Temperature and thermal stresses in work rolls during the hot rolling of strip

In this paper the solution of the unsteady, three-dimensional heat transfer in work rolls was derived by using Bessel functions and the δ-function and expressed by an infinite series. In this manner other problems of heat transfer in solid cylinders and hollow cylinders can also be calculated. The temperature profile of the work roll due to the distribution of the temperature in the axial direction can cause unregular pressure distribution between work roll and backup roll and can influence the quality of strip. Therefore, the thermal crowns must be considered at various moments during rolling. The thermal crown can be determined by using the FE-Method or others. The reason for the fire-cracking in the roll surface can be determined as the thermal shock load in the contact zone, in which the sharp compressive stresses lead to local plastic deformation. The local plastic deformations are followed by residual deformations. Therefore, residual tensile stresses occur in the cooling zone. On each revolution, the surface undergoes plastic strain in compression and in tension. The result is thermal fatigue. The fine network of cracks in the roll surface can result in a sharp stress concentration which is dangerous for the rolls loaded with a bending moment. The maximum tensile stresses due to the temperature distribution occur in the roll core, which usually do not lead to damages of the rolls.     

温度控制技术在轧钢过程中的应用和拓展

介绍了在冷轧薄板轧制过程中所使用的温度控制技术.传统的温度控制是控制轧辊温度以实现对板形质量的控制,此轧辊温度模型是计算轧辊与冷却液间的热量交换.从使用情况看,传统的模型对板形质量的控制有一定的波动,板形质量不能达到理想的目标.将传统的轧辊温度技术拓展到带钢温度控制技术上,能有效地提高板形质量.带钢温度模型用于计算轧制带钢时带钢温度增量(由轧辊的变形引起的带钢温度增量)和轧制后的带钢冷却温度.生产结果表明,使用拓展的带钢温度模型控制轧制的冷轧薄板极大地提高了板形质量.     

Effects of interface resistance on heat transfer in steel cold rolling

The thermal contact resistance created in the bite region during rolling depends on surface roughness, contact pressure, and the coolant, lubricant or oxide scale between the roll and strip. Therefore, to estimate temperatures of the roll and the strip accurately, the interface resistance in the contact region should be considered when modelling. The purpose of this study is to more effectively analyze the thermal behaviour of the steel rolling process by considering the interface resistance of the roll and strip in the contact region. Since the interface is very thin in comparison with its length, it is modelled as one-dimensional heat transfer with friction heat generated along the interface. For the estimation of the thermal contact resistance, different surface situations of cold rolling are considered. The finite element method is adopted to evaluate the deformation and friction power dissipated in the rolls and strip during rolling process. Roll and strip thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity and specific heat, are considered to be temperature dependent during the calculation.     

Balance mathematical model for the heat regime of cold rolling of electrical steel strips in a reversing mill

A mathematical model is developed to describe the heat regime of a reversing cold-rolling mill that takes into account the substantial differences between the heat processes occurring in reversing and continuous mills. Model and heat balance equations are used to calculate the strip temperature in passes and the temperature and the heat profile of rolls as functions of the rolling regime parameters and the heat-transfer coefficients that characterize the heat exchange between a strip, rolls, and lubricant-cooling agents and depend on the cooling system parameters of a mill. The model can be used to find a heat regime favorable for achieving the required final magnetic properties of electrical steel. The efficiency of the factors affecting the heat regime in rolling is studied.     

用发展的Sachs法研究模拟轧辊中的残余应力

对不同辊型，尺寸，材料与加工处理方法的模拟冷轧辊进行了内剥层试验研究，求出了原辊和打中心孔或扩孔后辊内残余应力分布曲线，提出了虚拟打孔法和虚拟剥层法，解决了实心辊中心和空心辊内表层的残余应力的精确测量问题，丰富了Ｓａｃｈｓ内剥层法的内容，机械法打中心孔，热处理前打中心孔，空心辊表淬前改变温度场的方法可降低残余应力值，后者降低残余应力的效果尤为显著。     

Measurement of Thermal Load on Working Rolls during Hot Rolling

Work rolls in hot rolling mills are thermally and mechanically loaded; both of these loading aspects are difficult to measure. Laboratory tests can be used for the specification of the thermal load in the cooling area; however a thermal load in a roll gap is still difficult to measure. The paper describes an experimental technique developed for monitoring the work roll surface temperature by sensors embedded in the work roll. Continuous hot rolling pilot line trials were performed for different process conditions. One parameter, for example, roll cooling, rolling velocity, reduction, or skin cooling, can easily be changed during the trials, and the effect on the thermal cycle of the work roll can be directly measured. These thermal measurements give very detailed information about the temperature field. An inverse heat‐conduction model has been developed to compute the surface boundary condition from the measured temperatures. The heat flux and heat transfer coefficient distribution along the roll circumference can be obtained afterwards. The results for different rolling velocities and reductions (up to 50%) are shown.     

