全面建成小康社会目标对福建电力发展之思考

分析全面建成小康社会福建省的电力需求情况和发展要求,并探讨福建电力的发展目标及实施方案。     

绿色电力营销 可再生能源发展的市场动力

本文从分析中国可再生能源发展的障碍入手,指出现有电力销售机制及电价形成机制是可再生电力发展的瓶颈,也使得目前中国旨在促进可再生能源扩大规模、降低成本的政策无法得到有效的实施。根据迈克尔·波特的竞争战略理论,采用绿色电力营销的标歧立异战略,能帮助可再生能源发电产业在一定细分市场内建立相对于传统电力的竞争优势,同时也可克服现有电力销售机制的局限。一方面可再生电力与普通电力的差价由自愿购买的用户承担,避免每上一个可再生能源项目就需要提高全网电价的做法,是对现有体制的创新,同时也大大降低交易成本;另一方面差价取决于用户的支付意愿,差价越低,用户的支付意愿越高,市场越大;差价越高,支付意愿越低,市场越小,有利于形成竞争局面,促使可再生能源发电厂商降低发电成本。本文建议应当鼓励北京、上海等大城市的电力公司率先启动绿色电力营销计划,并为绿色电力营销创造良好的市场环境。     

美国绿色电力市场的发展

绿色电力在美国发展迅速,到2003年3月美国在电力市场中开展绿色价格项目的电力公司已达300家以上。随着电力零售市场的开放,美国在绿色电力推广过程中应用绿色电力价格,为用户提供了机会去支持电力公司加大可再生能源发展的基金。在绿色电力价格中通过用户参与、NGO协调及绿色电力认证等形式使得美国的绿色电力营销取得良好效果。     

适应我国全面建设小康社会的电力需求分析

本文根据党的十六大提出的全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标和未来二十年我国经济建设的主要任务,通过对改革开放以来我国电力需求增长的历史、我国电力需求与经济增长的关系、发达国家达到小康社会或基本实现现代化时用电水平的分析,提出了未来二十年我国实现全面小康社会时的电力需求水平,并提出了为满足全面小康社会电力需求需要进一步研究的问题。     

绿色能源发展展望

介绍绿色能源的种类，提出为可持续发展应大力发展绿色能源。     

绿色电力

利用特定的发电设备，如风机、太阳能光伏电池等可再生的能源转化成电能，通过这种方式产生的电力而其发电过程中不产生或很少产生对环境有害的排放物(一氧化氮、二氧化氮、温室气体二氧化碳；造成酸雨的二氧化硫等)，且不需消耗化石燃料，节省了有限的资源储备。这种来自于可再生能源的电力更有利于环境保护和可持续发展，因此被称为绿色电力。     

清洁电力的前景展望

阐述了我国能源和电力的需求趋势,详细分析了水电、核电、风电和光伏发电等清洁电力的发展趁势。提出2050年我国节能型社会的能耗应为40亿 t 标准煤左右;2020年国内经济翻两番,能耗最多只能翻一番;2020年电力装机达9亿 kW,清洁电力装机应在1亿 kW 以上。     

我国电力发展与西北电力展望

进入21世纪,我国电力快速发展。从2000年到2007年,我国电力平均年增12．8％,比我国50多年来电力平均增长速度高1．1个百分点左右。其中2006年、2007年2年平均增速14．5％,2007年达15．6％的新高峰。2007年1年新增电量4400多亿kW·h,新增装机容量达1．1亿kW·h左右,把我国电力增长推向本周期的顶峰,到达了拐点。但是我国总体用电水平仍然不高,2007年我国人均用电量只有2470kW·h．不到世界平均水平的75％,只有日本的1／4,美国的1／7;人均生活用电只有271kW·h,生活用电只占总电量的11％,仍处于较低的水平。中国电力还要随着经济社会的发展而不断发展,人均生活用电还将有一个大的提高,我国的电力还将有大的发展,并可能会保持相当长时间。     

