PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION INFLUENCE IN HIGH-SPEED EROSION OF ALUMINIUM

The paper discusses the influence of the abrasive particle-size distribution on typical high speed abrasive-waterjet erosion parameters. The size distributions of the used abrasive particles are modelled by a Rosin-Rammler-Sperling (RRSB) grain-size distribution containing the distribution parameters D and n. Both parameters are independently varied to characterise different particle-size distributions. Aluminium specimens are eroded by abrasive-waterjets at velocities of 320 m/s, and the erosion depth, depth distribution, and the surface roughness are measured. The depth distribution and the surface roughness are very sensitive to the particle-size distribution parameters, whereas the average erosion depth is not influenced significantly. These results offer the possibility to select an “optimum” grain-size distribution for maximum surface quality at fixed kinematics conditions.     

稀 Al 合金中溶质原子对疲劳早期阶段行为的影响

本文研究了退火 Al-0.025wt-%Mg 和99.6wt-%Al 多晶在疲劳早期阶段应力、内耗、超声衰减的变化,并与99.999wt-%Al 对比进行了讨论。结果表明,稀 Al 合金中少量溶质原子的存在提高应力的整体高度,推迟循环软化的出现,降低疲劳过程中的内耗值及超声衰减值。     

THE INFLUENCE OF AGE-HARDENING ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR IN 7075 ALUMINIUM ALLOY IN VACUUM

Abstract— The influence of age-hardening on the middle and low crack growth rates of a 7075 Al alloy is studied in vacuum. A transition in fracture surfaces morphology and crack growth curves is observed with the T 651 and T 7351 treatments in the near-threshold regime. Measurements of crack closure show its dependance on surfaces roughness and explain the lack of dependance of ΔK_th with load ratio, except for the T 7351 alloy. An equation of crack growth rate to the fourth power of ΔK_eff is in good agreement only with the crack propagation curves obtained for microstructure with an homogeneous deformation mode.     

STATISTICAL METHOD FOR OBTAINING PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF IDIOMORPHIC MINERALS BY MICROSCOPE ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT

A statistical method has been developed to determine the “in-situ” panicle size distribution for dimetric minerals with idiomorphic habit by means of a normal optical microscope complete with a camera attachment. The method has been applied to determine the particle-size distribution of rutile present in me “Pian Paludo” (Ligurian Alps) eclogites.     

变量相关情况下方差贡献的参数影响分析

为控制输出方差需进行输入变量对输出方差的贡献分析, 而输入变量对输出方差的贡献由其分布参数决定, 因此研究输入变量的分布参数对方差贡献的影响具有重要意义。该文针对二次不含交叉项的多项式, 将相关变量按照一定的次序变换成独立的变量, 推导了各变量对输出方差主贡献和总贡献对分布参数的灵敏度的解析解, 得到了基本正态相关变量的分布参数对方差贡献的影响的一般规律, 并对这些规律进行了分析解释, 指出了所得规律的应用价值。最后应用数值算例和工程算例验证了所推得解析解的正确性和合理性。     

高寒动车组车轮磨耗演变特性及其影响分析

对某线路上运行的高寒动车组车轮磨耗进行长期跟踪测试,得到车轮磨耗演变规律。将实测车轮踏面分别与CHN60轨和60 N轨匹配,分析车轮磨耗对轮轨接触几何关系和接触力学特性的影响。利用多体动力学软件SIMPACK建立车辆动力学仿真模型,研究车轮磨耗过程中车辆动力学性能的演变规律。研究结果表明：车轮踏面磨耗随运行里程呈线性增加趋势,动车和拖车平均磨耗速率分别为0.0434 mm/万千米和0.0398 mm/万千米,且几乎没有轮缘磨耗。等效锥度随运行里程呈前期增长较快后期平缓的非线性特性,且与CHN60匹配时等效锥度明显高于与60 N轨匹配。实测轮轨匹配下的力学特性及动力学性能均略有下降,车辆与60 N轨匹配时体现出更好的服役性能。     

热场分布对大直径CZSi单晶中氧含量的影响

为了降低大直径CZSi单晶生长过程中氧的引入,采用不同的热场,通过最优化方法,得到了适于大直径（154mm)晶体生长的热场温度分布,使熔体的纵向温度梯度下降,热对流减少,硅单晶中氧含量降低。     

