全景图自动生成算法中几个相关问题的研究

本文以未知环境下移动机器人导航技术的研究为背着，研究了移动机器人单目视觉下全景图自动生成的方法。本文设计一种针对彩色图像的柱面全景图自动拼接的新方法，该方法允许图像有一定的倾斜、旋转和变形，允许相邻图像之间有一定的色差。     

基于场景匹配的移动机器人避障

研究环境未知情况下移动机器人的避障问题，提出一种基于模糊场景匹配的移动机器人避障方法．该方法对多种传感器的信息进行融合，生成当前环境的场景并与场景库中的场景进行匹配，利用匹配结果并通过模糊控制器得到机器人的运动参数，对机器人的避障进行控制,实验结果表明了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

室内环境下基于图像序列拓扑关系的移动机器人全局定位

针对室内环境结构相似的特点,提出一种基于图像序列拓扑关系的移动机器人全局定位算法.首先,提取图像的Gist描述子,并提出一种局部极值算法,将环境划分成若干组不同的图像序列.然后,使用ESN(echo state network)对每一组图像序列在时间上进行双序训练,提取鲁棒的图像序列特征,再利用空间上的双向匹配策略实现图像序列特征的匹配.最后,采用HMM(hidden Markov model)对图像序列间的拓扑关系进行建模,将移动机器人全局定位问题转化成有向无环图中最长路径求解问题,并通过实验对该图像序列划分和序列建模方法进行验证.与基于单帧图像匹配的算法、SeqSLAM算法以及Fast-SeqSLAM算法相比,该算法在室内走廊环境和办公环境中均可实现100%的定位.特别是在室内办公环境中,机器人仅需要运动0.80 m便可以对自身进行准确定位.实验结果表明,该算法具有较强的鲁棒性、较高的定位准确性和定位效率.     

基于霍夫空间模型匹配的移动机器人全局定位方法

提出了一种基于霍夫（Hough）空间模型匹配的全局定位方法．该方法将经典Hough变换引入移动机器人全局定位,利用摄像机获取外界环境的局部地图特征,与给定环境模型（全局地图）在Hough空间进行匹配,由Hough变换可分解性及环境模型相关性分别获取机器人可能的位姿信息,并用一系列高斯值表示,借助求取的位姿方差及其概率分布以及给定环境模型信息剔除不可能位姿,从而最终实现移动机器人全局定位．该方法尤其适用于室内结构化环境. 实验结果表明该方法具有良好的性能．     

一种基于图像的移动机器人泊位方法

提出一种新的移动机器人泊位方法. 该方法采用一幅预先采集的参考图像定义机器人的期望泊位状 态（期望的位置和方向）,利用尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）算法和基于双向BBF 的特征匹配算法实现泊位站当前图 像与参考图像之间的匹配以获取视觉反馈信息,基于极点伺服策略根据参考图像准直机器人,采用质心跟踪法防止 目标图像出视场,采用RANSAC 算法求解当前图像与参考图像间的仿射变换,利用一个末段控制策略实现精确泊 位．本文方法不需要环境模型或人工标记．室内环境下的实验结果证实了该方法的有效性．     

基于形变模型的三维人脸重建方法及其改进

形变模型（morphable model）是近几年出现的三维人脸建模新方法．该方法使用原型人脸的组合表示新的人脸,对于特定人脸图像,通过模型匹配实现了三维人脸的自动重建．虽然形变模型具有自动化、真实感好等优点,但现有形变模型的建立依赖于不稳定的人脸图像对应光流算法,模型匹配只考虑了一般光照环境下的人脸重建问题,且建模计算量大．针对以上问题,文章对形变模型进行了改进：提出了网格重采样的方法,实现了模型人脸数据的精确对应;建立了多分辨率的三维人脸模型;在模型匹配过程中采用了多光源光照模型,使模型可适用于复杂光照环境下的人脸重建．实验结果表明,上述改进可以有效提高模型匹配的效率和准确性以及模型对光照的适应性．     

基于无标定显微视觉伺服的零件微装配

为完成微小零件的装配操作,获得高效的微装配性能和避免复杂的摄像机标定工作,提出了基于BROYDEN方法的图像雅可比矩阵在线辨识模型．为了实现在线辨识快速收敛的目的,应用切比雪夫多项式构成了待辨识的图像雅可比矩阵的成本函数来逼近最优值．采用辨识的图像雅可比矩阵,设计了PD控制器,该控制器满足了系统的快速性和平滑性控制要求．在显微视觉环境下,完成了不同倍率物镜下微操作机械手自动定位与夹取三维微小零件的视觉伺服任务．实验结果表明,所提方法具有较好的鲁棒性和满意的执行效果,达到了系统应用要求．     

动机器人视觉图像特征提取与匹配算法*

针对移动机器人导航过程中视觉图像处理速度慢以及特征点提取与匹配实时性和准确性差等特点,提出了一种基于SIFT特征提取算法与KD树搜索匹配算法相结合的新方法,通过对候选特征点进行多次模糊处理,使其分布在高斯差分图像的灰度轮廓线边缘,利用SIFT特征提取算法找到满足极限约束的极值点;通过KD树最邻近点搜索和匹配算法使处理后的特征点与原始图像进行特征匹配,快速找出匹配正确的特征点。实验证明,该方法对环境光照、视野角度频繁变化的环境具有较强的鲁棒性,能够满足移动机器人自主导航过程中对视频图像处理的实时性和准确性     

基于动态模板匹配的移动机器人目标识别

将视觉显著性与基于动态模板匹配的目标识别方法相结合,提出了一种适用于未知环境下的移动机器人目标识别方法.具体而言,首先设计了基于分布式控制的移动机器人视觉系统,提高了视频处理效率;之后利用基于背景先验的显著性检测方法对图像进行预处理,排除了相对次要的背景区域;最后对处理后的图像进行动态模板匹配,提高了目标识别的准确率.实验结果表明,该方法能够满足移动机器人在目标识别过程中对图像处理的实时性和准确性的要求,具有良好的有效性.     

面向拥挤环境的移动机器人改进粒子滤波定位

在动态变化的拥挤环境中,移动机器人的传统地图匹配定位算法会由于观测信息的剧烈变化,导致定位性能明显下降甚至完全失效.对此本文提出了一种基于可定位性估计的改进粒子滤波定位算法.本算法一方面借助观测模型的可定位性矩阵估计激光测距仪观测数据的可信度,另一方面通过预测模型的协方差矩阵估计里程计数据的可信度,进而根据这两个指标调节观测信息对预测位姿的修正值.在多种典型走廊环境中,与经典粒子滤波定位算法做了对比实验,结果表明了本文算法对提高复杂环境下移动机器人定位性能的有效性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.