电力科学技术的成就和展望

总结了我国电力工业在“八五”期间依靠科学技术所取得的各项成绩,重点介绍了火电技术、水电技术、电网技术、核电及新能源技术等几个方面。同时提出了“九五”期间电力科技发展的指导思想。     

面向2050年的中国电力发展展望

电力转型是我国能源转型的重要环节。本文基于自主开发的适合我国中长期电力发展的源网荷储协调规划模型,将各类电源、骨干电网、需求侧资源与储能等统筹考虑,在计及相关发展目标与约束条件的情况下进行系统整体优化,求解了我国当前至2050年电力系统发展优化方案,可为研判我国电力系统发展路径、制定合理转型政策提供量化参考。     

核动力舰船发展前景展望

对以核动力航空母舰及核潜艇为代表的核动力舰船的技术特点及其技术发展进行介绍,重点对其未来应用前景进行了展望。核动力装置可有效提升舰船的续航能力及自持力,同时节省了燃料空间,从而可携带更多武器弹药并提升作战能力,一定程度上也可改善全舰的隐蔽性。尽管目前依然存在成本高昂及核安全等诸多技术难题,但随着相关技术的不断发展与完善,核动力舰船必将在海防领域起到重要作用。     

Design optimization for the hybrid power system of a green building

This paper proposes an optimal design procedure for a green building equipped with renewable energy, energy storages, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). First, we introduce the hybrid power system of the green building and construct a simulation model using Matlab/SimPowerSystem?. The model parameters are tuned so that the system responses can be estimated without extensive experiments in the optimization processes. Second, we define the cost and reliability indexes to optimize the system design using three steps: component selection, component sizing, and power management (PM) adjustment. We further define the safety index to evaluate the system's sustainability under extreme conditions when no renewable energy is available. Last, we apply the proposed procedures to the green building and demonstrate the benefits of the optimal design. The proposed method can be directly applied to develop customized hybrid power systems in the future.     

The value of photovoltaic electricity for society

This paper addresses several issues to be considered when assessing the value of PV electricity. The value of PV has been examined from various perspectives—consumer, utility, and environmental—and for central and decentralized PV systems. Aggregating these benefits leads to the value of PV for society. In this context, economic and ecological aspects have been considered. furthermore, feedback from consumers drawing electricity directly from the sun have been taken into account. This is expressed mainly as energy conservation and load-shift effects triggered by changes in consumer behaviour due to decentralized PV systems. Finally, it is proposed that, collectively, the benefits of PV systems will ensure its continued promotion and development as an energy resource, resulting in a presumably slow but steady increase in market penetration.     

Prospects for secure and sustainable electricity supply for Pakistan

Fossil fuel reserves are diminishing rapidly across the world, intensifying the stress on existing reserves day-by-day due to increased demand. Not only that, fossil fuels, presently contributing to 80% of world primary energy, are inflicting enormous impacts on environment. Energy sector has a key role in this regard since energy during its production, distribution and consumption is responsible for producing environmentally harmful substances. There is an urgent need for a quicker switch over of energy systems from conventional to renewables that are sustainable and can meet the present and projected world energy demand. Hydrogen, in the capacity of energy vector and storage medium is expected to be the optimum solution for intermittency and storage of energy produced by renewables. Within the context of Pakistan solar and wind power are two of the most promising renewables.In this article, the current energy consumption for Pakistan is presented and the issue of security of electrical energy supply is discussed. Furthermore, the prospects for a large-scale switch over to renewables are also addressed and the relevant economies and underpinning rationale provided. It has been found that solar energy is a much more economical choice for Pakistan as compared to wind energy-respective costs for solar and wind energy are (US cents/kWh) 20 and 77. This is due to the fact barring the four monsoon months, the average wind speed for the remaining 8 months does not cross an economic threshold. On the contrary, it was found that solar energy has a fairly stable and consistent availability.     

