Numerical study to predict the particle deposition under the influence of operating forces on a tilted surface in the turbulent flow

This study uses a v2-f turbulence model with a two-phase Eulerian approach. The v2-f model can accurately calculate the near wall fluctuations in y-direction, which mainly represent the anisotropic nature of turbulent flow. The model performance is examined by comparing the rate of particle deposition on a vertical surface with the experimental and numerical data in a turbulent channel flow available in the literature. The effects of lift, turbophoretic, electrostatic and Brownian forces together with turbulent diffusion are examined on the particle deposition rate. The influence of the tilt angle and surface roughness on the particle deposition rate were investigated. The results show that, using the v2-f model predicts the rate of deposition with reasonable accuracy. It is observed that in high relaxation time the effect of lift force on the particle deposition is very important. It is also indicated that decreasing the tilt angle from 90° to 0° enhances the deposition rate especially for large size particles. Furthermore, the results show that increasing the Reynolds number at a specific tilt angle decreases the rate of particle deposition and the tilt angle has insignificant impact on the particle deposition rate in high shear velocity or high Reynolds number.     

Effect of drag force modeling on the flow of electrostatically charged particles

In CFD simulations of two-phase flows, accurate drag force modeling is essential for predicting particle dynamics. However, a generally valid formulation is lacking, as all available drag force correlations have been established for specific flow situations. In particular, these correlations have not been evaluated for particle-laden flows subjected to electrostatic forces. The paper reports the effect of drag force modeling on the flow of electrically charged particles. To this end, we implemented different drag force correlations to the open-source CFD tool pafiX. Then, we performed highly-resolved Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) using the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach of a particle-laden channel flow with the friction Reynolds number of 180. The simulations generally revealed a strong influence of the precise drag correlation on particles in the near-wall region and a minor effect on the particles far from the walls. Due to their turbophoretic drift, particles accumulate close to the channel walls. For uncharged particles, the simulations show large deviations of the particle concentration profile in the near-wall region depending on the drag force correlation. Therefore, the disturbance of the flow surrounding a particle by a nearby wall or other particles is important for its drag. Driven by electrostatic forces, charged particles accumulate even closer to the wall. Contrary to the uncharged cases, when the particles carry a high charge (in our case one femto-coulomb), we found minor effects of drag force modeling on particle concentration profiles. In conclusion, for the investigated conditions, we propose to account for the effect of nearby particles and walls on the drag of low- or uncharged particles.     

Numerical Simulation of Particle Saltation Process

A numerical model for simulation of particle single-step saltation was developed. The model includes drag force, shear lift force, rotational lift force, buoyancy force, added mass force, and torque. The governing equations were solved using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme. The model was calibrated and verified using the experimental data. The computational results include particle trajectory, longitudinal velocity of particle and flow, relative velocity of particle and flow, dimensionless drag, and lift forces along the trajectory. Sensivity analysis was performed to determine the influence of various parameters. Saltation characteristics were also calculated for various Reynolds numbers in the range of 2.5 to 7.7. It was found that very close to the bed, drag force decreases as Reynolds number increases. An increase of about three times the Reynolds number has a decreasing effect of three times and two times on the drag and lift force, respectively. The influence of Reynolds number increase on the falling phase was less than that on the rising phase.     

Particle Transport and Deposition in a Duct Flow with a Rectangular Obstruction

The airflow field and particle trajectory and deposition in a duct with a rectangular obstruction were studied. The governing conservation equations of mass and momentum were discretized using a finite volume method, and the corresponding velocity vector and pressure fields were evaluated. The particle trajectories were evaluated by solving the Lagrangian equation of motion that included the drag, Saffman's lift, and gravity forces. Effects of different forces as well as the blockage and the obstruction aspect ratios on particle trajectory and deposition were analyzed for a Reynolds number of 200. The simulation results showed that with the increase of Stokes number, particle deposition efficiency on the front side of the obstruction increased and also the presence of the gravitational force in the span-wise direction caused the particles to be deposited on the channel lower wall. The presence of gravity in the stream-wise direction increased the deposition efficiency and in the counter-stream-wise direction decreased the deposition efficiency. Changing the obstruction aspect ratio had no noticeable effect on the deposition but increasing the blockage ratio increased the deposition efficiency. The presence of a lift force had different effects for different blockage ratios and Stokes numbers. But the lift force generally increased the deposition rate, especially at large Stokes numbers and large blockage ratios.     

