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1.
A high‐performance naphthalene diimide (NDI)‐based conjugated polymer for use as the active layer of n‐channel organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is reported. The solution‐processable n‐channel polymer is systematically designed and synthesized with an alternating structure of long alkyl substituted‐NDI and thienylene–vinylene–thienylene units (PNDI‐TVT). The material has a well‐controlled molecular structure with an extended π‐conjugated backbone, with no increase in the LUMO level, achieving a high mobility and highly ambient stable n‐type OFET. The top‐gate, bottom‐contact device shows remarkably high electron charge‐carrier mobility of up to 1.8 cm2 V?1 s?1 (Ion/Ioff = 106) with the commonly used polymer dielectric, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Moreover, PNDI‐TVT OFETs exhibit excellent air and operation stability. Such high device performance is attributed to improved π–π intermolecular interactions owing to the extended π‐conjugation, apart from the improved crystallinity and highly interdigitated lamellar structure caused by the extended π–π backbone and long alkyl groups.  相似文献   

2.
In this study, polymer‐based organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) that exhibit alignment‐induced mobility enhancement, very small device‐to‐device variation, and high operational stability are successfully fabricated by a simple coating method of semiconductor solutions on highly hydrophobic nanogrooved surfaces. The highly hydrophobic nanogrooved surfaces (water contact angle >110°) are effective at inducing unidirectional alignment of polymer backbone structures with edge‐on orientation and are advantageous for realizing high operational stability because of their water‐repellent nature. The dewetting of the semiconductor solution is a critical problem in the thin film formation on highly hydrophobic surfaces. Dewetting during spin coating is suppressed by surrounding the hydrophobic regions with hydrophilic ones under appropriate designs. For the OFET array with an aligned terrace‐phase active layer of poly(2,5‐bis(3‐hexadecylthiophene‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene), the hole mobility in the saturation regime of 30 OFETs with channel current direction parallel to the nanogrooves is 0.513 ± 0.018 cm2 V?1 s?1, which is approximately double that of the OFETs without nanogrooves, and the intrinsic operational stability is comparable to the operational stability of amorphous‐silicon field‐effect transistors. In other words, alignment‐induced mobility enhancement and high operational stability are successfully achieved with very small device‐to‐device variation. This coating method should be a promising means of fabricating high‐performance OFETs.  相似文献   

3.
A graphite thin film was investigated as the drain and source electrodes for bottom‐contact organic field‐effect transistors (BC OFETs). Highly conducting electrodes (102 S cm?1) at room temperature were obtained from pyrolyzed poly(l,3,4‐oxadiazole) (PPOD) thin films that were prepatterned with a low‐cost inkjet printing method. Compared to the devices with traditional Au electrodes, the BC OFETs showed rather high performances when using these source/drain electrodes without any further modification. Being based on a graphite‐like material these electrodes possess excellent compatibility and proper energy matching with both p‐ and n‐type organic semiconductors, which results in an improved electrode/organic‐layer contact and homogeneous morphology of the organic semiconductors in the conducting channel, and finally a significant reduction of the contact resistance and enhancement of the charge‐carrier mobility of the devices is displayed. This work demonstrates that with the advantages of low‐cost, high‐performance, and printability, PPOD could serve as an excellent electrode material for BC OFETs.  相似文献   

4.
The synthesis of a new tetrathiafulvalene derivative with an electron‐withdrawing benzothiadiazole moiety and its use in thin‐film organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are reported. Compared to reported OFETs with other TTF derivatives, a high hole mobility up to 0.73 cm2 V?1 s?1, low off‐current and high on/off ratio up to 105 are demonstrated. In addition, the developed OFETs show fast responsiveness toward chemical vapors of DECP (diethyl chlorophosphate) or POCl3 which are simulants of phosphate‐based nerve agents. In contrast to previously reported OFET‐based sensors, off‐current is used as the output signal, which increases quickly upon exposure to either DECP or POCl3 vapors. High sensitivity is demonstrated toward DECP and POCl3 vapors, with concentrations as low as 10 ppb being detected. These OFETs are also responsive to TNT vapor. The sensing mechanisms for the new type of OFET are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
While many high‐performance polymer semiconductors are reported for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), most require a high‐temperature postdeposition annealing of channel semiconductors to achieve high performance. This negates the fundamental attribute of OFETs being a low‐cost alternative to conventional high‐cost silicon technologies. A facile solution process is developed through which high‐performance OFETs can be fabricated without thermal annealing. The process involves incorporation of an incompatible hydrocarbon binder or wax into the channel semiconductor composition to drive rapid phase separation and instantaneous crystallization of polymer semiconductor at room temperature. The resulting composite channel semiconductor film manifests a nano/microporous surface morphology with a continuous semiconductor nanowire network. OFET mobility of up to about 5 cm2 V?1 s?1 and on/off ratio ≥ 106 are attained. These are hitherto benchmark performance characteristics for room‐temperature, solution‐processed polymer OFETs, which are functionally useful for many impactful applications.  相似文献   

