高反差显影机理

在前文中,我们从高反差与乳剂颗粒群体的还原方式以及与乳剂颗粒间显影诱导期分布的关系出发分析了Lith显影的特点。Lith显影只是高反差显影的一点特例。由于Lith显影液保存性不好,实际上人们常用的是一些其它提高反差的方法,例如在乳     

Lith显影的诱导期条件

Lith效应的产生要求严格的显影诱导期条件。Lith显影的诱导期条件要靠显影促进和显影抑制两种作用的结合来实现。半醌的显影促进作用缩短了显影颗粒邻近的载有较大潜影颗粒的显影诱导期,使颗粒间显影诱导期分布变窄。显影中心钝化现象的发生延长了载有较小潜影颗粒的显影诱导期,导致了表现显影诱导期对曝光量的依赖关系。Lith效应是两种作用在不同曝光区以不同程度发生的平衡结果。     

显影液中银的成核过程

本文用受阻显影技术和电镜研究方法研究了显影剂量对显影液中银成核速度和核分散度的影响。随着显影液中显影剂量的减小,卤化银颗粒上银的成核速度明显减慢,单个颗粒上显影中心的数目明显增加。实验结果表明显影液中银的成核过程和曝光后的潜影形成过程在机理上是有差别的。文章讨论了显影过程中的一些基本问题:可显性、临界尺寸和显影选择性等等。     

AAO模板中AgBr的显影过程探讨

在AAO(Anodic Aluminum Oxide)模板中生长AgBr纳米线,并对其进行化学显影.显影结果表明,D-72显影液和D-76显影液显影后得到的银大部分都在模板的表面,分别呈丝状和颗粒状;而原位显影液得到的银则在孔隙中呈线状分布.文章认为,3种显影液中物质传质过程及显影剂活性的不同造成了显影银存在位置和形貌的差异,并提出用直接电子转移和间接电子转移机理解释银的形貌差异.     

DIR成色剂显影抑制基的构效关系研究

５（６）－酯基苯并三氮唑（见１．１中结构式）是感光材料ＤＩＲ成色剂中的一类二当量基团，显影时它从成色剂上脱离下来，在胶片中起显影抑制作用，因而不污染显影液［１］．为寻找合适Ｒ结构，本文对七种该系列化合物的水解动力学常数及其显影抑制作用效果进行了测定，...     

卤化银微晶体灰雾显影的研究

本文研究了卤化银乳剂经硫、金化学敏化后在Ｄ－１９ｂ和ＣＤ－４为显影剂的显影液中的灰雾显影。实验结果表明，经硫、金敏化的乳剂在Ｄ－１９ｂ显影液中灰雾显影所产生的密度均比在ＣＤ－４显影液中灰雾显影所产生的密度大。在Ｄ－１９ｂ显影液中一些硫敏化乳剂比金敏化乳剂灰雾显影密度大，但这些硫敏化乳剂在ＣＤ－４显影液中的灰雾显影密度却比同一金敏化乳剂的灰雾显影密度小，这些实验结果与硫、金敏化的两种乳剂分别在Ｄ－１     

Lith显影的自催化性质

Lith显影与常规显影不同,在一个较宽的曝光范围内,颗粒群体的还原是平行的而不是顺序的。顺序还原时,乳剂层的密度增长速率只是给出了颗粒间显影诱导期分布的信息。只有平行还原时,密度增长速率才给出了单个乳剂颗粒还原速率的信息。换言之,只有在颗粒群体平行还原时,表现显影动力学才具有单个乳剂颗粒的显影特征:在显影诱导期结束后开始了自催化的还原阶段。Lith显影的自催化性质应该归因于颗粒群体还原的平行方式。     

