生长型设计中的功能公差设计理论

在产品结构设计自动化技术基础上,研究生长型设计中公差进化设计的策略与原则,提出将产品功能要求转化成零部件之间的几何约束关系,并最终表达为对功能尺寸约束的功能公差设计理论。建立成本—公差敏感函数的数学模型,将产品设计、制造、使用以及技术折旧成本作为公差分配的控制约束,并在其中引入产品使用磨损模型,以经济学中的贴现率来表征技术折旧成本,以成本最低为目标函数,以合理的工艺能力指数、装配功能、装配质量作为约束条件,实现基于功能与成本的面向产品全生命周期的尺寸公差分配。最后,设计实例说明所提出的功能公差设计理论能够在生长型设计中成功应用。     

Functional tolerance theory in incremental growth design

The evolutionary tolerance design strategy and its characteristics are studied on the basis of automation technology in the product structure design. To guarantee a successful transformation from the functional requirement to geometry constraints between parts, and finally to dimension constraints, a functional tolerance design theory in the process of product growth design is put forward. A mathematical model with a correlated sensitivity function between cost and the tolerance is created, in which the design cost, the manufacturing cost, the usage cost, and the depreciation cost of the product are regarded as control constraints of the tolerance allocation. Considering these costs, a multifactor-cost function to express quality loss of the product is applied into the model. In the mathematical model, the minimum cost is used as the objective function; a reasonable process capability index, the assembly function, and assembly quality are taken as the constraints; and depreciation cost in the objective function is expressed as the discount rate—terminology in economics. Thus, allocation of the dimension tolerance as the function and cost over the whole lifetime of the product is realized. Finally, a design example is used to demonstrate the successful application of the proposed functional tolerance theory in the incremental growth design of the product. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(10): 73–79 [译自: 机械工程学报]     

生长型设计中公差进化设计方法研究

为实现生长型设计中尺寸链及形位公差项目的自动生成,在产品结构设计自动化技术基础上,研究生长型设计中公差进化设计的策略与原则。指出生长型设计中紧随结构的自顶向下、不断进化,公差进化设计模型也呈现为一种层次式结构;同时由于功能表面及其名义特征所具有的承载功能及几何信息的特点,可作为公差进化演绎的单元载体;在此基础上建立公差进化设计的基本过程模型。提出产品结构进化设计中,构建基于功能表面的装配网络以及基于名义特征的约束网络的双层装配约束网络的基本方法,给出辅助公差进化设计的公差断言;在此基础上,给出基于双层装配约束网络及公差断言的尺寸链及形位公差进化设计的基本过程。以活塞精镗销孔夹具的公差设计为例,说明所提出的公差进化设计方法在生长型设计中的成功应用。     

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for optimal machining allocation of clutch assembly

Nowadays tolerance optimization is increasingly becoming an important tool for manufacturing and mechanical design. This seemingly, arbitrary task of assigning dimension tolerance can have a large effect on the cost and performance of manufactured products. With the increase in competition in today’s market place, small savings in cost or small increase in performance may determine the success of a product. In practical applications, tolerances are most often assigned as informal compromises between functional quality and manufacturing cost. Frequently the compromise is obtained interactively by trial and error. A more scientific approach is often desirable for better performance. In this paper particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used for the optimal machining tolerance allocation of over running clutch assembly to obtain the global optimal solution. The objective is to obtain optimum tolerances of the individual components for the minimum cost of manufacturing. The result obtained by PSO is compared with the geometric programming (GP) and genetic algorithm (GA) and the performance of the result are analyzed .     

