Zinc oxide incorporated water-in-diesel emulsion fuel: Formulation,particle size measurement,and emission characteristics assessment

The use of W/D emulsion fuel has a positive influence on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines, especially on NOx and PM emissions. The prolonged ignition delay of W/D emulsion fuel resulting in rough engine operation is a critical factor that has to be focused on in emulsion fuel studies. ZnO, a metal-based nanoparticle that can act as a catalyst for chemical reactions during combustion process, is adopted in the present study in an attempt to shorten the ignition delay. The problems associated with nanofluid synthesis are agglomeration of nanoparticles and measurement of particle size in base fluid. The present study focuses on the previously-mentioned issues with experiments conducted in two phases. In the first phase, ZnO nanoparticles with mass fraction of 50 ppm and 100 ppm are incorporated in 10W/D emulsion fuel and stabilized using suitable surfactant and its physiochemical properties measured. To measure the ZnO particle size in emulsion fuel, milky form of ZnO incorporated in W/D emulsion fuel is turned into transparent form using DME as a solvent and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy analysis is performed. From the results obtained, it is noted that the properties of 10W/D emulsion fuel meet the standard diesel fuel properties requirement and the incorporation of nanoparticles change the fuel properties marginally. In addition, ZnO particles size in emulsion fuel is confirmed to be at nanolevel. In the second phase, IDP and emission characteristics are studied for 50ZnO10W/D and 100ZnO10W/D, and compared with BD and 10W/D. It is observed that ZnO incorporated W/D emulsion fuel blends have a shorter IDP and lesser emission levels over BD and 10W/D.     

Stability Behavior of Water-in-Diesel Fuel Emulsion

Abstract

The presence of water within diesel fuel in the form of water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion lowers the pollution level of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emulsion of W/D was prepared by high-speed mixing and gradually adding water into the diesel fuel containing a small amount of emulsified agent. We measured the physical properties of diesel fuel and W/D emulsions with a pycnometer for density, Fann V.G. rotational viscometer (Chandler Engineering, Model 3500, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA) for viscosity, and a Fisher Surface Tensiomat (Fisher Scientific Co., Model 21, Hampton, New Hampshire, USA) for surface tension. We used a computer image analyzer system to investigate the water droplet fuel interaction and the water droplet distribution within the diesel phase. The results of this study show that the emulsions of 10% and 20% W/D were stabilized for 4 weeks and 10 days, respectively, under the conditions of 0.2% surfactant, 15,000 rpm, and 2 minutes of mixing time. Under the same conditions, the stability period is limited to 5 hours for emulsions with a water concentration higher than 20%. An optimum surfactant concentration of 2% was found for 40% W/D due to the polydispersity behavior of the added surfactant. The water droplet distribution and average diameter were significantly affected by the total number of mixing revolutions. We measured and investigated the physical properties of the stable W/D emulsions in terms of density, surface tension, and viscosity.     

Performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using diesel nanoemulsions as alternative fuels

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine at different engine loads. Emulsified diesel fuel was prepared by mixing diesel fuel with surfactant in the percentage of 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% of the emulsion total weight. Emulsified diesel oils with varying content of water and surfactant concentrations were prepared via the batch method technique. Different concentrations of water as 5, 6 and 7 wt% was gradually added. Effect of water content and surfactant concentration on engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions were investigated. From the obtained results, specific fuel consumptions for water diesel emulsions were reduced by 8% compared to pure diesel fuel at 4 wt% surfactant concentration, 7 wt% water content and engine load of 1 kW. Furthermore, the lowest HC, CO and NOx emissions value of 66, 48 and 32%, respectively were obtained in case of using 6 wt% of surfactant concentration, 7% water content and engine load of 1 kW. The prepared emulsified diesel fuel achieved a higher engine performance and lower exhaust emissions compared to neat diesel fuel.     