Simulation of thermal history of work rolls of finishing stand in hot strip mill: a numerical approach

Abstract

The work rolls in the finishing stands of any hot strip mill (HSM) experiences thermal shock owing to changes in temperature from initial boundary conditions. The thermal expansion owing to the change of temperature is a major contributing factor to the final shape or the profile of the strip generated at different stands of finishing stands of the HSM. A mathematical model has been developed for the prediction of temperature profile for the surface and the inner depth of the roll in the finishing stand of a HSM. The numerical result from the model calculates the temperature profile in each stand of six finishing stands of the HSM and the corresponding thermal expansion at different stands. The temperature profile and the thermal expansion of the work rolls for a complete rolling schedule have been found from this model. The measurement of the thermal expansion has been found to match closely with the calculated one.     

面向辊形磨削的热带钢连轧机工作辊热变形研究

热带钢连轧机工作辊下机后尚未完全冷却即进行磨削,残存的不均匀热变形导致磨削的工作辊辊形在空冷一段时间上机时很难达到工艺设定值.针对热辊形不易测量的特点,制定合理的物理测量方式,准确地测量了工作辊下机后的温度分布和热辊形.考虑复杂的工作辊换热边界条件,采用有限差分法对工作辊空冷时的温度场和热变形进行了数值模拟,计算结果与测试结果吻合良好.对工作辊下机后不同时刻的热变形进行仿真,通过将目标上机辊形和磨削时热辊形叠加来设定磨削辊形,为实现合理的辊形磨削提供了依据和计算方法.     

Numerical Simulation of Roll Vortices in the Convective Boundary Layer

T Roll vortices, which often appear when cold air outbreaks over warm ocean surfaces, are an important system for energy and substance exchange between the land surface and atmosphere. Numerical simulations were carried out in the study to simulate roll vortices in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The results indicate, that with proper atmospheric conditions, such as thermal instability in the CBL, stable stratification in the overlying layer and suitable wind shear, and a temperature jump between the two layers in a two-layer atmosphere, convective bands appear after adding initial pulses in the atmosphere. The simulated flow and temperature fields presented convective bands in the horizontal and roll vortices in the crosswind section. The structure of the roll vortices were similar to those observed in the cloud streets, as well as those from analytical solutions. Simulations also showed the influence of depth and instability strength of the CBL, as well as the stratification above the top of the CBL, on the orientation spacing and strength of the roll vortices. The fluxes caused by the convective rolls were also investigated, and should perhaps be taken into account when explaining the surface energy closure gap in the CBL.     

Twin Roll Casting of Steel Strip ‐ Experiments and Model Considerations on Strip Spottiness

Thin strip casting of steel through a twin‐roll caster demands the production of a perfectly homogeneous strip. This requirement is often not fulfilled due to non‐uniform heat contact between the solidifying strip and the rolls in the pool, which leads to temperature inhomogeneities visible at the strip behind the rolls (spottiness). The effect of spottiness is described from experimental observations in terms of contrast between dark and hot spots and of the mean diameter of the hot spots. The contrast is found to depend on roll material, surface roughness and roll velocity. A general dependence on the temperature difference between melt and rolls is observed. Calculations of heat transfer in the liquid and solid pool explain the hot‐dark‐temperature differences. The spottiness visible on the strip after leaving the rolls is initiated in the liquid pool, but it is enlarged by rolling contact differences in the solid pool. A model consideration based on thermally caused bending of the solidified material layers leads to a good coincidence with experimental data of the heat transfer coefficient at hot spots.     

轧辊温度场热交换系数的一种简便确定方法

轧件与轧辊之间的传热系数和冷却液的对流换热系数是研究轧辊温度场的难题之一。本文通过联立求解轧辊与轧件的热平衡方程，提供了一简单实用的计算方法。     

轧辊非均质特性对辊型电磁调控的影响分析

 轧辊作为辊型电磁调控技术的核心构件,在加工制造时必须进行热处理,改变轧辊表层组织形态,形成轧辊表面淬硬层,引起轧辊表层和芯部材料性能差异,而这种差异会对辊型电磁调控特性产生影响。为此,利用有限元软件MSC.MARC建立了电磁 热 力耦合轴对称模型,并依托辊型电磁调控试验平台对模型精度进行校核。在此基础上,依托模型分析了表面淬硬层厚度对辊型电磁过程中辊凸度、辊型曲线、接触面平均正压力及轧辊应力分布的影响。结果表明,表面淬硬层厚度对辊凸度、辊型曲线和接触面正压力的影响较小,但对轧辊应力分布有明显影响,特别是轧辊表面淬硬层中心区域。     

Analysis and prevention of microcracking phenomenon occurring during strip casting of an AISI 304 stainless steel

This study was concerned with the effects of microstructural parameters on the microcracking phenomenon occurring during strip casting of an AISI 304 stainless steel. Detailed microstructural analyses of the microcracked regions showed that microcracks were formed mainly along tortoise-shell-shaped depressions and that their number and size were considerably reduced when strip casting was done right after a shot-blasting or pickling treatment of the casting roll surface. This microcracking phenomenon was closely related to the formation of a black oxide layer, which was mainly composed of manganese-rich oxides, on the roll surface. The black oxide layer acted as a barrier of thermal transfer between the rolls and melt, led to an increased gas gap and inhomogeneous solidification of cast strips, and, thus, played a role in forming both tortoise-shell—shaped depressions and microcracks on the strip surface. The installation of brush rolls behind the casting rolls was suggested as a method to prevent microcracks, because the brush rolls could continuously scrape off the black oxide layer affixed on the roll surface during strip casting.     