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的车身薄板零件公差优化

在汽车制造工业产品开发过程中,需要同时考虑质量与成本之间的矛盾。盲目提高质量要求,将使产品制造成本增加;随意降低成本,则有可能影响质量,导致客户投诉和返修率上升。首先建立概念设计阶段的装配偏差分析模型,用来分析车身装配质量;并选取指数函数作为公差成本函数,以此为基础建立多目标优化模型,然后采用NSGA-II算法优化各个零件的公差。最后利用车身侧围框架案例阐述零件公差分配过程,获得了多目标函数的Pareto解集,取得了较好的优化效果。     

Optimal tolerance design for mechanical assembly considering thermal impact

In this paper, a cost–tolerance model based on neural network methods is proposed in order to provide product designers and process planners with an accurate basis for estimating the manufacturing cost. Tolerance allocation among the assembly components is carried out to ensure that the functionality and design quality are satisfied considering the effect of dimensional and geometric tolerance of various components of the assembly by developing a parametric computer aided design (CAD) model. In addition, deformations of various components of mechanical assembly due to inertia and temperature effects are determined and the same is integrated with tolerance design. The benefits of integrating the results of finite element simulation in the early stages of tolerance design are discussed. The proposed method is explained with an application example of motor assembly, where variations due to both dimensional and geometric tolerances are studied. The results show that the proposed methods are much effective, cost, and time saving than the ones considered in literature.     

Optimal tolerance design of assembly for minimum quality loss and manufacturing cost using metaheuristic algorithms

Tolerance allocation is a design tool for reducing overall cost of manufacturing while meeting target levels for quality. An important consideration in product design is the assignment of design and manufacturing tolerances to individual component dimensions so that the product can be produced economically and functions properly. The allocation of tolerances among the components of a mechanical assembly can significantly affect the resulting manufacturing costs. In this work, the tolerance allocation problem is formulated as a non-linear integer model by considering both the manufacturing cost of each component by alternate processes and the quality loss of assemblies so as to minimise the manufacturing cost. Metaheuristics techniques such as genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation are used to solve the model and obtain the global optimal solution for tolerance design. An example for illustrating the optimisation model and the solution procedure is provided. Results are compared with conventional technique and the performances are analysed.     

Tolerance design of mechanical assembly using NSGA II and finite element analysis

The technological and financial limitations in the manufacturing process are the reason for non-achievability of nominal dimension. Therefore, tolerance allocation is of significant importance for assembly. Conventional tolerance allocation methods are limited by an assumption that all parts are rigid. Every mechanical assembly consists of at least one or more flexible parts which undergo significant deformation due to inertia effect. Finite element analysis is used to determine the deformation of components in an assembly. Therefore, integration of statistical tolerance design with finite element analysis will guarantee that the optimal tolerance values of various components of the assembly obtained as end product of the tolerance design will remain within tolerance variation. Then the product can function as intended under a wide range of operating conditions for the duration of its life. In this paper, tolerance design of a piston cylinder assembly is done to demonstrate the proposed methodology.     

并行和协同设计中的变动约束管理方法研究

设计和制造企业多试图同时增加产品的复杂度、减少设计周期、降低产品成本和改善质量。减少成本而又不破坏产品质量的一个很好的使能工具是控制设计和制造过程的变动。本文从并行工程和协同设计的角度出发 ,阐述了产品开发过程中的变动及其管理 ;研究了面向装配、制造和产品性能的变动约束网络的构建 ;给出了面向并行工程和协同设计的变动约束管理的方法 ,以有效地支持参数与公差设计 ;并通过实例分析给予了验证     

公差稳健优化设计的研究

为了解决产品加工成本与质量稳健的协调性问题,提出了一种新的公差稳健优化设计数学模型.依据公差稳健设计的思想,考虑产品质量的模糊性,以封闭环误差分布概率密度函数的方差和优质品概率之比为设计目标,建立了公差优化设计产品质量稳健性损失成本目标函数,并研究了优质品率和封闭环误差分布方差的确定方法.以加工成本和产品质量稳健性损失成本为目标,以模糊装配可靠度、可取公差极限范围为约束条件,建立了公差多目标优化数学模型.举例说明了文中所述的公差稳健优化设计方法的应用,采用遗传算法实现了公差的多目标优化设计.实例表明,该方法能够协调零件的加工成本和产品质量的稳健性损失成本,使优化指标的综合性能最佳.     

