略论国内油脂化学工业的技术改造(上)

一、国外油脂化学工业概况 众所周知,油脂化学工业以动植物油为基本原料对各种油脂进行深加工,油化产品源生于油脂和脂肪的甘油三酸酯结构的水解.产品除常见的肥皂、甘油外,还有脂肪酸、脂肪醇、脂肪胺等.实际上,油化产品也包括采用化学或生物手段,对脂肪酸的羧基团进行改进而致生的各种衍生物,这些衍生物再进一步反应得到其他化合物(见图1).     

合成脂肪酸 第一讲 石蜡烃氧化制取脂肪酸的基本原理与技术

历来,肥皂都是用动、植物油脂做成,一条肥皂需要耗用油脂三两。为了节约食用动、植物油脂,脂肪酸的合成技术问世了。一个年产五千吨的合成脂肪酸工厂,可代替五千多吨天然油脂,生产一万吨肥皂。若以亩产大豆200斤出油率13%计,则可代替农田 40万亩和8万个劳动力,而且合成脂肪酸的联付产品,已广泛应用于许多工业部门。合成脂肪酸的工艺路线有多条。苏联及东欧国家主要以石蜡烷烃为原料氧化的方法,遇到的困难是定向性差,选择性     

以软性油脂为原料制硬皂的基础配方

阐述了脂肪酸含量指标影响肥皂性能的基本原理，提出了以软性油脂为原料制硬皂的脂肪酸含量参考指标，演示了基础配方的设计方法并得到了有一定代表性的基础配方，介绍了用软性油脂制备的硬皂产品的质量特点。     

回收油烟机废油的利用

在回收油烟机的废油中，含有高级脂肪酸及油脂等物质，油脂又是高级脂肪酸的甘油脂，它们都能与氢氧化钠作用生成肥皂。本文介绍了一种利用回收油烟机废油制取洗手香皂的方法。     

油脂化学工业市场分析

对全球油脂化学工业市场做了深入分析,并剖析了促进和影响油脂化学工业发展的因素.从脂肪酸、脂肪醇、脂肪胺、脂肪酸甲酯以及甘油的应用领域、生产情况、产量和进出口数据等方面做了深入分析.同时,对其市场状况和供需状况进行了分析及预测.最后,展望了油脂化学工业的发展前景.     

锅煮制皂法的若干问题

目前,大规模的肥皂生产是采用两条基本的工艺路线,那就是油脂直接皂化和脂肪酸直接中和。前者是精炼过的中性油脂同热的烧碱溶液直接发生反应,生产肥皂。后者是油脂先水解成脂肪酸和甘油,以脂肪酸中和,生产肥皂。这两条路线生产肥皂原来用间歇的生产方式,现在也仍然有大量肥皂是用间歇生产的。     

我国肥皂工业的发展

叙述了肥皂工业的大规模技术改造,用油脂连续水解、脂肪酸连续中和替代大锅皂化,实现节能减排、全过程自动连续化及产品的改质改性,最后对肥皂工业的发展提出展望。     

制皂原料油脂的脂肪酸组成对肥皂产品质量的影响

肥皂是脂肪酸的强碱金属盐类。由于制皂油脂所含的脂肪酸成分,各种脂肪酸的碳数以及饱和程度各异,各单体脂肪酸皂的性能差别也很大。制皂应选择适当的混合油脂配合做原料,考虑脂肪酸的组成以保证肥皂的泡沫性、去污力、溶解度以及肥皂的组织结构和外观形式。比较适当的天然脂肪酸是C12-C18的饱和脂肪酸和油酸,凡是低于C12的及大于C18的脂肪酸都不宜选用。多烯酸和异构酸对肥皂质量有不良影响。C13-C18合成脂肪酸色泽洁白纯净,无不愉快气     

复合皂与合成皂的性能、化学性质和配方(一)

<正>肥皂是最古老的表面活性剂和皮肤清洁剂,有上千年的历史,从最先使用动物油脂和草木灰到会使用油脂和碱进行皂化而得到肥皂,肥皂的化学定义为脂肪酸的碱盐,一般所指的"肥皂"被赋予了很多的功能定义,但只要被用作洗涤剂的,不论其化学特性如何,都被称为肥皂。本文将对合成洗涤剂和肥皂发展的一些错误定义做进一步的讨论。传     

中国洗涤业发展之路的思考

中国洗涤用品工业经过几十年的发展,已从最初的油脂肥皂类单一产品到现在种类繁多的洗涤剂用品,极大的丰富和改善了人们的生活.人们对洗涤剂的使用要求也随着科技的进步和发展相应提高了,洗涤剂产品性能及应用也随着化学工业、生产工程技术、工艺技术等的迅猛发展而进入一个完全崭新的历史时期.     

