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1.
Owing to the sluggish kinetics for water oxidation, severe surface charge recombination is a major energy loss that hinders efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, a simple process is developed for preparing a new type of low‐cost iron‐cobalt oxide (FeCoOx) as an efficient co‐catalyst to suppress the surface charge recombination on bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoanodes. The new FeCoOx/BiVO4 photoanode exhibits a high photocurrent density of 4.82 mA cm?2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode under AM 1.5 G illumination, which corresponds to >100% increase compared to that of the pristine BiVO4 photoanode. The photoanode also demonstrates a high charge separation efficiency of ≈90% with excellent stability of over 10 h, indicating the excellent catalytic performance of FeCoOx in the PEC process. Density functional theory calculations and experimental studies reveal that the incorporation of Fe into CoOx generates abundant oxygen vacancies and forms a p‐n heterojunction with BiVO4, which effectively promotes the hole transport/trapping from the BiVO4 photocatalyst and reduces the overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), resulting in remarkably increased photocurrent densities and durability. This work demonstrates a feasible process for depositing cheap FeCoOx as an excellent OER cocatalyst on photoanodes for PEC water splitting.  相似文献   

2.
p-type tetragonal zircon BiVO4 nanocrystal photocathodes (P-BVO) and n-type monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 nanoporous photoanodes (N-BVO) are prepared by a hydrothermal method and an electrochemical synthesis method, respectively. Pt nanoparticles and cobalt-phosphate (Co-Pi) as co-catalysts are loaded by an electrodeposition way to improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of BiVO4 (BVO) electrodes. After modification, a monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of P-BVO/Pt at 360 nm is improved by 2.2 times, and the highest IPCE of N-BVO/Co-Pi at 440 nm is increased by 1.7 times. The calculated electron-hole separation yield and the charge carrier injection yield of N-BVO/Co-Pi at 1.23 VRHE are further improved to 80% and 86%, respectively. The surface modification also results in the latest ≈0.2% half-cell solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency (HC-STH) for a P-BVO/Pt photocathode and a higher ≈1.16% half-cell applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency (ABPE) for an N-BVO/Co-Pi photoanode. Furthermore, the prepared photoelectrodes are proved to have excellent stability for water splitting. Above all, a tandem-type PEC cell containing the newly developed P-BVO/Pt photocathode and an N-BVO/Co-Pi photoanode is built for the first time, which evolves H2 and O2 at a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 with a bias-free STH of 0.14%.  相似文献   

3.
Finding efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that can be effectively integrated with semiconductors is significantly challenging for solar‐driven photo‐electrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, amorphous cobalt–iron hydroxide (CoFe? H) nanosheets are synthesized by facile electrodeposition as an efficient catalyst for both electrochemical and PEC water oxidation. As a result of the high electrochemically active surface area and the amorphous nature, the optimized amorphous CoFe? H nanosheets exhibit superior OER catalytic activity in alkaline environment with a small overpotential (280 mV) to achieve significant oxygen evolution (j = 10 mA cm?2) and a low Tafel slope (28 mV dec?1). Furthermore, CoFe? H nanosheets are simply integrated with BiVO4 semiconductor to construct CoFe? H/BiVO4 photoanodes that exhibit a significantly enhanced photocurrent density of 2.48 mA cm?2 (at 1.23 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) and a much lower onset potential of 0.23 V (vs RHE) for PEC‐OER. Careful electrochemical and optical studies reveal that the improved OER kinetics and high‐quality interface at the CoFe? H/BiVO4 junction, as well as the excellent optical transparency of CoFe? H nanosheets, contribute to the high PEC performance. This study establishes amorphous CoFe? H nanosheets as a highly competitive candidate for electrochemical and PEC water oxidation and provides general guidelines for designing efficient PEC systems.  相似文献   