应用含硫氰酸铵的稀释显影液提高全息图的衍射效率

本文研究了用含有硫氰酸铵的稀释显影液处理的全息图的特性。利用电子显微镜和分光光度计测量的结果表明,与稀释显影全息图片相比,用含有硫氰酸的稀释显影液处理的全息片中的银颗粒的尺寸变小,其透过率增大。较小的银颗粒引起的光散射也将减小。基于测量结果并利用有效介质理论和耦合波理论可以解释利用含有硫酸铵的稀释显影液能够增加全息图的衍射效率。     

彩色冲洗套液研制中的问题

彩色冲洗套液含有多种组分。彩色显影过程是一个经历了黑白影像到以染料形成的系列复杂的彩色影像历程。显影液中的显影剂、渗透剂、促进剂、抑制剂以及保护剂都有严格的,按不同类型的质量要求,而控制显影液的PH值是至关重要的,还要求有良好的抗氧化性能。漂白液,定影液和漂定液同样有其严格的要求,制造浓缩液要根据各成份的物理、化学性质来分组浓缩。本文着重阐述在彩色冲洗套液研制过程中的几个关键性问题。     

试用乐凯黑白三号碳素放大纸的体会

乐凯黑白三号碳素放大相纸的纸基两面涂塑,无光面,适用于艺术人像、风光及影展照片用.用该相纸放成照片,颗粒较细、反差好、层次丰富,能够表现出景物细腻的质感和独特的艺术韵味. 　　乐凯黑白三号碳素放大纸的反差比大光和涂塑放大相纸的反差要小一些,所以在放制照片过程中,应该注意显影液的温度.显影液温度过高,放大纸的显影过程就不易控制,会使放制出的照片缺少层次,不明快,发闷.显影液温度偏低,会使显影时间延长,画面效果就表现不出来.显影温度最好控制在19～20℃之间为佳.     

热敏记录纸用精细化学品的研究开发

综述了近年来国内外热敏记录纸用精细化学品的研究进展,分析了成色剂、显色剂、敏化剂、安定剂等重要精细化学品的性能、应用及作用机理,提出了开发热敏记录纸用化学品的对策。     

Ink-lift-off during offset printing: a novel mechanism behind ink–paper coating adhesion failure

This paper reports on a special pilot coating and industrial printing trial designed to gain fundamental knowledge on ink adhesion failure on coated papers. We found that ink adhesion failure resulted in white spots without ink on the paper, referred to as uncovered areas and these spots gave print mottle problems. The white spots were due to two fundamentally different types of ink adhesion failure. One is the well-known ink rejection, which simply means that ink is not transferred to the surface. The other is a new type of ink adhesion failure, confirming a previous hypothesis suggested from laboratory observations. We refer to this as ink-lift-off adhesion failure, meaning that ink initially deposited on the paper surface becomes lifted off from the surface in a subsequent print unit. Adhesion failure by this mechanism was seen to occur more frequently than failure due to the well-known ink rejection.     

显影抑制剂对银盐CTP版材的提高反差作用

高反差是印刷用感光材料的重要特性。本文着重研究了４种化学显影抑制剂对银盐扩散转移型ＣＴＰ版材反差的影响。结果发现，硫代水杨酸、２－巯基苯并噻唑、６－硝基苯并咪唑和苯并三氮唑等单独使用时，对版材反差都有不同程度的提高作用；而硫代水杨酸与６－硝基苯并咪唑配合使用时，得到了超高反差效果。通过计算，给出了各个抑制剂最佳浓度时的反差系数值。另外，利用线性ＣＣＤ技术对物理显影过程的研究表明，添加抑制剂扩大了不     

超高反差体系的显影动力学研究

本文通过研究肼感染显影动力学，对肼感染显影的显影速度及其活化能进行测试和计算，籍以讨论有关肼感染显影过程的机理。实验结果表明：肼感染显影的早期是直接显影，活化能低；后期是灰化成核显影，活化能高；而低曝光量潜影核无灰化成核显影，活化能较高。高反差、短趾部的形成原因是由于显影加速和显影抑制的竞争结果。     