6.
Controlling the interfacial properties between the electrode and active layer in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) can significantly affect their contact properties, resulting in improvements in device performance. However, it is difficult to apply to top‐contact‐structured OFETs (one of the most useful device structures) because of serious damage to the organic active layer by exposing solvent. Here, a spontaneously controlled approach is explored for optimizing the interface between the top‐contacted source/drain electrode and the polymer active layer to improve the contact resistance (RC). To achieve this goal, a small amount of interface‐functionalizing species is blended with the p‐type polymer semiconductor and functionalized at the interface region at once through a thermal process. The RC values dramatically decrease after introduction of the interfacial functionalization to 15.9 kΩ cm, compared to the 113.4 kΩ cm for the pristine case. In addition, the average field‐effect mobilities of the OFET devices increase more than three times, to a maximum value of 0.25 cm2 V?1 s?1 compared to the pristine case (0.041 cm2 V?1 s?1), and the threshold voltages also converge to zero. This study overcomes all the shortcomings observed in the existing results related to controlling the interface of top‐contact OFETs by solving the discomfort of the interface optimization process.  相似文献   

7.
The organization of organic semiconductor molecules in the active layer of organic electronic devices has important consequences to overall device performance. This is due to the fact that molecular organization directly affects charge carrier mobility of the material. Organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) performance is driven by high charge carrier mobility while bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require balanced hole and electron transport. By investigating the properties and device performance of three structural variations of the fluorenyl hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (FHBC) material, the importance of molecular organization to device performance was highlighted. It is clear from 1H NMR and 2D wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (2D WAXS) experiments that the sterically demanding 9,9‐dioctylfluorene groups are preventing π–π intermolecular contact in the hexakis‐substituted FHBC 4 . For bis‐substituted FHBC compounds 5 and 6 , π–π intermolecular contact was observed in solution and hexagonal columnar ordering was observed in solid state. Furthermore, in atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, nanoscale phase separation was observed in thin films of FHBC and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) blends. The differences in molecular and bulk structural features were found to correlate with OFET and BHJ solar cell performance. Poor OFET and BHJ solar cells devices were obtained for FHBC compound 4 while compounds 5 and 6 gave excellent devices. In particular, the field‐effect mobility of FHBC 6 , deposited by spin‐casting, reached 2.8 × 10?3 cm2 V?1 s and a power conversion efficiency of 1.5% was recorded for the BHJ solar cell containing FHBC 6 and PC61BM.  相似文献   

8.
Doping is a powerful tool to overcome contact limitations in short‐channel organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and has been successfully used in the past to improve the charge carrier injection in OFETs. The present study applies this familiar concept to the architecture of vertical organic field‐effect transistors (VOFETs), which are often severely limited by injection due to their very short channel lengths. The present study shows that the performance of p‐type VOFETs with pentacene as an active material can be significantly enhanced by the addition of the common p‐dopant C60F36 as a thin injection layer underneath the VOFET source electrode, resulting in an increase of On‐state current and On/Off ratio by one order of magnitude. The present study further investigates mixed injection layers of pentacene and the p‐dopant and finds that the improvement is less pronounced than for the pure dopant layers and depends on the concentration of dopant molecules in the injection layer. Through application of the transfer length method to equivalent OFET geometries, the present study is finally able to link the observed improvement to a decrease in transfer length and can thus conclude that this length is a crucial parameter onto which further improvement efforts have to be concentrated to realize true short‐channel VOFETs.  相似文献   