Numerical investigation of electrostatic effect on particle behavior in a 90 degrees bend

Particle behavior in a turbulent circular-sectioned 90° bend under electrostatic field at three air flow rates (1600 L/min, 1100 L/min and 950 L/min, the corresponding bulk Reynolds numbers are 58,000, 40,000, 34,000) is simulated by a Large Eddy Simulation-Lagrangian particle tracking technique (LES-LPT) method coupled with electrostatic field model by Coulomb’s law. This numerical simulation is dedicated to study the electrostatic effect on particle behavior and erosion occurred in the dilute particle-laden bend flow. Forces considered acting on particles includes drag, lift, gravity and electrostatic force. Results obtained for the fluid phase are in good agreement with experimental and numerical data. Predictions show that electrostatic field does affect the particle motion in the pipe bend. At higher air flow rate with higher electrostatics at the inner arc the increasement of impact angle is lower than that at lower flow rate with lower electrostatics. The same conclusion can be found at the outer arc. In addition, electrostatic effect does increase particle-wall impact velocity while such trend decreases with flow rate. Erosion rate increases with increasing air flow rate, which is independent of electrostatics. However, given the same flow rate, the electrostatics reduces the occurrence of erosion at the bend. The erosion rate under electrostatic effect is found to approach that without electrostatics as the flow rate increases. Therefore, the effect of electrostatics on erosion decreases with the air flow rate.     

扇形覆冰导线气动力特性及驰振不稳定性研究

采用刚性节段模型高频天平测力风洞试验测试了不同紊流度下的8种扇形覆冰导线气动力,依据DenHartog驰振机理分析了扇形覆冰导线的横风向驰振不稳定性,讨论了覆冰厚度、覆冰角度、紊流度对平均气动力特性及横风向驰振不稳定性的影响。结果表明：覆冰厚度的增大增强了气动升力,不同覆冰角度模型平均气动力系数随风向角的变化规律差别较大,紊流度的增高有助于减小覆冰导线承受的平均气动力;8种扇形覆冰导线在不同风向角下均有发生横风向驰振的可能,覆冰角度对驰振不稳定风向角位置及范围有较大影响,紊流度的增加提高了可能的驰振临界风速,因此高紊流度对驰振有一定的抑制作用。     

Numerical investigation of powder dispersion mechanisms in Turbuhaler and the contact electrification effect

Powder dispersion in dry powder inhalers (DPI) is affected by factors such as device design and flow rate, but also electrification due to particle–particle/device collisions. This work presented a CFD-DEM study of powder dispersion in Turbuhaler®, aiming to understand the effect of electrostatic charge on the dispersion mechanisms. The device geometry was reconstructed from CT-scan images of commercial Turbuhaler device. Different work functions were applied to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powder and the device wall. Electrostatic charges were accumulated on the API particles due to contact potential difference (CPD) between the particles and the device wall. Results showed that both the chamber and the spiral mouthpiece played an important role in de-agglomeration of powders caused by particle–wall impactions. With increasing flow rates, the performance of the device was improved with higher emitted dose (ED) and fine particle fractions (FPF). The electrostatic charging of the particles was enhanced with higher CPD and higher flow rates, but the electrostatic charging had a minimum effect on powder dispersion and deposition with slight reduction in ED and FPF. In conclusion, the van der Waals force is still the dominant adhesive inter-particle force, and the dispersion efficiency is affected by the flow rate rather than contact electrification of particles. Future work should focus on the effect of highly charged particles emitted from the inhaler on the deposition in the airway.     

Analysis of particle rotation in fluidized bed by use of discrete particle model

The particle rotation was found important in the fluidized bed when the heterogeneous structures appeared. Some researches show that Magnus lift force might play an pivotal role in fluid-solid system, especially when the particles have fast rotation speed. As the Magnus lift force is acted at the single particle level, a pseudo two-dimensional discrete particle model (DPM) was used to investigate the influence of Magnus lift force in fluidized bed. The rotational Reynolds number (Re_r) bases on the angular velocity and the diameter of the spheres is used to characterize the rotational movement of particles. We studied the influence of Magnus lift force for particles with rotational Reynolds number in the range of 1–100. Our results show that the influence of Magnus lift force is enhanced with a higher Re_r. Magnus lift force affects the movement of particles in both radial and axial directions while Re_r is high. However, in low Re_r case it can be neglected in computational simulation model. This indicates the introduction of Magnus lift force may improve the discrete particle model only in high Re_r case and Magnus effect should be considered in real gas-solid two phase system when the particle rotational speed is high.     