尺寸公差与形位公差混合优化分配

为解决尺寸公差与形位公差混合优化分配问题,提出了一种公差优化分配方法.根据成本-公差函数和尺寸公差与形位公差的关系,建立了以最小制造总成本为目标的非线性公差混合优化分配模型.该模型的约束包括装配尺寸链的功能要求和加工能力.求解该模型能同时得到优化的尺寸公差和形位公差.最后,分别用公差混合优化分配法和传统方法对一个实例进行公差分配,结果表明所提方法比传统方法更优越.     

Optimum tolerance synthesis for complex assembly with alternative process selection using Lagrange multiplier method

Any part cannot be manufactured to the required nominal dimensions due to inherent variations in workmanship, material, and machine. The specification of tolerance on part dimensions plays a major role on performance, quality, and cost of the product. Distribution of tolerance among the components of an assembly is known as tolerance allocation. The selection of alternative processes for tolerance allocation also plays a vital role in reducing manufacturing cost. Near-optimal allocated tolerances are obtained using nontraditional optimization techniques in which the solutions are achieved randomly. Also, there is a chance for omitting the better process for allocation. The results of successive run of the program based on these techniques will not yield consistent results. An attempt has been made in this work to solve the above problem using Lagrange multiplier method for complex assemblies with univariate search method. The methodology has been demonstrated on wheel mounting assembly. The example product after implementing the proposed method would yield 1.4% savings in manufacturing cost as compared with the cost obtained by Singh.     

基于广义装配原理的产品生长型设计

通过研究生物生长与产品设计之间的相似性,提出了基于广义装配原理的生长型设计过程,研究了广义装配原理的三个理论构成。首先,在产品生长阶段,为实现生长过程中的自然选择,提出了以复杂度理论为控制因素的设计推理策略;其次,提出了功能公差设计理论,通过加工成本以及基于多因素的模糊质量损失成本体现广义装配成本,在确保产品功能的同时,以较低的装配与制造成本为公差的分配策略;在产品进化阶段,为保证产品良好的装配性能,采用了虚实结合设计技术。将以装配质量因素为核心的产品复杂度、精度以及制造、装配成本等众多设计因素并行集成于生长型设计过程中,实现了以全生命周期装配质量保障为核心的产品生长型设计。     

The study of cost-tolerance model by incorporating process capability index into product lifecycle cost

To reduce the cost of manufacturing systems, many studies of cost minimization have been performed. Since tolerance design significantly affects the manufacturers’ cost, the optimization of cost-tolerance allocation will be an important issue for reducing these costs. Costs incurred in a product life-cycle include manufacturing cost and quality loss. However, most cost-tolerance optimization models frequently ignore the concept of quality loss and may not lead to an accurate analysis of the tolerance. Until now, process capability analysis has been the tool used to evaluate the adequacy of a production tool in meeting a quality target. Hence, the concept of process capability analysis should be included into the cost-tolerance optimization model. In this study, a flexible cost-tolerance optimization model will be constructed by integrating the process capability index into the product life-cycle cost function. The constructed cost-tolerance optimization model simultaneously considers the manufacturing cost of the components, the process capability of the manufacturing operations, and the quality loss of products. The decision-maker can apply the proposed cost-tolerance optimization model to determine a reasonable tolerance with minimum total cost including consideration of the process capability .     