4.
This paper employs photoinduced absorption and electrochemical techniques to analyze the charge carrier dynamics that drive photoelectrochemical water oxidation on bismuth vanadate (BiVO4), both with and without cobalt phosphate (CoPi) co‐catalyst. These results are correlated with spectroelectrochemical measurements of CoII oxidation to CoIII in a CoPi/FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide) electrode during dark electrocatalytic water oxidation. Electrocatalytic water oxidation exhibits a non‐linear dependence on CoIII density, with a sharp onset at 1 × 1017 CoIII cm?2. These results are compared quantitatively with the degree of CoPi oxidation observed under conditions of photoinduced water oxidation on CoPi–BiVO4 photoanodes. For the CoPi–BiVO4 photoanodes studied herein, ≤5% of water oxidation proceeds from CoPi sites, making the BiVO4 surface the predominant water oxidation site. This study highlights two key factors that limit the ability of CoPi to improve the catalytic performance of BiVO4: 1) the kinetics of hole transfer from the BiVO4 to the CoPi layer are too slow to effectively compete with direct water oxidation from BiVO4; 2) the slow water oxidation kinetics of CoPi result in a large accumulation of CoIII states, causing an increase in recombination. Addressing these factors will be essential for improving the performance of CoPi on photoanodes for solar‐driven water oxidation.  相似文献   

5.
In this work, a water splitting photoanode composed of a BiVO4 thin film surface modified by the deposition of a rhodium (Rh)‐doped SrTiO3 perovskite is fabricated, and the Rh‐doped SrTiO3 outer layer exhibits special photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxygen evolution co‐catalytic activity. Controlled intensity modulated photo‐current spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and other electrochemical results indicate that the Rh on the perovskite provide an oxidation active site during the PEC water oxidation process by reducing the reaction energy barrier for water oxidation. Theoretical calculations indicate that the water oxidation reaction is more likely to occur on the (110) crystal plane of Rh‐SrTiO3 because the oxygen evolution reaction overpotential on the (110) crystal plane is reduced significantly. Therefore, the obtained BiVO4/Rh5%‐SrTiO3 photoanode exhibits an optimized PEC performance. In particular, it facilitates the saturation of the photocurrent density. Thus, the presence of doped Rh in SrTiO3 can reduce the amount of noble metals required while achieving excellent and stable oxygen evolution properties.  相似文献   

6.
Despite recent progress in photo‐electrochemical (PEC) water oxidation systems for TiO2‐based photoanodes, PEC performance improvement is still seriously hampered due to poor carrier transport efficiency and sluggish surface water oxidation kinetics of pristine TiO2. Herein, for the first time a brand new metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived Co3C nanosheet with narrow bandgap energy is demonstrated, to effectively sensitize TiO2 hollow cages as a heterostructure photoanode for PEC water oxidation. It is found that MOF‐derived Co3C nanosheet with narrow bandgap characteristic can simultaneously accelerate the surface water oxidation kinetics and extend the light harvesting range of pristine TiO2. Meanwhile, a uniquely matched type‐II heterojunction constructed between MOF‐derived Co3C and TiO2 results in an evidently spontaneous e?/h+ separation. MOF‐derived Co3C/TiO2 heterostructure photoanodes bring about drastically improved PEC water oxidation performance. Specifically, MOF‐derived Co3C‐3/TiO2 photoanode with an optimized content of Co3C achieves the highest photocurrent density and charge separation efficiency of 2.6 mA cm?2 and 92.6% at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, corresponding to 201% and 152% improvement compared with pristine TiO2 nanocages. The ingeniously prepared MOF‐derived Co3C carbide with narrow bandgap energy as a cocatalyst paves new way to construct potentially high performance solar‐energy conversion system.  相似文献   

7.
Optical losses in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell account for a substantial part of solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion losses, but limited attention is paid to the detailed investigation of optical losses in PEC cells. In this work, an optical model of combined coherent and incoherent light propagation in all layers of the PEC cell based on spectroscopic measurements is presented. Specifically, photoelectrodes using transparent conductive substrates such as F:SnO2 coated with thin absorber films are focused. The optical model is verified for hematite photoanodes fabricated by atomic layer deposition and successfully used to determine wavelength‐dependent reflection, transmission, layer absorptances, and charge generation rates. Furthermore, the calculated absorptances enable 20–30% more accurate calculations of the absorbed photon‐to‐current efficiency of PEC cells. Our optical model is a powerful tool for the optimization of the optical performance of PEC cells focusing on single absorber or tandem configurations and represents a cornerstone of a complete (optical and electrical) model for PEC water splitting cells.  相似文献   

8.
The design and fabrication of solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion devices are enabled through interweaving multiple components with various morphologies and unique functions using a versatile layer‐by‐layer assembly method. Cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes are used as an electrostatic adhesive to assemble the following functional materials: plasmonic Ag nanoparticles for improved light harvesting, upconversion nanoparticles for utilization of near‐infrared light, and polyoxometalate water oxidation catalysts for enhanced catalytic activity. Polyelectrolytes also have an additional function of passivating the surface recombination centers of the underlying photoelectrode. These functional components are precisely assembled on a model photoanode (e.g., Fe2O3 and BiVO4) in a desired order and various combinations without degradation of their intrinsic properties. As a result, the performance of water oxidation photoanodes is synergistically enhanced. This study can enable the design and fabrication of novel solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion devices.  相似文献   