Large eddy simulation of particle deposition and resuspension in turbulent duct flows

Particle deposition and resuspension in a horizontal, fully developed turbulent square duct flow at four flow bulk Reynolds numbers (10,320, 83k, 215k and 250k) is simulated by applying large eddy simulation coupled with Lagrangian particle tracking technique. Forces acting on particles includes drag, lift, buoyancy and gravity. Four particle sizes are considered with the diameters of 5?μm, 50?μm, 100?μm and 500?μm. Results obtained for the fluid phase are in good agreement with the available experimental and numerical data. Predictions for particles show that particle size, flow Reynolds number and the duct (celling, floor and vertical) walls play important roles in near-wall particle deposition and resuspension. For the smallest particle (5?μm), the particle deposition rates in duct ceiling, floor and vertical walls are found to be similar with each other and all increase with the flow Reynolds number, while the particle resuspension tends to occur in the middle wall regions and corners of the duct with less influenced by the flow Reynolds number. The ceiling deposition rate gradually decreases with particle size while the floor and vertical wall deposition rates both increase with particle size. The ceiling particle deposition rate increases with Reynolds number while the floor deposition rate decreases with it. The vertical deposition rate for the small particles (5–50?μm) increases with the flow Reynolds number obviously, while for the large particles (100–500?μm) that becomes insensitive. In addition, the flow Reynolds number is found to have an obvious effect on particle resuspension while the effect of particle size on particle resuspension decreases with Reynolds number. Eventually, a dynamic analysis was conducted for particles deposition and resuspension in turbulent duct flows.     

Drag,lift and torque acting on a two-dimensional non-spherical particle near a wall

Gas-solid granular flows with non-spherical particles occur in many engineering applications such as fluidized beds. Such flows are usually contained by solid walls and always some particles move close to a wall. The proximity of a wall considerably affects the flow fields and changes the hydrodynamic forces and torque acting on particles moving near the wall. In this paper, we numerically investigate the drag, lift and torque acting on a non-spherical particle in the vicinity of a planar wall by means of lattice Boltzmann simulations. To gain an exhaustive understanding of the complex hydrodynamics and study the influence of various geometrical and flow parameters, a single 2D elliptical particle is selected as our case study. In the simulations, the effect of particle Reynolds number, distance to the wall, orientation angle and aspect ratio on drag, lift and torque is studied. Our study shows that the presence of a wall causes significant changes in hydrodynamic forces, with increasing or decreasing drag and lift forces, depending on the distance from the wall. Even the direction of lift and torque may change, depending on both the distance from the wall and particle orientation angle. Also, an ellipse with higher AR experiences larger hydrodynamic forces and torque whatever the gap size and orientation angle.     

Triboelectric separation of a starch-protein mixture – Impact of electric field strength and flow rate

Triboelectric separation is a method for separating dry particulate systems due to their different electrostatic chargeability. Previous applications are limited to the separation of coarse powders. The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of the flow conditions and the influence of the electric field strength on the separation efficiency of starch and protein particles. Very fine organic powders are separated in a simple bench scale electrostatic separator to extend this technique to powders below 50?µm. The influence of different gas flow rates in the turbulent flow regime on particle charging and subsequent separation is investigated.As an organic model substrate, a mixture of barley starch and whey protein was used. The tribocharger consists of a PTFE charging tube and a rectangular separation chamber where an electric field is applied between two electrodes. The particles are conveyed through the charging tube and charged by frictional contact with the tube wall. It is shown that different gas flow rates at a turbulent flow regime in the charging tube did not change the separation characteristics. In contrast, increasing electrical field strength increases separation efficiency of protein particles regardless of gas flow conditions. The proportion of starch at the anode is the same for all the investigated parameters.     

