Powder Deposition in Three Parallel-Oriented Dies of Different Shapes

Uniformity of bulk density distribution during the die filling process is required to minimize quality problems, such as distortion and cracking, for powder compacts. Understanding the die filling process is necessary in ensuring a uniform powder deposition. The second-generation pressure deposition tester (PDT-II) was used to investigate the deposition process and final pressure distribution of powder filling in toroidal, cylindrical, and E-shaped dies. All tests were conducted using a spray-dried free-flowing granular powder. The results indicated that for toroidal dies: (1) the area around 0° orientation (the leeward end) had the highest pressure values (1186.7 to 2498.0 Pa), with the average pressure values of the remaining area 353.7-648.0 Pa; (2) the pressure distribution was symmetrical about the centerline parallel to the feed shoe movement direction; (3) the highest feed shoe speed (500 mm/s) led to the most nonuniform pressure distribution among the three speeds; (4) higher feed shoe speed did not always result in higher final pressure values; and (5) the right die tended to have higher final pressure values (215.0 to 2498.0 Pa) than the center die (95.4 to 2052.5 Pa). For E-shaped dies: (1) the final pressure values of the middle leg (308.9 to 760.7 Pa) were higher than those of the left and the right legs (148.9 to 530.3 Pa); (2) the area along the backside had the highest final pressure value (1054.6 to 1303.8 Pa); (3) the pressure distribution was symmetrical about the centerline parallel to the feed shoe movement direction; and (4) neither the center die nor the right die always had higher pressure values than the other one at all locations. Comparison between cylindrical and toroidal dies indicated that: (1) neither of the two die shapes (cylinder and toroid) led to consistently higher or lower final pressure values at all locations and (2) for all three feed shoe speeds, the toroidal die had higher average final pressure values in the 0° orientation.     

"渗氮/物理气相沉积"复合涂层研究的新进展

介绍了"渗氮/物理气相沉积(PVD)"复合涂层在涂层结构设计、工艺与性能、失效与强化机制等方面研究的最新进展.与单一涂层相比,"渗氮/PVD"复合涂层表现出更好的物理力学性能,明显提高了工模具的耐用性.渗氮层的引入不仅显著地提高了基材表面的承载能力和膜/基结合力,而且还提高了钢表面的疲劳强度、耐磨性能、热冲击及化学抗力,尤其是在承受高载荷情况下的失效抗力.经过十几年的研发,复合涂层已开始进入商业应用阶段,在高速钢切削刀具和各种精密工模具上有广阔的应用前景.     

Feasibility study to investigate caking in washing powder formulations using a Freeman FT4 powder rheometer

ABSTRACT

Because of legislation and environmental concerns, washing powder manufacturers have phased out phosphate builders in favor of substitutes such as sodium carbonate. This has meant that the new formulations have a greater tendency toward unwanted agglomeration (caking), based on moisture uptake and migration. This study examines the feasibility of using a Freeman FT4 powder rheometer to examine the effect of moisture migration, using the basic flow energy value to compare formulations of sodium carbonate content 27–37% and sodium sulfate content 10–20% by mass after 7 d exposure to 80% relative humidity at 20°C. The results showed that 31 and 33% sodium carbonate formulations were the most resistant to caking, with 27 and 37% being the most susceptible under the test conditions. Using the method of Brockbank et al. (2015 Brockbank, K., B. Armstrong, Y. Chandorkar, and T. Freeman. 2015. Understanding powder caking as a consequence of a range of mechanisms by means of powder rheometry. Particulate Science and Technology 33:102–08.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the FT4 was also used to detect the presence of a hard crust; under the test conditions, no hard crust was found. However, the presence of soft caking was detected in the force–height profile, showing a less abrupt transition.     

