2D photography, which undergoes a series of transformations through the texture and geometry spaces estimated. In the training phase of the system, the facial landmarks are obtained by an active shape model (ASM) extracted from the 2D gray-level photography. Principal components analysis (PCA) is then used to represent the face dataset, thus defining an orthonormal basis of texture and another of geometry. In the reconstruction phase, an input is given by a face image to which the ASM is matched. The extracted facial landmarks and the face image are fed to the PCA basis transform, and a 3D version of the 2D input image is built. Experimental tests using a new dataset of 70 facial expressions belonging to ten subjects as training set show rapid reconstructed 3D faces which maintain spatial coherence similar to the human perception, thus corroborating the efficiency and the applicability of the proposed system.     

Facial landmarks detection using improved active shape model on android platform

Detection of facial feature is fundamental for applications such as security, biometrics, 3D face modeling and personal authentication. Active Shape Model (ASM) is one of the most popular local texture models for face detection. This paper presents an issue related to face detection based on ASM, and proposes an efficient extraction algorithm for facial landmarks suitable for use on mobile devices. We modifies the original ASM to improve its performance with three changes; (1) Improving the initialization model using the center of the eyes by using a feature map of color information, (2) Constructing modified model definition and fitting more landmarks than the classical ASM, and (3) Extending and building a 2-D profile model for detecting faces in input image. The proposed method is evaluated on dataset containing over 700 images of faces, and experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm exhibited a significant improvement of over 10.2 % in average success ratio, compared to the classic ASM, clearly outperforming on success rate and computing time.     

基于形变模型的真实感三维人脸动画研究

论文提出了一种新的基于三维人脸形变模型,并兼容于MPEG-4的三维人脸动画模型。采用基于均匀网格重采样的方法建立原型三维人脸之间的对齐,应用MPEG-4中定义的三维人脸动画规则,驱动三维模型自动生成真实感人脸动画。给定一幅人脸图像,三维人脸动画模型可自动重建其真实感的三维人脸,并根据FAP参数驱动模型自动生成人脸动画。     

Annotated face model-based alignment: a robust landmark-free pose estimation approach for 3D model registration

Registering a 3D facial model onto a 2D image is important for constructing pixel-wise correspondences between different facial images. The registration is based on a 3 \(\times \) 4 dimensional projection matrix, which is obtained from pose estimation. Conventional pose estimation approaches employ facial landmarks to determine the coefficients inside the projection matrix and are sensitive to missing or incorrect landmarks. In this paper, a landmark-free pose estimation method is presented. The method can be used to estimate the matrix when facial landmarks are not available. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms several landmark-free pose estimation methods and achieves competitive accuracy in terms of estimating pose parameters. The method is also demonstrated to be effective as part of a 3D-aided face recognition pipeline (UR2D), whose rank-1 identification rate is competitive to the methods that use landmarks to estimate head pose.     

Nearest neighbor weighted average customization for modeling faces

In this paper, we present an anatomically accurate generic wireframe face model and an efficient customization method for modeling human faces. We use a single 2D image for customization of the generic model. We employ perspective projection to estimate 3D coordinates of the 2D facial landmarks in the image. The non-landmark vertices of the 3D model are shifted using the translations of k nearest landmark vertices, inversely weighted by the square of their distances. We demonstrate on Photoface and Bosphorus 3D face data sets that the proposed method achieves substantially low relative error values with modest time complexity.     

Bilinear Models for 3-D Face and Facial Expression Recognition

In this paper, we explore bilinear models for jointly addressing 3-D face and facial expression recognition. An elastically deformable model algorithm that establishes correspondence among a set of faces is proposed first and then bilinear models that decouple the identity and facial expression factors are constructed. Fitting these models to unknown faces enables us to perform face recognition invariant to facial expressions and facial expression recognition with unknown identity. A quantitative evaluation of the proposed technique is conducted on the publicly available BU-3DFE face database in comparison with our previous work on face recognition and other state-of-the-art algorithms for facial expression recognition. Experimental results demonstrate an overall 90.5% facial expression recognition rate and an 86% rank-1 face recognition rate.