Numerical study of a sphere descending along an inclined slope in a liquid

The descending process of a sphere rolling and/or sliding along an inclined slope in a liquid involves interactions between the hydrodynamic forces on the sphere and the contact forces between the sphere and the plane. In this study, the descending process of sphere in a liquid was examined using coupled LBM–DEM technique. The effects of slope angle, viscosity and friction coefficient on the movement of a sphere were investigated. Two distinct descending patterns were observed: (a) a stable rolling/sliding movement along the slope, and (b) a fluctuating pattern along the slope. Five dimensionless coefficients (Reynolds number (Re), drag coefficient, lift coefficient, moment coefficient and rolling coefficient) were used to analyze the observed processes. The vortex structure in the wake of the sphere gives a lift force to the sphere, which in turn controls the different descending patterns. It is found that the generation of a vortex is not only governed by Re, but also by particle rotation. Relationships between the forces/moments and the dimensionless coefficients are established.     

Electrostatic control of particle deposition

A two-dimensional simulation has been conducted in an electrostatic powder-coating booth for controlling particle deposition. In the absent of electrostatic forces, most of particles flow along steamlines and cannot deposit on the target. When electrostatic forces (coulombic and image forces) are added in the motion of the particle, the trajectories change significantly near the target. It is found that image force hardly affects the deposited position of the particle. From the calculated force distribution near the aimed region on the target, coulombic force is found to be larger than drag force when the particle is very close to the target. Particles with small Stokes number having small specific charge deposit exactly on the aimed regions. Furthermore the width of the aimed region also affects the accuracy of the particle deposition.     

Analysis and optimisation of particle mixing performance in fluid phase resonance mixers based on Euler/Lagrange calculations

A novel mixing principle utilising oscillating liquid columns was analysed numerically with regard to particle dispersion characteristics. For producing fluid oscillations a pipe (diameter 100 mm) was immersed centrally into a vessel (diameter 450 mm) filled with liquid (filling height 700 mm) and periodically pressurised (frequency 1.2 Hz). The outlet geometry of the central pipe, just ending near the vessel bottom, has a strong effect on mixing and was optimised in this study. The principle of a FPR-mixer does not require rotating stirrers and in the turbulent regime it has power numbers comparable to propellers. The numerical calculations were conducted by a Euler/Lagrange approach neglecting two-way coupling as well as inter-particle collisions for clarity in order to only focus on the effect of interfacial forces on particle dispersion. The continuous phase was calculated in an unsteady way based on the Reynolds-averaged equations combined with the k-ω-SST (shear stress transport) turbulence model. Lagrangian tracking was conducted considering all relevant forces; drag, gravity/buoyancy, fluid inertia, added mass, Basset force and transverse lift forces due to shear and particle rotation. The importance of these forces was analysed with respect to the turbulent particle Stokes number (considered range 0.004 < St < 10.0) and particle/liquid density ratio (i.e. 1.05, 1.5 and 2.5). Finally, the significance of Basset force and shear-rotation lift force (i.e. Magnus effect) on the dispersion process was quantified by mixing parameters.     

Si芯片表面纳米粒子的粘结力及其干法清除

系统地研究了纳米粒子在硅芯片表面的各种附着力,如范德瓦耳斯力、塑性形变吸附力、毛细现象凝聚力、静电力和重力附加力,以及高速流体对它的拖动力和提拉力,并简单计算了在各种情况下这些力的大小。介绍了干法清除纳米污染物的几种新方法,如超临界流体清除法、高速气凝胶清除法、激光清除法、气相化学清除法和光化学清除法。     

微椭圆形截面斜拉索临界雷诺数区气动特性试验研究

为了研究微椭圆形截面斜拉索临界雷诺数区的气动特性,以标准圆形截面斜拉索模型和微椭圆形截面斜拉索模型为研究对象,开展了考虑截面变形和风攻角变化的风洞试验,得到了不同情况下雷诺数对模型气动力系数的影响规律,同时通过对升力时程和升力频谱分析,得到了临界雷诺数及附近区域的标准圆形截面和微椭圆形截面模型尾流旋涡脱落的变化。结果表明:微椭圆形截面模型在雷诺数亚临界区时,升力系数基本不受雷诺数的影响;在临界区时,升力系数随雷诺数逐渐增大;风攻角0°~50°时,微椭圆形截面模型升力系数最大值对应的雷诺数随风攻角同步增大;微椭圆形截面模型的升力时程在TrBL0向TrBL1阶段和TrBL1向TrBL2阶段过渡中会出现双稳态现象;微椭圆形截面变形会影响斜拉索尾流区旋涡脱落情况,进而影响不同雷诺数下的St数值变化。     