9.
This work innovatively develops a dual solution‐shearing method utilizing the semiconductor concentration region close to the solubility limit, which successfully generates large‐area and high‐performance semiconductor monolayer crystals on the millimeter scale. The monolayer crystals with poly(methyl methacrylate) encapsulation show the highest mobility of 10.4 cm2 V?1 s?1 among the mobility values in the reported solution‐processed semiconductor monolayers. With similar mobility to multilayer crystals, light is shed on the charge accumulation mechanism in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), where the first layer on interface bears the most carrier transport task, and the other above layers work as carrier suppliers and encapsulations to the first layer. The monolayer crystals show a very low dependency on channel directions with a small anisotropic ratio of 1.3. The positive mobility–temperature correlation reveals a thermally activated carrier transport mode in the monolayer crystals, which is different from the band‐like transport mode in multilayer crystals. Furthermore, because of the direct exposure of highly conductive channels, the monolayer crystal based OFETs can sense ammonia concentrations as low as 10 ppb. The decent sensitivity indicates the monolayer crystals are potential candidates for sensor applications.  相似文献   

10.
Self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) is usually applied to tune the interface between dielectric and active layer of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and other organic electronics, a time‐saving, direct patterning approach of depositing well‐ordered SAMs is highly desired. Here, a new direct patterning method of SAMs by stamp printing or roller printing with special designed stamps is introduced. The chemical structures of the paraffin hydrocarbon molecules and the tail groups of SAMs have allowed to use their attractive van der Waals force for the direct patterning of SAMs. Different SAMs including alkyl and fluoroalkyl silanes or phosphonic acids are used to stamp onto different dielectric surfaces and are characterized by water contact angle, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared. The p‐type dinaphtho[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (DNTT) and n‐type F16CuPc OFETs show competitive mobility as high as 3 and 0.018 cm2 V?1 s?1, respectively. This stamp printing method also allows to deposit different SAMs on certain regions of same substrate, and the complementary inverter consists of both p‐type and n‐type transistors whose threshold voltages are tuned by stamp printing SAMs and shows a gain higher than 100. The proposed stamp or roller printing method can significantly reduce the deposition time and compatible with the roll‐to‐roll fabrication.  相似文献   

11.
Alkyl chains are basic units in the design of organic semiconductors for purposes of enhancing solubility, tuning electronic energy levels, and tailoring molecular packing. This work demonstrates that the carrier mobilities of indeno[1,2‐b ]fluorene‐6,12‐dione ( IFD )‐based semiconductors can be dramatically enhanced by the incorporation of sulfur‐ or nitrogen‐linked side chains. Three IFD derivatives possessing butyl, butylthio, and dibutylamino substituents are synthesized, and their organic field‐effect transistors (OFET) are fabricated and characterized. The IFD possessing butyl substituents exhibits a very poor charge transport property with mobility lower than 10?7 cm2 V?1 s?1. In contrast, the hole mobility is dramatically increased to 1.03 cm2 V?1 s?1 by replacing the butyl units with dibutylamino groups ( DBA‐IFD ), while the butylthio‐modified IFD ( BT‐IFD ) derivative exhibits a high and balanced ambipolar charge transport property with the maximum hole and electron mobilities up to 0.71 and 0.65 cm2 V?1 s?1, respectively. Moreover, the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor‐like inverters incorporated with the ambipolar OFETs shows sharp inversions with a maximum gain value up to 173. This work reveals that modification of the aromatic core with heteroatom‐linked side chains, such as alkylthio or dialkylamino, can be an efficient strategy for the design of high‐performance organic semiconductors.  相似文献   

12.
This study investigates the effect of the molecular structure of three different donor units, naphthalene (Np), bithiophene (BT), and thiophene–vinylene–thiophene (TVT), in isoindigo (IIG)‐based donor –acceptor conjugated polymers (PIIG‐Np, PIIG‐BT and PIIG‐TVT) on the charge carrier mobility of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). The charge transport properties of three different IIG‐based polymers strongly depend on donor units. PIIG–BT OFETs showed 50 times higher hole mobility (0.63 cm2 V?1 s?1) than PIIG–TVT and PIIG–Np ones of ≈ 0.01 cm2 V?1 s?1 with CYTOP dielectric though the BT units have less planarity than the TVT and Np units. The reasons for the different mobility in IIG‐based polymers are studied by analyzing the energy structure by absorption spectra, calculating transport levels by density functional theory, investigating the in‐ and out‐of‐plane crystallinity of thin film by grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and extracting key transport parameters via low‐temperature measurements. By combining theoretical, optical, electrical, and structural analyses, this study finds that the large difference in OFET mobility mainly originates from the transport disorders determined by the different microcrystal structure, rather than the intrinsic transport properties in isolated chains for different polymers.  相似文献   