Concurrent optimization of machining process parameters and tolerance allocation

With the advent use of sophisticated and high-cost machines coupled with higher labor costs, concurrent optimization of machining process parameters and tolerance allocation plays a vital role in producing the parts economically. In this paper, an effort is made to concurrently optimize the manufacturing cost of piston and cylinder components by optimizing the operating parameters of the machining processes. Design of experiments (DoE) is adopted to investigate systematically the machining process parameters that influence product quality. In addition, tolerance plays a vital role in assembly of parts in manufacturing industries. For the selected piston and cylinder component, improvements efforts are made to reduce the total manufacturing cost of the components. By making use of central composite rotatable design method, a module of DoE, a mathematical model is developed for predicting the standard deviation of the tolerance achieved by grinding process. This mathematical model, which gives 93.3% accuracy, is used to calculate the quality loss cost. The intent of concurrent optimization problem is to minimize total manufacturing cost and quality loss function. Genetic algorithm is followed for optimizing the parameters. The results prove that there is a considerable reduction in manufacturing cost without violating the required tolerance, cutting force, and power.     

Integrated tolerance optimisation with simulated annealing

Tolerance is one of the most important parameters in design and manufacturing. The allocation of design and machining tolerances has a significant impact on manufacturing cost and product quality. This article presents an analytical model for simultaneously allocating design and machining tolerances based on the least-manufacturing-cost criterion. In this study, tolerance allocation is formulated as a non-linear optimisation model based on the cost-tolerance relationship. A new global optimisation algorithm, simulated annealing, is employed to solve the non-linear programming problem. An example for illustrating the optimisation model and the solution procedure is provided.     

公差优化中的制造成本估算

以公差优化为目标进行制造成本估算是对公差———成本关系进行建模的基础问题。文章分析比较了传统的制造成本的计算方法,提出了已知制造系统状态时对公差———制造成 本关系的建模 方法———多参数公式法,详细阐述了该方法的使用环境以及提出该方法的必要性及合理性,并以实例对其可用性进行了说明和验证。     

制造系统中的公差与成本

公差设计是产品设计中的重要组成部分。公差设计的优劣,对产品制造加工过程有直接影响。文章详细分析了产品公差设计的类型和过程及产品成本的各项因素,提出了公差—成本关系的基本模型,为基于成本最低的公差设计优化提供了基础理论依据。     

Tolerance chart balancing with a complete inspection plan taking account of manufacturing and quality costs

This paper introduces a mathematical model of tolerance chart balancing for machining process planning under complete inspection. The criteria considered in this study are based on the combined effects of manufacturing cost and quality loss, under constraints such as process capability limits, product design specifications, and product quality requirements. Manufacturing costs include the machining cost, part cost, inspection cost, reworking cost, and replacement cost. The machining cost is expressed in geometrical decreasing functions, which represent tolerances to be assigned. Process variability is expressed in quadratic loss functions, which represent the deviation between the part measurement and the target value. An example is presented to demonstrate the proposed model. A comparison made with previous methods shows that the proposed model minimizes the total cost of manufacturing activities and quality-related issues in machining process planning, particularly in the early stages. Moreover, the applications are not be limited to machining process planning but can also be used in other forms of production planning.     

一种基于D-H参数的7自由度机械臂机构精度综合方法研究

提出了一种基于最佳精度模型的机械臂机构精度综合的方法,利用遗传算法对D-H参数公差优化分配,为机械臂的精度设计提供理论依据。以一种基于双电机伺服驱动关节的7自由度协作机械臂为研究对象,机械臂的几何定位精度的设计目标为1.4 mm,建立该型机械臂末端执行器的几何定位误差模型;对参数误差进行敏感性分析,找出对机械臂末端执行器几何定位误差影响相对较大的参数误差;根据最佳精度数学模型,利用遗传算法对D-H参数公差优化分配;经过对误差仿真计算分析,机械臂的最大几何定位误差为1.226 7 mm,均值为0.485 9 mm,方差为0.216 5 mm,满足设计要求。为该机械臂的制造装配提供了理论参考依据。与基于最小成本模型的精度综合法相比,提出的精度综合方法不需要统计加工制造成本信息,能够确保机械臂的设计精度满足设计要求,可用于单个或者小批量生产制造机械臂的精度设计。