高速铁路扣件弹条动力学分析

为了研究扣件弹条在高速列车动荷载作用下的振动特性,以我国高速铁路采用的Vossloh扣件弹条为研究对象,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立详细的扣件系统有限元模型,基于非线性接触理论与车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,研究弹条在安装过程中的受力及列车动荷载作用下的振动特性,并与现场实测结果进行了对比验证。结果表明：螺栓预压力施加到33kN时,弹条达到正常安装状态,此时弹条中圈环位移为20.3mm,弹条扣压力为13.8kN;考虑钢轨波磨情况下,弹条加速度和振动位移最大值分别约为3g、0.05mm,计算结果与实测结果在振动形态与幅值上均基本一致,弹条振动加速度与不考虑钢轨波磨下的结果相比约增大10倍,明显加剧了扣件弹条的振动,从而会加速弹条的疲劳损伤。     

FRACTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF FRETTING-WEAR AND FRETTING-FATIGUE IN ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Abstract —A fully age hardened Al-4%Cu-1%Mg alloy has been subjected to plain-fatigue and fretting-fatigue and the resulting fracture surfaces compared. Crack initiation in the plain-fatigue sample occurred at cracked inter-metallic inclusions and subsequent crack growth was at 90° to the surface. Crack initiation in the fretting-fatigue sample occurred at the edge of wear scar and subsequent crack growth was at 45° to the surface. Measurement of fatigue striation spacing on the fracture surfaces showed that, for the same applied stress, the initial crack propagation rate was an order of magnitude higher in the fretting-fatigue sample. This accelerated crack propagation rate was maintained until the crack reached a depth of 0.5–1.0 mm; thereafter the growth rate was the same as that in the plain-fatigue sample.     

碰撞对高铁简支桥梁横向地震响应影响的振动台试验研究

地震所导致的碰撞是影响桥梁结构地震响应的一个重要因素。该文以32 m标准跨径高铁简支梁桥为研究对象,按1/6缩尺比设计及制作了单跨桥梁振动台试验模型,并针对以往点-面接触碰撞测力装置不能真实反映原型结构碰撞接触形式的不足,设计了一种新型面-面接触的碰撞测力装置。通过振动台试验研究了桥梁模型在地震激励下的横向碰撞效应,并通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）从频域角度分析了碰撞对桥梁结构横向地震响应的影响。结果表明：新型测力装置能够较为准确地测得挡块与垫石之间的碰撞力时程;挡块与垫石间的碰撞限制了墩梁间的横向相对位移的发展,但会放大桥墩墩底弯矩响应和梁体加速度响应。在不考虑挡块时,桥梁结构的地震响应功率谱在低频区（结构基频附近）具有较高的幅值,即地震响应主要受结构基频控制;而在设置挡块后,碰撞改变了地震响应的频率分布,在高频区的功率谱幅值明显增大。     

铆钉分布形式对自冲铆接头力学性能的影响

该文采用Landmark试验机对5052铝合金自冲铆接头进行力学性能测试来研究铆钉分布形式对自冲铆接头力学性能的影响。获得了单铆钉自冲铆(简称SR)接头、横向分布双铆钉自冲铆(DRT)接头和纵向分布双铆钉自冲铆(DRL)接头的静力学和疲劳性能,采用正态分布和威布尔分布对试验数据进行分析检验其有效性。结果表明：DRT接头静强度约为SR接头的2倍;DRL接头静强度约为SR接头的1.9倍。DRL接头比DRT接头具有更好的能量吸收能力。双铆钉自冲铆接头的疲劳性能优于SR接头。铆钉分布形式对接头疲劳变形量影响较小,但是对寿命影响较大。当疲劳载荷较高时,DRL接头可提高疲劳寿命。随着疲劳载荷降低,DRT接头可显著增加疲劳寿命。     

桥梁风屏障的气动效应及其对高速列车运行安全的影响分析

基于风-车-桥系统动力分析模型,分析了风屏障对车桥系统气动效应及桥上高速行驶车辆运行安全性的影响。以新建兰新铁路百里风区跨度16 m简支槽形梁为工程背景,通过风洞试验测试了有、无风屏障时车辆、桥梁的三分力系数,然后对强侧风作用下车辆通过桥梁时的动力响应进行了数值模拟,综合分析得到了保证列车在桥上运行安全的风速-车速阈值曲线。结果表明,对未设置风屏障的桥梁,当风速超过15 m/s即应限速行驶;而设置风屏障后,桥上车辆的运行安全性指标得到了极大地改善,即使风速达到40 m/s,列车仍可以260 km/h的速度安全运行。     

