加载速率对焊接接头断裂行为的影响

在不同温度、不同加载速率下，对典型建筑结构用钢及其焊缝进行拉伸试验，测试其基本力学性能。采用能综合考虑加载速率及高加载速率下材料温度变化的R参量，确定本构关系。通过断裂力学试验，测试不同温度及加载速率下供试钢材及其焊接接头的断裂韧度值。随加载速率的增大，断裂韧度降低，但存在有较大的分散性。不同加载速率下裂纹尖端应力场数值分析结果表明，裂纹尖端最大主应力随加载速率的增大而升高。最后基于局部法，研究不同加载速率下母材及接头的断裂行为。局部断裂参量－－威布尔应力不受温度、加载速率的影响，可有效地描述材料的断裂行为。     

铝合金焊接接头的低温断裂性能COD研究

为研究2A14T6铝合金焊接接头(焊缝/熔合线/热影响区/母材)的低温(77 K/4.2 K)断裂韧度,文中采用三点弯曲法,通过自主研制的低温位移传感器及力学测试系统,得到重要的低温裂纹张开位移(crack-tip opening displacement,COD)性能参数,并结合断口的微观结构具体分析形貌与断裂韧度的关系.研究结果表明,该测试系统能有效测量材料的低温裂纹张开位移参数δ;低温下断裂韧度为热影响区>母材>熔合线>焊缝;对低温断口的微观形貌观察显示,韧窝大而深的微观结构对应低温抵抗裂纹开裂能力强、韧性好.     

X70管线钢J1d和K1a与V型缺口Ak关系研究

在不同温度下测试了X70管线钢动态断裂韧度K1d、J1d和止裂韧度K1a以及夏氏V型缺口冲击韧度Ak,对三者的关系进行了分析.结果表明温度和加载速率都对断裂韧度产生影响;加载速率变化引起的韧-脆断裂转变具有热激活特征,在热激活分析基础上,在应力强度因子速率K=15 MPa·m1/2s-1条件下,得出断裂韧度、止裂韧度和冲击韧度三者的关系Ak=4.84×106T-2.8K1d(或K1a).可以用小试样Ak数据计算得到K1d和K1a.     

焊接接头母材区断裂韧度COD特征值研究

采用三点弯曲试样对ＡＰＩＸ５２管线钢焊接接头母材金属区断裂韧度ＣＯＤ特征值进行了测试研究。研究结果表明，焊缝金属的力学性能对母材金属的起裂韧工，裂纹扩展阻力，撕裂模量及延伸区宽度有很大的影响，其影响程度取决于裂纹离焊缝的距离，离焊缝愈近，影响愈大，裂纹尖端的延伸区宽度和起裂韧度具有良好的线性关系。     

不同强韧性组配的16Mn钢焊接接头的断裂性能和裂行为

对16Mn钢不同组配焊接接头的断裂性能和断裂行为进行了试验研究。认为在高应力塑性断裂和高应力脆性断裂状态下,16Mn钢接头的断裂强度为焊缝强度和接头各部分塑性变形能力所决定,提高焊缝强度以及提高焊缝和母材的塑性均有利于提高接头的抗断裂能力;在低应力脆性断裂状态下,接头的抗断裂性能是可以根据焊缝的低温冲击韧度进行评价的。焊接接头各部分塑性变形能力及其相互关系对焊接接头的断裂行为具有不可忽视的影响,是评价接头断裂性能的重要依据。     

应用局部法预测焊接接头动态断裂性能

在不同温度、不同加载速率下进行了典型钢结构用钢拉伸试验，采用能综合反映加载速率和高加载速率下材料温升的R参量来描述材料的本构关系。通过理论分析和试验研究，讨论了加载速率和温度对钢结构用钢及其焊接接头断裂行为的影响，采用基于概率断裂力学的局部法，由静载断裂试验结果对高加载速率下接头断裂行为进行了成功预测。     

焊接接头断裂性能的试验研究

为了理解材料及几何组配，对不同应力状态条件下不同几何构形的焊接接头试件的J积分的作用和影响，对单边裂纹板远场均匀拉伸条件下焊接试件的临界J积分进行实际测试。结果表明，试件未开裂之前，在同一载荷的作用下，焊接接头的J积分参量、加载点位移△以及裂纹嘴张开位移CMOD值介于全母材和全焊缝材料测试值之间，并且低组配焊接接头的J积分参量依照全母材、焊接接头和全焊缝的次序依次递减，而高组配则与低组配正好相反。不同材料组配焊接接头的J积分值，在焊接疑宽度较小时，与其全母材的J积分测试结果较为接近；而在焊缝宽度参数较大时，与全焊缝材料结果的差别较小。因此，在进行焊接接头的J积分值测试时必须考虑焊缝宽度参数的影响。     

9Ni钢焊接接头的力学性能与失效评定曲线

通过试验获得9Ni钢焊接接头、母材和焊缝在室温20℃和低温-158℃下的拉伸和断裂性能,对比分析了温度对性能的影响;建立了母材和焊缝的近似R6选择2失效评定曲线(FAC)以及9Ni钢焊接接头的FAC,并进行了对比。结果表明：低温下母材的拉伸和断裂性能以及接头和焊缝的拉伸性能均高于室温下,焊缝的断裂韧度几乎不随温度改变;不同温度下焊缝的屈服强度和断裂韧度均低于母材,焊缝是9Ni钢焊接接头的薄弱区域。由室温拉伸性能构建的近似选择2 FAC包络面积均略小于采用低温拉伸性能构建的FAC,故可用室温拉伸性能构建近似选择2 FAC对9Ni钢焊接接头进行安全评定;分段选取室温下母材和焊缝的近似选择2 FAC构建的焊接接头FAC能最保守地对低温9Ni钢含缺陷结构进行安全评定。     

地震载荷下焊接接头断裂行为预测研究

测试了在不同加载速率下,典型建筑用钢焊接接头的断裂韧性值。在准确把握材料在地震载荷下本构关系的基础上,通过局部法,实现了由静载韧断裂韧度值对地震载荷下接头断裂行为的成功预测。表明局部法可有效地评定接头在高加载速率下的断裂行为。     

球墨铸铁断裂韧度测试技术研究进展

断裂韧度是材料重要的抗断指标.总结了平面应变断裂韧度、弹塑性断裂韧度、裂纹尖端张开位移和动态断裂韧度测试技术的研究概况及在球墨铸铁材料上的应用,介绍了温度、显微组织、试样尺寸对球墨铸铁断裂韧度的影响规律,探讨了球墨铸铁断裂韧度试样中的裂纹长度测试问题,介绍了基于J-Q(J积分-三轴性应力因子)理论的球墨铸铁断裂韧度测试方法;认为基于J-Q理论的多参数断裂韧度测试是未来研究的重点,并且若要使断裂韧度真正用于工程安全评定,必须在测试时综合考虑实际服役时的加载模式及环境.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.