TG法测W/O乳化液中的含水量

建立了取样量小 ,操作方便 ,用热重法分析油包水型乳化液中含水量的方法。使用废润滑油乳化液样品进行试验 ,采用低升温速率 2℃ /min ,在质量变化微分曲线的最低点处读取数据 ,热重法分析结果与ASTMD12 3-92标准方法的分析结果非常吻合 ,最大相对误差小于 5 %。对比乳化液和油水简单混合物的热重法分析结果 ,还可得到乳化液类型和粒径分布等信息。     

Emission characteristics of water-emulsified diesel fuel at optimized engine operation condition

The present study is carried out to analyze the emission characteristics of a natural aspirated diesel engine running with water-in-diesel emulsion fuel at optimized engine operating condition. In the first phase of the experiment, key engine operating parameters say compression ratio and water concentration with diesel are optimized in order to obtain higher performance and lower emissions level at all loading conditions using Taguchi-grey relational analysis based on signal-to-noise ratio and grey relational grade. The optimized condition of engine operating parameters is identified as 10% WC (water concentration) with diesel and 18-CR (compression ratio) at all loading conditions. In the second phase, experiments are conducted at optimal condition and the emission characteristics are compared with neat diesel. The results reveal that 10% WC with diesel at 18-CR exhibits better NO_x emission level at all loading conditions with a marginal penalty in other emissions.     

Influence of Water Content and Temperature on Stability of W/O Crude Oil Emulsion

Water content of W/O crude oil emulsion and temperature have great influence on stability of the W/O crude oil emulsion and the subsequent demulsification process especially for oil-water treatment centers using a two-step sedimentation demulsification process in Jilin oilfield. Electrical microscope and Turbiscan stability analyzer were employed to investigate the influence of water content and temperature on stability of synthetic W/O emulsion. The results show that the average water droplets size decreases when water content decreases, the emulsion stability decreases when water content or holding temperature increases, and the emulsion stability constant and the temperature have a linear relationship.     

稠油水包油型乳状液表观黏度的影响因素及预测模型

通过单因素实验,系统分析了两性/非离子复配表面活性剂含量、无机/有机复配碱含量、含油率、搅拌速率、乳化温度对稠油水包油(O/W)型乳状液表观黏度的影响。在单因素实验基础上,进行了六因素三水平的正交实验,并应用SPSS软件进行方差分析及非线性回归,进一步分析各因素对乳状液表观黏度影响的显著程度,得到稠油O/W型乳状液的表观黏度预测模型,进而从理论上分析了各因素对乳状液表观黏度的影响规律。结果表明,随着复配表面活性剂含量的增加,乳状液表观黏度增大;复配碱对乳状液表观黏度的影响具有双重性,既能促使界面上活性物质发生电离,又能压缩扩散双电层,结果取决于两者的相互竞争;随着含油率的增加,乳状液表观黏度增大;搅拌速率在500~1000 r/min范围内,随着搅拌速率的增加,乳状液表观黏度增大,在1000~1500 r/min〖JP〗范围内,表观黏度变化不大;乳化温度升高导致乳状液表观黏度降低。稠油O/W型乳状液的表观黏度预测模型预测的表观黏度与实验结果吻合。     

添加剂对乙醇柴油稳定性及排放性能的影响

在含乙醇质量分数10%和正丁醇质量分数5%的乙醇柴油(简称N5E10)中分别加入不同质量分数的十六烷值改进剂(CN)或消烟剂(XY),考察其对乙醇柴油稳定性的影响,并在YZ4DB3柴油机上分别燃用这些燃料进行台架试验。结果表明,添加CN或XY质量分数分别为01%、03%和05%的N5E10的稳定性良好。与燃用柴油相比,燃用乙醇柴油及含添加剂的乙醇柴油能降低NOx排放和排放气烟度,但CO、HC排放体积分数总体上升高,低负荷时较明显。多数工况下,乙醇柴油中添加十六烷值改进剂可降低柴油机的CO、HC排放和烟度,而柴油机转速对NOx排放的影响明显。乙醇柴油中添加消烟剂可以明显降低柴油机排放气烟度,而CO、HC和NOx的排放受柴油机工况的影响;当转速为1800 r/min时,能降低NOx排放,但会导致HC和CO排放量增加;转速为2900 r/min时,能降低HC和CO排放,但却导致NOx排放增加,甚至超过原机排放。在N5E10燃料中加入质量分数为03%的十六烷值改进剂或05%的消烟剂,可以得到最佳减排效果。     

A study of copolymers activity during the separation of water-in-oil emulsions

The activity of copolymers poly (propylene oxide)-poly (ethylene oxide) (PPO-PEO) with different amount of PEO (10 and 15 wt%) was studied on the separation of water from water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. The results show an increase in the interfacial activity of the copolymer when PEO concentration was 15 wt%. However, the increase in molecular size of the copolymer due to high concentration of PEO may cause problems related to transport through the emulsion. Thus, while the PPO-PEO10 copolymer was more active for the separation of water present in the W/O emulsion of 6.4° API, which is highly viscous, the PPO-PEO15 copolymer was more effective for the W/O emulsion of 7.1° API, which is highly stable.     