箱梁表面的压力分布对颤振稳定性的影响EI北大核心CSCD

该文建立了箱梁表面压力与颤振导数之间的数学关系,探讨了表面压力的分布特性对箱梁颤振导数和颤振临界风速的影响。结合流固松耦合的计算方法,利用动网格技术模拟了箱梁的风致振动。采用分块分析方法研究了箱梁表面压力的局部特性对颤振导数以及系统振动能量的影响。研究结果表明:箱梁迎风侧风嘴附近的分布压力对模型振动的稳定性产生了不利的影响,而模型尾部的压力则有助于提高系统的颤振临界风速。当迎风侧的分布压力向模型尾部移动时,对箱梁颤振稳定性影响较大的颤振导数则会发生较显著的变化,箱梁的颤振临界风速也随之增加,因此断面迎风侧风嘴附近区域的分布压力对颤振导数和系统振动的稳定性影响最大。另外,迎风侧风嘴附近的区域也是振动系统吸收气动能量的主要部位,而箱梁尾部风嘴附近的区域则消耗系统的振动能量。箱梁表面压力与模型振动最大位移之间的相位差对颤振导数有较大影响,当相位差沿断面呈反对称分布,并使气动阻尼始终为负时,则有利于箱梁颤振的稳定性。     

X小角散射中的干涉效应

在X小角散射中，多用Guinier近似法求粒度分布，一般都认为角度越小，则近似程度越高，但实际上这个近似是在忽略了粒子间干涉效应的前提下得到的，而角度越小则干涉效应就越大，因而不能认为角度越小越好。且随着测量技术的提高，可测的角度也越来越小，测得的干涉部分就越多，因而不能用最小角处的数据，而应用无干涉的稍大角区的测量信息，或设法将干涉部分去掉。     

ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY OF SMALL CRACK GROWTH IN 7075 ALUMINIUM ALLOY

Fatigue propagation tests on artificial short cracks (initial length ? 0.15 mm) were performed in vacuum and in nitrogen containing small traces of water vapour (? 3 ppm) on a high strength aluminium alloy type 7075 in two aged conditions (T651 and T7351) at a load ratio of 0.1 and a frequency of 35 Hz. A predominant influence of environment was determined for short crack growth. This behaviour has been discussed in terms of crack growth rate versus the effective stress intensity factor range relationship previously determined for long cracks. The results obtained suggest the absence of closure at the early stage of short crack growth with an enhanced environmental influence as compared to long crack behaviour at the same load ratio. As the crack grows the effect of closure increases progressively and the short crack effect disappears after a crack growth of the order of 1 mm.     

高密度聚乙烯在砂浆中磨蚀的研究

自制了一台有６只臂的旋臂式磨蚀仪，旋臂上的样条座可使样条只在指定的有效磨蚀面积上发生磨蚀。磨蚀试验相对误差约为３０％。实验结果在明，高密度聚乙烯５０００Ｓ、６０９８的磨蚀无差别，仅为Ａ３钢的１／８。这３种样品皆在３０～４５°冲击角度时有最大磨蚀。     

AN INVESTIGATION OF HIGH-SPEED FORMING OF CIRCULAR PLATES IN A LIQUID SHOCK TUBE

High-speed metal forming with liquid shock waves, generated non-explosively in a liquid shock tube, is a new field of study. The advantage of forming with liquid shock waves in a shock tube in comparison to explosive forming is better control and increased safety. This paper describes the experimental set-up of the liquid shock tube and presents the results of experiments performed with fully clamped circular copper disks subjected to the impulsive load of the liquid shock wave. The strain conditions of the deformed disks are determined and the deformation energy is calculated. A theoretical approach is also given to predict the midpoint deflection of the specimen. The experiments show a good repeatability and the calculated deformation energy and the predicted midpoint deflections reveal a good agreement with the experiments. The deformation process of the metal disks during the impact of the liquid shock wave is investigated with a high-speed video camera. From the experiments the local and the average deformation velocities and the strain rates are determined. The pictures of the deforming plate also reveal a plastic hinge, which was theoretically predicted in literature.     

铝硅合金热疲劳过程的应力应变分析

对铝硅合金进行了热疲劳模拟实验和应力、应变分析。铝硅合金的导热系数高,高温弹性模量低,温度涨落过程产生的宏观热应力低于同一温度下合金的屈服应力和疲劳极限;而铝、硅热膨胀系数的差异将在铝硅相界等局部区域产生远大于宏观热应力的微观热应力,并因此萌生热疲劳裂纹。通过变质工艺改变硅相形态,可改善合金的抗热疲劳性能。     

复合材料高速船极限承载能力计算与可靠性分析

本文探讨复合材料高速船极限承载能力与可靠性。将Johnson梁柱极限强度公式推广应用于复合材料帽形加筋板格的极限强度分析,船体失效定义为船体所遭受的总纵冲击弯矩超过甲板/船底帽形加筋板格的极限强度。采用响应面法分析了复合材料高速船船体的可靠性,并计算了各随机变量的重要性因子和不确定性因子。文中给出的结论对复合材料高速船船体设计和进一步研究具有参考意义。