超声波声压测试仪的研制

以驻极体传声器为超声波传感器,研制出超声波声压测试仪;实验表明,采用该测试仪测量水下超声波声压相对值,数据可靠;该测试仪主要应用于超声清洗设备清洗液中的声场分布的测量,以及超声波清洗设备制造时匹配电感的选取、超声发生器谐振频率调整过程中声场强度的测量。     

Computer aided foundry die-design

In the design of die casting dies, the object is to produce sound casting as cheaply and rapidly as possible. At the same time consideration must be given to suitable die size, locations of gating system, and selection of an appropriate die casting machine. Foundries in many cases encounter difficulties to ensure shortened lead-time in designing a new die for new product. A lot of estimations have to be done which use fundamentally based on previous experience and application of various mathematical and empirical equations. In this work, main die design procedures and related equations are presented in a logical way. A computer program is developed to estimate main die elements based on the geometry input of casting shape. After initial inputs have been given, the system does full calculations, optimizes selections, and lists main die element sizes. The program can present die characteristics and casting machine characteristics. From both characteristics the optimum die elements were optimized. Optimum filling time and gating dimensions among other elements of die are estimated. Cooling time, cooling channel locations, and flow rates relations are estimated and presented.     

A Double-Primary Dead-Weight Tester for Pressures (35–175) kPa in Gage Mode

Primary pressure standards in the atmospheric pressure range are often established using mercury manometers. Less frequently, controlled-clearance dead-weight testers in which one component (normally the piston) has been dimensionally measured have also been used. Recent advances in technology on two fronts i) the fabrication of large-diameter pistons and cylinders with good geometry; and ii) the ability to measure the dimensions of these components, have allowed some dead-weight testers at NIST to approach total relative uncertainties (k = 2) in dimensionally-derived effective areas near 5 × 10⁻⁶. This paper describes a single piston/cylinder assembly (NIST-PG201WC/WC) that serves as both a primary gage in which both piston and cylinder are measured dimensionally and a controlled-clearance primary gage (employing the Heydemann-Welch method). Thus it allows some previous assumptions about the modeling of dead-weight testers to be checked. For the gage described in this paper the piston/cylinder clearance obtained from the two analyses have relative differences of 4 × 10⁻⁶ to 7 × 10⁻⁶ over the pressure range 35 kPa to 175 kPa. Some implications of these results will be discussed. From the dimensional characterizations and auxiliary measurements we have determined that the effective area for this gauge at 20 °C is: A_eff,20 = 1961.0659mm²(1 + 3.75 × 10^?12P/Pa + 3.05 × 10^?12P_J/Pa), where P is the system pressure and P_J is a control pressure. The estimated relative uncertainty in effective area is 8.2 × 10⁻⁶ +1.4 × 10⁻¹¹ P/Pa (k = 2). The temperature coefficient for the area was measured and found to be (9.06 ± 0.04) × 10⁻⁶/K. Thus using the gage at a reference temperature of 23 °C yields an effective area: A_eff,23 = 1961.1192mm²(1 + 3.75 × 10^?12P/Pa + 3.05 × 10^?12P_J/Pa), with almost no increase in the uncertainty over that at 20 °C.     

铝铜合金雾化沉积快速凝固过程的传热计算

建立了雾化沉积快速凝固过程热量传输的理论模型，对Ａｌ－４．５％Ｃｕ合金在雾化沉积过程的颗粒运动动力学以及颗粒与沉积层的温度，固相分数和冷却速度等凝固参量的变化规律进行了数值计算。     

航空机电产品地面试验器压力测量系统可计量性问题及改进建议

通过对航空机电液压、环控、燃油等专业产品地面试验器的压力测量系统进行调查,发现了其存在的可计量性问题,本文将航空机电产品地面试验器压力测量系统的可计量性问题分为了技术指标不合理、测量仪表的选择不合理、管路、接头设计合理、试验器布局不合理四个方面,并逐一进行了介绍,最后为改进航空机电产品地面试验器压力测量系统可计量性提出了三点建议。     

A Primary Dead-Weight Tester for Pressures (0.05–1.0) MPa

Recent advances in technology on two fronts, 1) the fabrication of large-diameter pistons and cylinders with good geometry, and 2) the ability to measure the dimensions of these components with high accuracy, have allowed dead-weight testers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to generate pressures that approach total relative uncertainties previously obtained only by manometers. This paper describes a 35 mm diameter piston/cylinder assembly (known within NIST as PG-39) that serves as a pressure standard in which both the piston and the cylinder have been accurately dimensioned by Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Both artifacts (piston and cylinder) appeared to be round within ±30 nm and straight within ±100 nm over a substantial fraction of their heights. Based on the diameters at 20 °C provided by PTB (±15 nm) and on the good geometry of the artifact, the relative uncertainties for the effective area were estimated to be about 2.2 × 10⁻⁶ (1σ).     