Hot-gas flow and particle transport and deposition in a candle filter vessel

Hot-gas flow and particle transport and deposition in an industrial filtration system are studied. The special example of the Siemens-Westinghouse filter vessel at the Power System Development Facility at Wilsonville, Alabama is treated in detail. This tangential flow filter vessel contains clusters of 91 candle filters, which are arranged in two tiers. The upper tier containing 36 candle filters is modeled by six equivalent filters. Seven equivalent filters are used in the computational model to represent the 55 candle filters in the lower tiers. The Reynolds stress turbulent model of FLUENT™ code is used, and the gas mean velocity and root mean square fluctuation velocities in the filter vessel are evaluated. The particle equation of motion used includes drag and gravitational forces. The mean particle deposition patterns are evaluated and the effect of particle size is studied. The computational results indicatethat large particlesof the order of 10 μm or larger are removed from the gas due to the centrifugal forces exerted by rotating flow between the shroud and the refractory.     

Numerical investigation on deposition of solid particles in a lid-driven square cavity with inner heated obstacles

The deposition of aerosol particles in laminar mixed-convection flow in a lid-driven cavity with two heated obstacles is investigated numerically by an Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Lagrangian particle transport calculations are carried out to track 2000 particles that initially exerted with random distribution in flow regime and also assumed that the effect of particles on the fluid is neglected. All the affecting forces on particle equation of motion, such as Brownian, thermophoresis, drag, lift and gravity are considered. The main goal is to study the effective parameter on deposition of particles such as free convection, distance and size variation of obstacles. Numerical results showed that free convection is an effective parameter that affected the deposition. As a main result, it is observed that deposition decreases with increasing in the Richardson number. Results showed that by increasing obstacles distance, deposition increases. Finally, it is revealed that the size of obstacles has a great effect on particle deposition, such that by increasing the obstacles size, the deposition increases.     

真空装置中的常见污染和清洁处理

半导体光刻技术、电真空器件等领域对真空环境的要求已不仅局限于真空度,对洁净度也有了更高的要求。研究表明真空系统中某些运动部件在一定条件下会产生细小的颗粒,污染真空环境。因此需要对固体颗粒污染在真空管道中的传输规律和落点分布进行研究,从而为真空环境颗粒污染防护提供理论依据。文章通过模拟软件 COMSOL,对固体颗粒在不同气体流态下的传输特性进行了研究。在仿真中颗粒的受力主要考虑自身重力、气流曳力、气流升力的作用。研究了不同压力、抽速、颗粒直径条件下气流对颗粒传输特性的影响。结果表明：在不同环境条件下,气流对颗粒的曳力作用对颗粒运动特性的影响占主导地位。管道抽气过程中,当压力与颗粒直径恒定时,抽速越大,颗粒越容易落在管道出口处甚至直接随气流穿过出口;当压力和抽速恒定时,颗粒直径越小,越容易随气流到达出口;当颗粒直径和抽速恒定时,随着压力的变化,颗粒传输轨迹也相应的变化。

     

Simulation of an orifice scrubber performance based on Eulerian/Lagrangian method

A mathematical model based on Eulerian/Lagrangian method has been developed to predict particle collection efficiency from a gas stream in an orifice scrubber. This model takes into account Eulerian approach for particle dispersion, Lagrangian approach for droplet movement and particle-source-in-cell (PSI-CELL) model for calculating droplet concentration distribution. In order to compute fluid velocity profiles, the normal k− turbulent flow model with inclusion of body force due to drag force between fluid and droplets has been used. Experimental data of Taheri et al. [J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 23 (11) (1973) 963] have been used to test the results of the mathematical model. The results from the model are in good agreement with the experimental data. After validating the model the effect of operating parameters such as liquid to gas flow rate ratio, gas velocity at orifice opening, and particle diameter were obtained on the collection efficiency.