浅析我国能源产业发展与和谐社会建设

本文阐述了能源产业在建设和谐社会中的作用与地位,以及能源资源开发、配置的利益格局与社会和谐问题。指出当前我国能源产业垄断性与社会和谐性之间的主要矛盾,从而需要进一步拓展能源经济社会学的研究。     

Simulating price patterns for tradable green certificates to promote electricity generation from wind

This article uses computer simulation to anticipate the price dynamics in a market for Tradable Green Certificates (TGCs). These markets have been used in Europe to promote generation of electricity from renewable resources like wind. Similar markets have been proposed in the United States of America (USA) where the certificates are called Renewable Energy Credits (RECs). The certificates are issued to the generating companies for each megawatt-hour of renewable electricity generation. The companies may sell the certificates in a market, and the revenues from certificate sales provide an extra incentive to invest in new generating capacity. Proponents argue that this market-based incentive can be designed to support government mandates for a growing fraction of electricity generation from renewable sources. In the USA, these mandates are set by the states and are known as Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS).     

光伏发电系统在某三星级绿色建筑中的应用分析

可再生能源利用是绿色建筑的重要内容之一,对于办公类建筑,光伏发电是主要的可再生能源利用形式。对某绿色建筑项目的光伏发电系统的设计及运营1年的实际发电量进行介绍,为光伏发电系统在类似项目中的应用提供了依据。     

Policy considerations for a sprouting UK green electricity market

Green electricity (GE) is a generic term for electricity generated from clean, environmentally preferable energy sources. Because of its low-to-zero carbon content, the use of GE is seen as a desirable and important option for the UK's carbon emission reduction strategy. Since 1999 GE has been available to all customers in the UK. The market has had positive beginnings with almost all electricity suppliers offering a green electricity product. Marketing has been launched and consumers are beginning to make the switch to green electricity despite the premium charged. An accreditation scheme guarantees that the green purchases match power entering the grid. While the groundwork has been set for a progressive market to emerge, recent energy policy proposals may undermine the progress made. The Utilities Bill and Climate Change Levy, despite aiming to support renewables, are introducing a number of uncertainties to the market, while the New Electricity Trading Arrangement undermines the growth of some renewables altogether. These uncertainties mean there is some question about where the potential for this market lies. Research carried out by the Environmental Change Institute examines the developments of the UK's GE market; it traces past and present policies and identifies policy options for the promotion of this sector in future.     

天然气发电的环境价值

天然气发电具有显著的环境效益。传统的环境影响评价未能将这个环境效益货币化 ,导致天然气发电的环境价值被无偿占有。应用环境经济学理论评估天然气发电的环境价值 ,结果表明 :相对常规煤电而言 ,天然气发电的环境价值不容忽视 ,其贡献值达到 8.96 39分 / (k W· h)。这为电力市场下的环境价值交易提供了参考依据。     

Prospects of renewable energy utilisation for electricity generation in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has been facing a power crisis for about a decade, mainly because of inadequate power generation capacity compared with demand and the ageing infrastructure of many existing power generation facilities. Only 20% of the total population are connected to grid electricity—25% in urban areas and a mere 10% in rural areas where 80% of the total population resides. Currently, most power plants in Bangladesh (representing 84.5% of the total installed capacity) use natural gas—the main commercial primary energy source, with limited national reserves—as a fuel. Electricity supply to low-load rural and remote areas is characterised by high transmission and distribution costs and transmission losses, and heavily subsidised pricing.Renewable energy sources in Bangladesh, particularly biomass, can play a major role to meet electricity demands in the rural and remote areas of the country. The current study indicates that in 2003, the national total generation and recovery rates of biomass in Bangladesh were 148.983 and 86.276 Mtonne, respectively. In energy term, the national annual amount of the recoverable biomass is equivalent to 312.613 TWh. Considering the present national consumption of biomass, total available biomass resources potential for electricity generation vary from 183.865 to 223.794 TWh. Biomass energy potential in the individual districts of the country has been estimated for the planning small- to medium-scale biomass-to-electricity plants.