9.
Efficient charge separation and transport as well as high light absorption are key factors that determine the efficiency of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting devices. Here, a PEC device consisting of a hematite nanoporous film deposited on Pt nanopillars, followed by the decoration with an Fe2TiO5 passivation layer, is designed and fabricated. This structure can largely improve the light absorption in the composite materials, and significantly enhance the water oxidation performance of hematite photoanodes. The Fe2TiO5 thin shell and Pt underlayer significantly improve the interfacial charge transfer while minimizing the hole‐migration length in Fe2O3 photoanodes, leading to a drastically increased photocurrent density. Specially, the Fe2TiO5/Fe2O3/Pt photoanode yields an excellent photoresponse for PEC water splitting reactions with 1.0 and 2.4 mA cm?2 obtained at 1.23 and 1.6 VRHE under AM 1.5G illumination in 1 m KOH. The resulting photocurrents are 2.5 times enhanced compared to a pristine Fe2O3 photoanode of the same geometry. These results demonstrate a synergistic charge transfer effect of Fe2TiO5 and Pt layers on hematite for the improvement of PEC water oxidation.  相似文献   

10.
The n‐type semiconducting spinel zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) is used as a photoabsorber material for light‐driven water‐splitting. It is prepared for the first time by atomic layer deposition. Using the resulting well‐defined thin films as a model system, the performance of ZnFe2O4 in photoelectrochemical water oxidation is characterized. Compared to benchmark α‐Fe2O3 (hematite) films, ZnFe2O4 thin films achieve a lower photocurrent at the reversible potential. However, the oxidation onset potential of ZnFe2O4 is 200 mV more cathodic, allowing the water‐splitting reaction to proceed at a lower external bias and resulting in a maximum applied‐bias power efficiency (ABPE) similar to that of Fe2O3. The kinetics of the water oxidation reaction are examined by intensity‐modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. The data indicate a considerably higher charge transfer efficiency of ZnFe2O4 at potentials between 0.8 and 1.3 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, attributable to significantly slower surface charge recombination. Finally, nanostructured ZnFe2O4 photoanodes employing a macroporous antimony‐doped tin oxide current collector reach a five times higher photocurrent than the flat films. The maximum ABPE of these host–guest photoanodes is similarly increased.  相似文献   

11.
To address the energy crisis and environmental problems, the applications of solar energy have received intensive attention. Converting solar energy to hydrogen using a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell is one of the most promising approaches to meet future energy demands. As an earth abundant metal oxide, tungsten trioxide (WO3), which has a moderate band gap (2.5–2.7 eV), ideal valence band position, and high resistance to photocorrosion, has been widely utilized in PEC photoanodes. To obtain a WO3 photoanode with high PEC efficiency, tremendous efforts have been made to improve the light absorption capacity, charge carrier dynamics, and oxygen evolution activity. In this report, the recent advances in WO3 photoanode optimization, including morphology design, dopants doping, heterojunction fabrication, and surface modification are summarized. In this review, these developments and representative applications of WO3 photoanodes in unassisted water splitting devices are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on the significant challenges and future prospects for the development of WO3 photoanodes for PEC water splitting are provided.  相似文献   

12.
In green plants, solar‐powered electrons are transferred through sophistically arranged photosystems and are subsequently channelled into the Calvin cycle to generate chemical energy. Inspired by the natural photosynthetic scheme, a photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) is constructed configured with protonated graphitic carbon nitride (p‐g‐C3N4) and carbon nanotube hybrid (CNT/p‐g‐C3N4) film cathode, and FeOOH‐deposited bismuth vanadate (FeOOH/BiVO4) photoanode for the production of industrially useful chiral alkanes using an old yellow enzyme homologue from Thermus scotoductus (TsOYE). In the biocatalytic PEC platform, photoexcited electrons provided by the FeOOH/BiVO4 photoanode are transferred to the robust and self‐standing CNT/p‐g‐C3N4 hybrid film that electrocatalytically reduces flavin mononucleotide (FMN) mediator. The p‐g‐C3N4 promotes a two‐electron reduction of FMN coupled with an accelerated electron transfer by the conductive CNT network. The reduced FMN subsequently delivers the electrons to TsOYE for the highly enantioselective conversion of ketoisophorone to (R)‐levodione. Under light illumination (>420 nm) and external bias, (R)‐levodione is synthesized with the enantiomeric excess value of above 83%, not influenced by the scale of applied bias, simultaneously exhibiting stable and high current efficiency. The results suggest that the biocatalytic PEC made up of economical materials can selectively synthesize high‐value organic chemicals using water as an electron donor.  相似文献   