掺混比对异丁醇-柴油混合燃料性能的影响

在1台增压中冷高压共轨柴油机上,试验探讨了异丁醇-柴油不同掺混比的混合燃料对发动机燃烧过程及性能的影响。结果表明:相同负荷率下,掺混异丁醇降低了燃料热值,发动机燃油消耗率增加;柴油掺混异丁醇后,含氧量增加,可有效抑制碳烟排放,但十六烷值降低。重型柴油机稳态测试循环(ESC-13工况)加权比排放测试发现,掺混10%异丁醇的柴油燃烧产生的微粒比排放最低;同转速小负荷工况下,加大异丁醇掺混比后,混合燃料增高的汽化潜热和低十六烷值共同引起滞燃期延长,使缸内温度降低,CO、HC及微粒排放增加;而大负荷工况下缸内燃烧高循环热量可有效抑制这一趋势,除NOx排放外,其余有害物比排放降低。     

水包油欠平衡钻井液在达2井的应用

经室内评价实验,确定了水包油钻井液体 系配方,即由3.5%膨润土浆 0.5%～1.0%降滤失剂PAMS601A 2%～3%高温稳定剂PAMS601B 0.5%～2.0%主乳化剂A-1 0.1%～0.2%辅助乳化剂B-1 60%柴油组成.介绍了该水包油钻 井液体系在达2井实施欠平衡钻井技术中的应用,包括水包油钻井液性能日常维护措施,初 期井段应用效果,遭遇二氧化碳气体污染、地层出水等问题时的处理措施.现场应用结果表 明,该水包油钻井液体系流变性良好,高温稳定性优,携砂能力强,抗污染能力强,起下钻畅通无阻,能够满足深井欠平衡钻井工艺的需要.     

A GRNN based frame work to test the influence of nano zinc additive biodiesel blends on CI engine performance and emissions

Environmental friendly fuels have increasing demand in the field of automotive industry. Hybridizing with biodiesel and addition of nanoparticles are two evident techniques to improve the performance and to control the hazardous emissions. Combination of appropriate weight fractions of nanoparticles, biodiesel, and diesel further optimize the engine outcomes. The present work aims at investigating the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles suspensions in diesel and Mahua biodiesel blended fuel on single cylinder diesel engine performance characteristics. Experimental tests are performed with neat diesel fuel, biodiesel blends and ZnO added biodiesel blends. The results indicate that ZnO particulate addition yields favorable performance and emission control of the engine. A generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is implemented for predicting the performance and emissions of the engine at various operating conditions based on the experimental results. The neural network predictions are corroborated with the experimental results and are found in good agreement. A classical differential evolution algorithm (DEA) is further used on the network model to find out optimal combination of nanoparticles, biodiesel and diesel and proven through experimental validation.     

原油复配破乳剂的配方设计

研究了水相pH值、非离子破乳剂和助剂对沙轻原油、阿曼原油、杰诺原油、胜利原油乳液稳定性的影响 ,考察了破乳剂与助剂的协同效应。结果表明 :沙轻原油在水相 pH =6～ 7时乳液的稳定性最差 ;破乳剂通过降低界面张力和使沥青质胶团向油相解缔而破坏乳液的稳定性 ;有机小分子助剂改变界面极性环境或增加芳香度使沥青质增溶而破坏乳液的稳定性 ,它们与破乳剂有很好的协同效应     

柴油中的硫化物对发动机性能影响研究

使用不同硫含量的三种柴油在一辆满足欧IV排放标准的直喷柴油机上进行了发动机性能试验。试验结果表明,油品硫含量对发动机的动力性、经济性无明显影响;油品硫含量增加主要造成排放的颗粒中硫酸盐排放量显著增加。     

Stability of the Oil-water Emulsion Formed During Amphiphilic Polymer Flooding

The amphiphilic polymer can greatly improve the stability of produced liquid and thus makes it difficult to treat. It is of great necessity to study the stability of amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsion. O/W crude oil emulsion tends to be more stable with increasing amphiphilic polymer concentration and decreasing holding temperature. Amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsion is much more stable, especially when polymer concentration is above critical aggregation concentration. Aggregation formed by hydrophobic groups of the amphiphilic polymer is beneficial to the stability of amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsions.     