13.
Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) often deviate from ideal behaviors in air, which masks their intrinsic properties and thus significantly impedes their practical applications. A key issue of how the presence of air affects the ideality of OFETs has not yet been fully understood. It is revealed that air atmosphere may exert a double‐edged sword effect on the active semiconductor layer when determining the ideality of OFETs fabricated from p‐type crystalline organic semiconductors. Upon exposing the as‐fabricated device to air, water and oxygen mainly function as efficient p‐type dopants for the active layer in the contact regions, enhancing charge carrier injection and consequently improving device ideality. Nevertheless, as the exposure time increases, the trapping centers for the injected minority charge carriers appear in the channel region, leading to degradation of device ideality. Inspired by the double‐edged sword behavior of air, a near‐ideal OFET is achieved by ingeniously utilizing the doping/positive effect and eliminating the trapping/negative effect. The effect of air on the ideality of p‐type OFETs is clarified, which not only illuminates some common observations of OFETs in air but also offers useful guidance for the construction of high‐performance ideal OFETs.  相似文献   

14.
Organic semiconductors have sparked interest as flexible, solution processable, and chemically tunable electronic materials. Improvements in charge carrier mobility put organic semiconductors in a competitive position for incorporation in a variety of (opto‐)electronic applications. One example is the organic field‐effect transistor (OFET), which is the fundamental building block of many applications based on organic semiconductors. While the semiconductor performance improvements opened up the possibilities for applying organic materials as active components in fast switching electrical devices, the ability to make good electrical contact hinders further development of deployable electronics. Additionally, inefficient contacts represent serious bottlenecks in identifying new electronic materials by inhibiting access to their intrinsic properties or providing misleading information. Recent work focused on the relationships of contact resistance with device architecture, applied voltage, metal and dielectric interfaces, has led to a steady reduction in contact resistance in OFETs. While impressive progress was made, contact resistance is still above the limits necessary to drive devices at the speed required for many active electronic components. Here, the origins of contact resistance and recent improvement in organic transistors are presented, with emphasis on the electric field and geometric considerations of charge injection in OFETs.  相似文献   

15.
Controlling contact resistance in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is one of the major hurdles to achieve transistor scaling and dimensional reduction. In particular in the context of ambipolar and/or light‐emitting OFETs it is a difficult challenge to obtain efficient injection of both electrons and holes from one injecting electrode such as gold since organic semiconductors have intrinsically large band gaps resulting in significant injection barrier heights for at least one type of carrier. Here, systematic control of electron and hole contact resistance in poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) ambipolar OFETs using thiol‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is demonstrated. In contrast to common believe, it is found that for a certain SAM the injection of both electrons and holes can be improved. This simultaneous enhancement of electron and hole injection cannot be explained by SAM‐induced work‐function modifications because the surface dipole induced by the SAM on the metal surface lowers the injection barrier only for one type of carrier, but increases it for the other. These investigations reveal that other key factors also affect contact resistance, including i) interfacial tunneling through the SAM, ii) SAM‐induced modifications of interface morphology, and iii) the interface electronic structure. Of particular importance for top‐gate OFET geometry is iv) the active polymer layer thickness that dominates the electrode/polymer contact resistance. Therefore, a consistent explanation of how SAM electrode modification is able to improve both electron and hole injection in ambipolar OFETs requires considering all mentioned factors.  相似文献   

16.
The thin‐film structures of chemical sensors based on conventional organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) can limit the sensitivity of the devices toward chemical vapors, because charge carriers in OFETs are usually concentrated within a few molecular layers at the bottom of the organic semiconductor (OSC) film near the dielectric/semiconductor interface. Chemical vapor molecules have to diffuse through the OSC films before they can interact with charge carriers in the OFET conduction channel. It has been demonstrated that OFET ammonia sensors with porous OSC films can be fabricated by a simple vacuum freeze‐drying template method. The resulted devices can have ammonia sensitivity not only much higher than the pristine OFETs with thin‐film structure but also better than any previously reported OFET sensors, to the best of our knowledge. The porous OFETs show a relative sensitivity as high as 340% ppm?1 upon exposure to 10 parts per billion (ppb) NH3. In addition, the devices also exhibit decent selectivity and stability. This general and simple strategy can be applied to a wide range of OFET chemical sensors to improve the device sensitivity.  相似文献   

