河流健康修复方法综述

人类对河流的破坏导致了河流健康状况受损．针对河流健康出现的不同问题，人们采取了不同的修复方法，主要包括水文特征的修复、水环境质量的修复、结构形态的修复和种群结构的修复4个方面．水文特征的修复是恢复由于水利工程的建设造成的河流水文模式的改变，改善下游生态和环境条件，主要采取调节水利工程的运行调度方式．水环境质量的修复方法较多，包括物理修复、化学修复和生物修复．河流结构形态的修复是要尽可能恢复河流的纵向连续性和横向连通性，保持河流纵向和横向形态的多样性，防止河床材料的硬质化等，目前主要是采用近自然生态工法．种群结构的修复主要是采用各种生物技术．对于特定的河流，应具体分析河流健康的受损方面和受损程度，然后根据河流所处的状态因地制宜地选择合理、有效的修复方法．     

不同填料强化生态浮床对淡水养殖水体的净化效果

人工填料强化生态浮床是近年来发展起来的一种新兴生态工程修复技术。选取3种不同类型的人工填料与挺水植物组合,分析其对高磷浓度养殖水体和上海市养殖池塘水体的净化效果。结果表明,在高磷浓度(2.36~3.42 mg/L)养殖水体中,人工填料强化生态浮床对TN、TP、COD的平均去除率分别为34.9%,12.2%,26.1%,且3组系统之间差异不明显。在上海市养殖水体平均浓度条件下,3组系统对TN和TP的去除能力为:立体弹性填料强化生态浮床＞组合填料强化生态浮床＞生物绳填料强化生态浮床,立体弹性填料强化生态浮床对TN和TP的去除率分别为83.9%和69.3%;3组系统对COD和NH₄⁺-N的去除率均在70%以上。因此,立体弹性填料强化生态浮床可以考虑应用于上海市淡水养殖池塘水体的生态修复工程。     

斜坡上块石的起动流速与抛石体的稳定坡度

对松散结构河床中块石的稳定性进行三维分析。考虑了斜坡上的块石受与河床平行的重力分量影响．以及水动力与重力不共线两十特点．给出适应各种方向的起动流速普遍关系式。分析表明，起动流速以及斜坡稳定坡度决定于泥沙、床面性质和水流条件。流速方向不同．块石受力状况差别很大，这是斜坡和平底床面的主要差别。与试验数据对比说明，本文公式有相当的适应性。     

基于河道治理的河流生态修复

阐述河流整治带来的负面影响 ,论证对受损的河流进行生态修复的必要性 .基于河道治理的河流生态修复是指河道形态和河床断面的修复及恢复丧失的河岸带植被和湿地群落 ,可采用的具体方法有 :恢复河道的连续性 ;重现水体流动多样性 ;给河流更多的空间 ;慎重选择河道整治方案 .在介绍国内外相关研究进展情况的基础上对河流生态修复的研究和应用提出合理建议 .     

新型人工浮床在城市中小河道治理中的应用

指出水生植物生态浮床作为先期治理方案中的有效手段，解决了城市中小河道难以进行生态修复工程的局限性，为以后通过人工恢复沉水植被，放养水生动物，建立完整的水生生态系统食物链创造了条件。上海市徐汇区的应用实例表明：沉水植物已部分修复，整个水体水质逐年恢复，水体生物多样性呈增加趋势，水体生态系统进入良性循环。在城市河道的污染治理中，水生植物生态浮床作为一种水体生态修复先期治理方案，有着广阔的应用前景。     

基于维持河流健康的城市河道生态修复研究

城市经济的快速发展和人口的增加直接对城市河流造成了剧烈影响，如人们在城市河道整治中采用截弯取直、硬化河底及护岸等措施，使得城市河流中原有的自然水生态系统逐步退化，河水污染、河道淤积现象日趋严重。通过对河流健康生命内涵的阐述，分析了当前城市河道整治现状，提出了城市河道形态及河床、河床护坡和水体、河堤的生态修复方法等。     

洋河水库水体富营养化治理对策浅析

河北省秦皇岛市洋河水库由于水土流失、水体更新较慢、生活污水和生产废水的排放等原因造成水体中营养物质氮、磷含量的增加，产生富营养化现象。只有采取生态修复手段，控制氮、磷等营养物质的排入，并适度养鱼和种植植物，实施水资源优化调度，才能从根本上改变水体富营养化现状。     

浦口区三岔水库水生态修复的探索

在探明三岔水库自然环境条件及水污染状况的基础上,针对库内水体与入库水体,采用植物群落修复、生态浮岛及土壤生物护坡对水体进行处理修复。通过水生态修复与保护措施,利用植物对污染物的截留与吸收,改善水库水质。通过探讨水生态修复模式,为改善水库水体水污染,保护水库水生态环境提供参考依据。     

镇江市金山湖水质强化净化与生态修复关键技术

项目主要完成了以下内容: (1)研发了生态漂浮床技术、仿生植物技术以及固定化微生物技术等,获得生态浮床植株种植密度、植物不同收割频次下,生态浮床对水质的净化效能;获得仿生植物对水体微生境的影响及其对主要污染物的降解效能. (2)筛选了纯化金山湖沉积物中3种氮循环功能微生物(氨氧化细菌、硝化细菌、好氧反硝化细菌),获得了包埋法制成固定化小球的最佳反应条件等关键参数.(3)研究了生物扰动下沉积物对氮磷元素的释放速率,揭示了生物扰动对氮磷元素的影响. (4)构建了3种单一系统:生态浮床系统、仿生植物系统、固定化微生物系统,以及组合而成的复合系统和对照系统,获得各实验系统对水体氮素去除效能的变化数据. (5)通过野外实验,研究了复合生态系统的性能.     

人工填料和曝气技术在河道水体原位修复中的应用

人工填料和曝气技术的组合使用是河道原位修复的常用方式,在杭州市已实施原位修复的河道中,80％同时采用了这两种技术.对河道水体原位修复中常见的人工填料和曝气两种技术按照不同类型进行了介绍.结合工程实例,对不同人工填料的比表面积、材质成分、填料特点、安装方式等进行了比较;对不同种类的曝气技术从安装及运行、对外界影响、受制因...     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.