CF-420W/50重负荷柴油机油的研制

分析了CF -4 2 0W / 5 0重负荷柴油机油的市场发展前景及具有的广泛用途。在认真筛选基础油和添加剂的基础上 ,在实验室调试出了合格的油样 ,并通过了模拟评定。由此生产出了满足性能要求的CF -4 2 0W / 5 0重负荷柴油机油。     

Performance and emission characteristics of a stationary diesel engine fuelled by Schleichera Oleosa Oil Methyl Ester (SOME) produced through hydrodynamic cavitation process

In this study, the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends of 10, 20, 30 and 50% from Schleichera Oleosa oil based on hydrodynamic cavitation were compared to diesel fuel, and found to be acceptable according to the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. The tests have been performed using a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine at different loading condition with the blended fuel at the rated speed of 1500 rpm. SOME (Schleichera Oleosa Oil Methyl Ester) blended with diesel in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% by volume and pure diesel was used as fuel. Engine performance (specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency) and exhaust emission (CO, CO₂ and NOx) were measured to evaluate the behaviour of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results show that the brake thermal efficiency of diesel is higher and brake specific fuel consumption is lower at all loads followed by blends of SOME and diesel. The performance parameter for B10, B20, B30 and B50 were also closer to diesel and the CO emission was found to be lesser than diesel while there was a slight increase in the CO₂ and NOx. SOME produced by using hydrodynamic cavitation seems to be efficient, time saving and industrially viable. The experimental results revel that SOME-diesel blends up to 50% (v/v) can be used in a diesel engine without modifications.     

Demulsification of dilute O/W emulsion by DC electric field

In this article, the effect of demulsification of dilute O/W emulsion in DC electric field and its mechanism are investigated. The results show that the demulsification process of dilute O/W emulsion is divided into three stages: water layer formation, re-emulsification with transverse diffusion and uplift-stabilization of O/W emulsion. There is a critical current in the electro-demulsification of dilute O/W emulsion. Some evidences confirm that O/W emulsion system with surfactant produces a surface tension gradient in the height direction during the stratification process. The critical current together with the surface tension gradient causes different demulsification processes and current variation for different emulsions.     

Kinetic modeling and experimental study on the combustion,performance and emission characteristics of a PCCI engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blends

The combustion process in the Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) engine is basically restricted by the in cylinder charged mixture components. Also, the homogeneity of the charged mixture is determining the quality and process of the chemical reaction during the first stage of combustion which establish the auto-ignition process. In the present work, the engine experimental setup is equipped with a new suggested modification on the original fuel system device in order to produce a perfect commixture of diesel/ethanol at different blends ratio with the charged air. The obtained laboratory results are used to validate the simulation's data of the PCCI engine ignition. The prediction is performed using a detailed kinetic reaction mechanism. The simulation study has been achieved to predict the auto-ignition timing and the combustion characteristics of the PCCI engine fueled with different blends of ethanol and diesel at different volume percentage. The obtained results show that the premixed ratio of the ethanol in the ethanol/diesel fuel blends can be used to control the auto-ignition timing and the combustion characteristics at different engine air/fuel ratios. Also, the main pathway of this work is to establish the influence of the engine operating parameters which including the premixed ratio, fuel–air equivalence ratio on the engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the PCCI engine. These effects are studied and traced through the simulation result data of the in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and gas phase heat release at different a premixed ratio of ethanol-diesel fuels blends of 0, 10, 20, 30,40 and 50% (by volume).     

CI-4 15W/40柴油机油在国产柴油车上的使用试验

选用CI-4 15W／40柴油机油在东风乘龙载货汽车上进行实车使用试验,主要考察不同运行条件对油品实际使用性能的影响,同时验证该油在长距离超速超载行驶的国产柴油车上的实际使用效果,为合理使用高档柴油机油提供技术依据。