17.
Nanoscale hybrid dielectrics composed of an ultra‐thin polymeric low‐κ bottom layer and an ultra‐thin high‐κ oxide top layer, with high dielectric strength and capacitances up to 0.25 μFcm?2, compatible with low‐voltage, low‐power, organic electronic circuits are demonstrated. An efficient and reliable fabrication process, with 100% yield achieved on lab‐scale arrays, is demonstrated by means of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the fast growth of the oxide layer. With this strategy, high capacitance top gate (TG), n‐type and p‐type organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with high mobility, low leakage currents, and low subthreshold slopes are realized and employed in complementary‐like inverters, exhibiting ideal switching for supply voltages as low as 2 V. Importantly, the hybrid double‐layer allows for a neat decoupling between the need for a high capacitance, guaranteed by the nanoscale thickness of the double layer, and for an optimized semiconductor–dielectric interface, a crucial point in enabling high mobility OFETs, thanks to the low‐κ polymeric dielectric layer in direct contact with the polymer semiconductor. It is shown that such decoupling can be achieved already with a polymer dielectric as thin as 10 nm when the top oxide is deposited by PLD. This paves the way for a very versatile implementation of the proposed approach for the scaling of the operating voltages of TG OFETs with very low level of dielectric leakage currents to the fabrication of low‐voltage organic electronics with drastically reduced power consumption.  相似文献   

18.
Here, a highly crystalline and self‐assembled 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS‐Pentacene) thin films formed by simple spin‐coating for the fabrication of high‐performance solution‐processed organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are reported. Rather than using semiconducting organic small‐molecule–insulating polymer blends for an active layer of an organic transistor, TIPS‐Pentacene organic semiconductor is separately self‐assembled on partially crosslinked poly‐4‐vinylphenol:poly(melamine‐co‐formaldehyde) (PVP:PMF) gate dielectric, which results in a vertically segregated semiconductor‐dielectric film with millimeter‐sized spherulite‐crystalline morphology of TIPS‐Pentacene. The structural and electrical properties of TIPS‐Pentacene/PVP:PMF films have been studied using a combination of polarized optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, 2D‐grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. It is finally demonstrated a high‐performance OFETs with a maximum hole mobility of 3.40 cm2 V?1 s?1 which is, to the best of our knowledge, one of the highest mobility values for TIPS‐Pentacene OFETs fabricated using a conventional solution process. It is expected that this new deposition method would be applicable to other small molecular semiconductor–curable polymer gate dielectric systems for high‐performance organic electronic applications.  相似文献   

19.
Four soluble dialkylated tetrathienoacene ( TTAR) ‐based small molecular semiconductors featuring the combination of a TTAR central core, π‐conjugated spacers comprising bithiophene ( bT ) or thiophene ( T ), and with/without cyanoacrylate ( CA ) end‐capping moieties are synthesized and characterized. The molecule DbT‐TTAR exhibits a promising hole mobility up to 0.36 cm2 V?1 s?1 due to the enhanced crystallinity of the microribbon‐like films. Binary blends of the p‐type DbT‐TTAR and the n‐type dicyanomethylene substituted dithienothiophene‐quinoid ( DTTQ‐11 ) are investigated in terms of film morphology, microstructure, and organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) performance. The data indicate that as the DbT‐TTAR content in the blend film increases, the charge transport characteristics vary from unipolar (electron‐only) to ambipolar and then back to unipolar (hole‐only). With a 1:1 weight ratio of DbT‐TTAR DTTQ‐11 in the blend, well‐defined pathways for both charge carriers are achieved and resulted in ambipolar transport with high hole and electron mobilities of 0.83 and 0.37 cm2 V?1 s?1, respectively. This study provides a viable way for tuning microstructure and charge carrier transport in small molecules and their blends to achieve high‐performance solution‐processable OFETs.  相似文献   

20.
A low contact resistance achieved on top‐gated organic field‐effect transistors by using coplanar and pseudo‐staggered device architectures, as well as the introduction of a dopant layer, is reported. The top‐gated structure effectively minimizes the access resistance from the contact to the channel region and the charge‐injection barrier is suppressed by doping of iron(III)trichloride at the metal/organic semiconductor interface. Compared with conventional bottom‐gated staggered devices, a remarkably low contact resistance of 0.1–0.2 kΩ cm is extracted from the top‐gated devices by the modified transfer line method. The top‐gated devices using thienoacene compound as a semiconductor exhibit a high average field‐effect mobility of 5.5–5.7 cm2 V?1 s?1 and an acceptable subthreshold swing of 0.23–0.24 V dec?1 without degradation in the on/off ratio of ≈109. Based on these experimental achievements, an optimal device structure for a high‐performance organic transistor is proposed.  相似文献   

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