Effect of substrate preset temperature on crystal growth and microstructure formation in laser powder deposition of single-crystal superalloy

A successful repair of single-crystal components needs to avoid the stray grain formation and achieves continuous epitaxial growth of columnar dendrites in the repaired zone. In this study, the effect of substrate preset temperature on crystal growth and microstructure formation in laser powder deposition of single-crystal superalloy was studied through an improved mathematical model and corresponding experimental approaches. The results indicated that the variation of substrate preset temperature between ?30?°C and +210?°C changes the molten pool morphology little, but obviously affects the columnar-to-equiaxed transition conditions. The preheating of substrate facilitates the stray grain formation and enlarges the primary columnar dendrite arm spacing, while the situation for precooling of substrate is opposite. Under the specific processing conditions, the critical condition for continuous epitaxial growth is that the substrate preset temperature T_sub?≤?+90?°C. When the substrate preset temperature T_sub is below +90?°C, the height ratio of melting depth to total height of the molten pool is larger than that of stray grain, ensuring that stray grains can be completely remelted and the continuous columnar dendrites during the multi-layer laser powder deposition process on (001) surface of single-crystal substrate can be achieved.     

反应温度对热化学气相合成法制备纳米SiC粉的影响

介绍了通过热化学气相合成法制备的纳米ＳｉＣ粉末、颗粒呈球形,尺寸分布窄,少团聚,最小尺寸的９ｎｍ,探讨了反应温度对制得的纳米粉末粒度及组成的影响,结果表明：提高反应温度,则颗粒寸与晶粒尺寸均增大,粉末的生命愈完全,且几乎全部为β相。     

Effect of Orifice Geometry on Particle Discharge Rate for a Flat-Bottomed,Cylindrical Hopper

In this work, the influence of the geometry of a cylindrical flat-bottomed hopper orifice on the mass discharge rate of six free-flowable powder excipients with the size fraction 0.050–0.063 cm was investigated. Sixteen combinations of the orifice diameter and the height were used. The influence of the orifice diameter was described by the flow equation. However, the discharge rate was also affected by the orifice height. The influence of the orifice geometry on the powder discharge rate was indirectly studied by the parameters of the Beverloo equation. The value of the coefficient of determination and the precision of the discharge rate prediction were the basic criteria. The mean relative differences between the actual discharge rate at the combination of the orifice diameter and its height and the average discharge rate allowed a direct study of the effect of the orifice geometry. The complex nature of the orifice height impact on the powder discharge rate through the hopper opening has been determined. Based on the results, the orifice diameter of 0.8 cm with the height less than 0.8 cm is recommended. The method of powder flow evaluation proposed here can be used in testing of other powder fractions in future.     

基于波动法的静水压力下环肋圆柱壳耦合振动特性研究

研究了静水压力下环肋圆柱壳的振动特性。在Flügge理论的基础上,考虑流体的影响,通过变换轴向波数,先后采用波动法和牛顿迭代法得到了不同边界条件下环肋圆柱壳的固有频率值。经过与已有文献数据进行对比,验证了研究的有效性和正确性。通过算例,分析了静水压力、肋条截面尺寸和数目、边界条件等因素对水下环肋圆柱壳固有频率的影响。     

超细氧化锌粉体的制备及尺寸控制

根据气相化学反应法 (CAD)制备超细粉的原理 ,从低品位氧化锌矿中采用火法冶金方法直接制备超细氧化锌粉 ,对所得氧化锌的粒度尺寸、微观结构和粒度分布进行测试 ;考察了冷却强度以及收集装置对超细氧化锌粒度及粒度分布的影响 ;讨论了氧化锌粉体团聚的原因及对策、试验条件对氧化锌尺寸的控制等