13.
Hematite photoanodes are decorated with nanostructured FeOOH by photoelectrodeposition. An obvious cathodic shift in the photocurrent onset potential is observed, while four‐times enhancement of photocurrent density enhancement is acheived with FeOOH present. This can be ascribed to the high reaction area for the structure and high electrocatalytic activity of nanostructured FeOOH, which increases the amount of photogenerated holes involved in the water oxidation reaction and accelerates the kinetics of water oxidation. Furthermore, the obtained Fe2O3/FeOOH photoanode achieves considerable O2 evolution rate (10.1 μmol h?1 cm?2) under AM 1.5 G illumination and is maintained for as long as 70 h. The Fe2O3/FeOOH films show visible light response, high photocurrent density, and long‐term stability, and they are well qualified photoanode materials and a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical water splitting.  相似文献   

14.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) fuel synthesis depends on the intermittent solar intensity of the diurnal cycle and ceases at night. Here, an integrated device that does not only possess PEC water splitting functionality, but also operates as an electrolyzer in the nocturnal period to improve the overall capacity factor is described. The bifunctional system is based on an “artificial leaf” tandem PEC architecture that contains an inverse-structure lead halide perovskite protected by a graphite epoxy/parylene-C coating (conferring 96 h stability of operation in water), and a porous BiVO4 semiconductor. The light-absorbers are interfaced with a H2 evolution catalyst (Pt) and a Co-based water oxidation catalyst, respectively, which can also be directly driven by electricity. Thus, the device can operate in PEC mode during irradiation and switch to an electricity-powered mode in the dark through bypassing of the semiconductor configuration. The bifunctional perovskite-BiVO4 tandem provides a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 1.3% under simulated solar irradiation and an onset for water electrolysis at 1.8 V. The compact design and low cost of the proposed device may provide an advantage over other technologies for round-the-clock fuel production.  相似文献   

15.
Highly crystalline monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 powders are synthesized from aqueous Bi(NO3)3 and NH4VO3 solutions over a wide range of pH by a hydrothermal process. BiVO4 powders with various morphologies, surface textures, and grain shapes are selectively synthesized by adjusting the pH. The dependence of the Raman peak position and intensity on the synthesis conditions indicates that the symmetry distortions in the local structure of the synthesized BiVO4 are affected by the preparation conditions. These variations in the local structure result in the modification of the electronic structure of BiVO4, which results in a blue‐shift in the UV‐vis absorption spectrum of hydrothermally synthesized BiVO4 in comparison with a well‐crystallized sample prepared by homogeneous coprecipitation. The photocatalytic activities for O2 evolution from an aqueous AgNO3 solution under visible‐light irradiation are strongly dependent on the pH used in the synthesis. The differences in the photocatalytic activities between BiVO4 samples prepared under various conditions is attributed to the degree of structural distortion, leading to differences in the mobility of photogenerated holes formed in the valence band, which consists of Bi 6s and O 2p orbitals.  相似文献   

16.
Charge separation at the interface of heterojunctions is affected by the energy band alignments of the materials that compose the heterojunctions. Controlling the contact crystal facets can lead to different energy band alignments owing to the varied electronic structures of the different crystal facets. Therefore, BiVO4‐TiO2 heterojunctions are designed with different BiVO4 crystal facets at the interface ({110} facet or {010} facet), named BiVO4‐110‐TiO2 and BiVO4‐010‐TiO2, respectively, to achieve high photocatalytic performance. Higher photocurrent density and lower photoluminescence intensity are observed with the BiVO4‐110‐TiO2 heterojunction than those of the BiVO4‐010‐TiO2 heterojunction, which confirms that the former possesses higher charge carrier separation capacity than the latter. The photocatalytic degradation results of both Rhodamine B and 4‐nonylphenol demonstrate that better photocatalytic performance is achieved on the BiVO4‐110‐TiO2 heterojunction than the BiVO4‐010‐TiO2 heterojunction under visible light (≥422 nm) irradiation. The higher electron transfer capacity and better photocatalytic performance of the BiVO4‐110‐TiO2 heterojunction are attributed to the more fluent electron transfer from the {110} facet of BiVO4 to TiO2 caused by the smaller interfacial energy barrier. This is further confirmed by the selective deposition of Pt on the TiO2 surface as well as the longer lifetime of Bi5+ in the BiVO4‐110‐TiO2 heterojunction.  相似文献   