铬铁矿无钙焙烧工艺参数控制研究

基于国家铬盐行业清洁生产发展规划,介绍了无钙焙烧生产红矾钠过程中的关键问题与参数控制情况。从实际出发,为中国铬盐企业新建、改扩建或技术改造提供技术参考。同时指出中国的无钙焙烧技术在自动化工程、系统工程、环境工程领域还需要进一步完善。现阶段技术创新的重任已经转移到企业自身上来,铬盐企业从高新技术的受用主体变成进一步实施与开发的创新主体。     

Study of process parameters and formative mechanism of patterns on a dip-pen nanolithography array using molecular dynamics simulations

The process parameters, pattern transfer mechanism, and pattern characterizations of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on a dip-pen nanolithography array are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of the type of probe tip, distance between probe tips, deposition temperature, probe tip velocity, probe tip radius, and humidity are evaluated in terms of molecular transference, alkanethiol meniscus characteristics, surface adsorption energy, number of transferred chains, and pattern characteristics. The simulation results clearly show that the molecular transfer ability of a conical tip array is better than that of a pyramidal tip array. For a conical tip array, the number of transferred chains increases with decreasing distance between tips, whereas for a pyramidal tip array, the number of transferred chains decreases. When the deposition temperature increases, the number of transferred molecules, the size of the pattern deposited on the substrate, and the density of molecular packing significantly increase due to an increase in molecular kinetic energy. The number of transferred chains significantly decreases with increasing tip velocity. The number of transferred molecules and meniscus size increase with increasing humidity.     

Application of hydrophobic micropatterns to centrifugal fluid valve in flow channel

Optimizing the use of micro-flow channels as fluid control mechanisms is an effective means of increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of periodic structure applied to this type of fluid control mechanism to improve the hydrophobicity. We evaluated the functionality of centrifugal fluid valve with micrometer-sized periodic structure in the micro-flow channel. A disposable compact disc-based chip with centrifugal fluid valve was designed for this evaluation. The hydrophobic properties such as transferred volume ratio of the sample solution and the change in the transferred volume ratio with rotational velocity (slope) of the centrifugal fluid valve were investigated. In this case, parallel pillars showed higher hydrophobicity than cross-shaped pillars. The transferred volume ratio increased by 20% compared to that without a micro-periodic structure when a protein solution with a similar concentration to that in saliva and plasma was used. Additionally, a change in rotational velocity of only 49.3 rpm was sufficient to switch a centrifugal fluid valve with parallel pillars, meaning that it makes it possible to have two critical rotation speeds when the fluid begins to move with a rotational velocity of 100 rpm. It was shown that the static hydrophobicity dominates the switching characteristics in the proposed centrifugal fluid valve. Our study suggests that applying periodic structure to fluid control mechanisms is an effective means of realizing hydrophobic surfaces.     

Transport within ion-exchange membranes

For the purpose of investigating electromigration in ion-exchange membranes, d.c. conductivity measurements have been carried out in (a) a strong-acid membrane in hydrogen and sodium forms and (b) a strong-base membrane in hydroxyl and chloride forms. These measurements have been conducted in the absence of external electrolyte from virtually dry to fully water-saturated membrane conditions. From our specific conductance data, electrical ion mobilities have been calculated. Ionic mobilities as functions of membrane water content have been correlated for both the low and high-hydration ranges by means of our semi-theoretical exponential equation that relates ion mobility to membrane water content. Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions have been shown to be transferred by an additional fast transport mechanism above certain levels of membrane water absorptions. At low membrane water contents, they electromigrate like sodium and chloride ions under an applied electric field.     

膨润土的改性及其对染料的吸附性能的试验研究

探讨了膨润土的改性机理、改性方法及其改性后对染料的吸附性能。以钙基膨润土为原料,系统地研究了pH值、活化时间及活化温度对膨润土改性的影响。通过对染料进行吸附试验确定出最佳改性条件,再将改性膨润土用于吸附染料实验,判断出pH值、活性白土用量以及吸附时间对染料吸附的影响。