铝带轧机工作辊与冷却液之间换热特性的分析

工作辊与冷却液之间对流换热系数的确定是轧辊温度场分析的难点。简要分析了轧制过程中的热量转移 ,应用大型有限元软件 ANSYS分析了铝带轧机工作辊与冷却液之间的换热特性 ,得到了工作辊表面与冷却液之间的对流换热系数和热流密度 ,仿真结果表明 ,对流换热系数值和热流密度值均随工作辊表面温度降低而减小。仿真结果得到了实测结果的验证。     

Finite element analysis of the temperature profile of rolls

The thermal conditions during hot rolling operations can adversely affect the rolls’ service life and the quality of the rolled product. Analysis of the temperature profile of the rolls is an essential step towards the development of precise cooling systems to minimise their surface deterioration and thermal bending or camber. This paper makes an attempt at developing a finite element model for analysing the steady state temperature profile of rolls of varying dimensions. Rolls of large surface area exhibit greater differences in temperature between the surface and the interior as compared to those having smaller surface area and therefore make greater demands on the cooling system.     

New Method for Evaluating Thermal Wear of Rolls in Rolling Process

A new method was developed by a thermal wear machine to evaluate the thermal wear of roils in steel rolling process. The steel strip and rolls were simulated by upper and lower heating disks. The upper heating disk could he kept at a temperature of over 900 ℃ by induction heating. The pressure between the disks as high as 323.2 MPa could be achieved and the slipping rate could be 12. 7 %. The thermal wear of high speed steel （HSS） roll material, the wear rate of the HSS roll, and the SEM morphology of a worn HSS roll surface were investigated. This method was useful and could be employed to simulate friction and wear between strip and roll during the strip rolling process.     

热轧铸造高速钢工作辊表面氧化膜研究

研究了热轧铸造高速钢工作辊的辊面氧化膜形态、主要失效特征,分析了氧化膜失效对辊面粗糙度和磨损状态的影响.通过实物轧辊试样的连续变温氧化试验、恒温持续氧化试验和湿热氧化试验,研究了高速钢材质的氧化生长过程.采用SEM、XRD分析了氧化膜生长机制、分布形态、结合状态等的变化规律,进而提出了改进工作辊冷却效果的措施,为有效控制高速钢工作辊氧化膜状态和带钢断面质量奠定了基础.     

铝带箔轧机中对流换热特性影响因素的数值模拟

在对分段冷却控制研究的基础上 ,应用 ANSYS有限元软件首次系统地模拟分析了铝带轧机轧制时 ,影响工作辊与冷却液之间换热特性的因素。结果表明 ,冷却液喷射速度和温度以及冷却液的粘度变化对对流换热特性有着明显的影响 ;对流换热特性对喷嘴与工作辊之间距离的变化不敏感 ,冷却液喷射角度的变化对对流换热特性有一定的影响。     

Analysis of Roll Gap Pressure in Sendzimir Mill by FEM

The acting force on the roll system of Sendzimir mill was analyzed using 3D FEM.The roll gap pressure distribution and the acting force between rolls S and O,rolls O and I,rolls O and J,rolls I and A,rolls I and B,as well as rolls J and B were analyzed.The results showed that the roll gap pressure mainly affected the roll surface layer,50 mm for backup roll;the roll gap pressure distribution is of double peaks among the work roll,the 1st intermediate roll（IMR）,and the 2nd IMR;the maximum value of the roll gap pressure between the backup roll and the second IMR appears on the edge of the barrel of rolls;the component force presents the in-para-curve distribution.These are important for reducing the wear of rolls and the break of the backup roll and guiding for production.     

Optimisation of work roll shifting and bending to roll thinner gauge HR coils using genetic algorithm

Abstract

Rolling of thin gauge hot rolled (HR) coils demands stringent flatness tolerance. Thin HR coils (≤3 mm) are rolled towards the end of any rolling campaign. The profile and flatness of the strip depend on the profile of the loaded roll gap in the mill stands. There are five key factors that influence the loaded roll gap: initial roll surface profile, roll thermal expansion, wear of roll, deflection of roll stack and shifting of work rolls. This paper deals with all these factors individually for the formulation of an objective function in order to minimise the flatness error. The shifting and bending of rolls are the controllable parameters that require optimising. This has been accomplished using a genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation technique.