17.
TiO2 is a very promising photocatalytic material due to its merits including low cost, nontoxicity, high chemical stability, and photocorrosion resistance. However, it is also known that TiO2 is a wide bandgap material, and it is still challenging to achieve high photocatalytic performance driven by solar light. In this paper, silicon‐doped TiO2 nanorod arrays are vertically grown on fluorine‐doped tin oxide substrates and then are heat treated both in air and in vacuum. It is found that the silicon doping together with the heat treatment brings synergic effect to TiO2 nanorod films by increasing the crystallinity, producing abundant oxygen vacancies, enhancing the hydrophilicity as well as improving the electronic properties. When used as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting, under the condition of AM 1.5G simulated solar irradiation and without using any cocatalysts, these nanorod films show photocurrent density as high as 0.83 mA cm?2 at a potential of 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which is much higher than that of the TiO2 nanorod films without doping or heat treating. The silicon‐doped TiO2 nanorod array films described in this paper are envisioned to provide valuable platforms for supporting catalysts and cocatalysts for efficient solar‐light‐assisted water oxidation and other solar‐light‐driven photocatalytic applications.  相似文献   

18.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production makes possible the direct conversion of solar energy into chemical fuel. In this work, PEC photoanodes consisting of GaAs nanowire (NW) arrays were fabricated, characterized, and then demonstrated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Uniform and periodic GaAs nanowire arrays were grown on a heavily n-doped GaAs substrates by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition selective area growth. The nanowire arrays were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy in a non-aqueous electrochemical system using ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) as a redox couple, and a maximum oxidation photocurrent of 11.1 mA/cm2 was measured. GaAs NW arrays with a 36 nm layer of nickel oxide (NiO x ) synthesized by atomic layer deposition were then used as photoanodes to drive the OER. In addition to acting as an electrocatalyst, the NiO x layer served to protect the GaAs NWs from oxidative corrosion. Using this strategy, GaAs NW photoanodes were successfully used for the oxygen evolution reaction. This is the first demonstration of GaAs NW arrays for effective OER, and the fabrication and protection strategy developed in this work can be extended to study any other nanostructured semiconductor materials systems for electrochemical solar energy conversion.  相似文献   

19.
Nanoscale morphology of vanadium dioxide (VO2) films can be controlled to realize smooth ultrathin (<10 nm) crystalline films or nanoparticles with atomic layer deposition, opening doors to practical VO2 metal‐insulator transition (MIT) nanoelectronics. The precursor combination, the valence of V, and the density for as‐deposited VO2 films, as well as the postdeposition crystallization annealing conditions determine whether a continuous thin film or nanoparticle morphology is obtained. It is demonstrated that the films and particles possess both a structural and an electronic transition. The resistivity of ultrathin films changes by more than two orders of magnitude across the MIT, demonstrating their high quality.  相似文献   

20.
Regulation of the crystallization of perovskite films and avoiding the oxidation of Sn2+ during the deposition process are very important for achieving Sn/Pb binary perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and producibility. In this work, a high‐quality HC(NH2)2Pb0.7Sn0.3I3 (FAPb0.7Sn0.3I3) film deposited from the two‐step solution process by introducing methylammonium thiocyanate (MASCN) as a bifunctional additive into the precursor solution containing PbI2 and SnI2 is reported. MASCN can not only tune the morphology of the perovskite film but also stabilize the precursor solution via retarding the oxidation of Sn2+ through a strong coordination between SCN? and Sn2+. The Sn/Pb binary inverted PVSCs based on FAPb0.7Sn0.3I3 present a high fill factor of 0.79 and the best PCE of 16.26% in the case of 0.25 MASCN addition. The device fabrication producibility is also greatly improved due to the stabilized precursor solution with the aid of MASCN. The PCE of the device is almost independent of the storage time of the precursor solution within 124 d in the N2‐filled glove box. These results indicate that the precursor engineering with multifunctionality additive is an effective approach toward highly efficient and producible PVSCs for future commercialization.  相似文献   

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