Trends in industrial markets for fats and oils and derivatives

During the past decade, research by industry and government has developed numerous new chemical markets for fats and oils derivatives. Lower prices for competitive raw materials have forced some of these new products into specialty markets. Economic factors, such as the continual growth of the chemical industry, population increases, and high consumer demand, have allowed for steady growth in the fat-derivative market. New fat-type plasticizers are currently consuming about 60 million pounds of fats annually. Synthetic lubricants will probably be consuming 20 million pounds of fatty diesters annually by 1965. Animal feeds consume approximately 600 million pounds of fats and fat derivatives annually and may eventually become the leading domestic nonfood market for fats. The protective coating market as an outlet for fats continues to decline, and the continuing shift to nonfat materials and changes in pain formulas indicate that, while the demand for protective coatings may increase, the use of fats in their manufacture may not share in the increase. Nonfat chemical raw materials provide intense price competition for fatty raw materials. Fat prices are influenced by the demand for use in food, soap, paints, and possibly animal feeds rather than by the demand for use as chemical raw materials. Presented before the American Oil Chemists' Society, New York, October, 17, 1960.     

Current future fat-based raw materials for soap manufacture

The traditional use of coconut and palm oils for soap manufacture can be expected to continue indefinately. Certain oils of the oleic/ linoleic acid group are too unsaturated to yield soaps of the desired degree of hardness and stability. They may be hydrogenated to form suitable hard soap fats; a quantity of these oils is used regularly in the preparation of soft soaps and in blends with harder fats. The chief animal fat used in soapmaking is tallow. Other fats and oils less frequently used include babassu, palm kernel and olive oil. The ratio of tallow/coconut oil used for the manufacture of toilet soaps ranges from 85:15 to 75:25. A correlation of soap properties with the ratio of 95:5 to 75:25 of tallow and coconut oil demonstrates that properties such as cracking, swelling and hardness are not as sensitive to the changes in the blend ratios as are erosion characteristics, slushing and lather. Present production of Russian and Eastern European soap is from huge quantities of straight-chain, odd- and even-numbered, carbon saturated synthetic fatty acids (SFA). Future fat-based raw materials might include certain fractionated fatty acids, methyl ester intermediates, acidulated sunflower and/or safflower soapstocks. Jojoba wax might be a surprising new raw material.     

Applied ultraviolet spectrophotometry of fats and oils

Conclusion The chemist has in the spectrophotometric method a rapid and simple means of studying changes in the double bond systems of fatty acids. The method is highly sensitive. It has found application in studies of processing of oils, improvement of drying oils, catalytic hydrogenation, routine analytical work, soap and tallow control, as well as in nutrition studies in which the composition of depot and ingested fats are of interest. It also finds application in strictly academic studies which have as their purpose an extension of our knowledge concerning the composition of naturally occurring fats and oils. In general, it is especially valuable in cases in which thiocyanometric procedures are not sufficiently sensitive or in which conjugated as well as non-conjugated constituents occur. Presented at the 19th annual fall meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Nov. 7–9, 1945, in Chicago     

Fats and oils as feedstocks for oleochemicals

The approximate quantity of 3 million tons estimated to be required at present for the production of oleochemicals is to be covered from a total production of more than 60 million tons of vegetable and animal fats. While the quantity of eleochemicals produced has nearly doubled in recent years, vegetable oil production alone has increased from 25 to 40 million tons in the same period. More than half the feedstocks required for oleochemicals are acid oils and other fats and oils which are unsuitable for human food. The demand for fats and oils for oleochemicals will certainly grow for price and technological reasons, but only the use of large quantities of oils and fats for diesel engines could shift this balance drastically and endanger the world supply of edible fats. A bottleneck may arise in the supply of fatty acids of medium chain length, although the use of coconut and palm kernel oil by the food industry in the highly developed countries has been on the decline. The green revolution goes on and the fat supply grows faster than the population. In addition, new approaches to plant breeding and agriculture, and biochemical processes as well, might help circumvent any conceivable shortage in the supply of oils and fats in general, and in the supply of special fatty acids in particular.     

Synthetic fatty acids

Manufacture of fatty acids from petroleum and natural gas is a large industry worldwide and has important implications in the U.S. Eastern Europe produces an estimated 1.2 billion pounds by air oxidation of hydrocarbons compared to an estimated 956 million pounds of natural fatty acids from the U.S., in 1978 (exclusive of tall oil fatty acids). The enormous production of SFA’s in Eastern European countries and in Russia is done by continuous air oxidation of fresh and recycled mixed aliphatic hydrocarbons. Since the products contain proportions of odd-numbered straight chain acids, they have not been used edibly, but have been applied to the manufacture of industrial products such as soap, lubricants, plasticizers and the like. Another European approach (Liquichimica, Italy) for SFA is the caustic fusion (and oxidation) of branched chain alcohols produced by carbonylation and reduction of olefins. American potential technology is diversified but has not yet been translated to production scale, presumably because of the plentiful supply of natural fats and oils that is available.     

Palm oil fatty acids in soap and detergent formulations

Palm oil fatty acids can be used in increasing quantities in combination with selected minor oils from Indian in making lower cost laundry or toilet soaps and derivatives suitable for use as surface-active compounds in many formulations. Experimental soap formulations using palm oil products and indigenous fats are provided.     

Hydrogenation of fatty acids

Catalytic hydrogenation is a vital process for both the edible fats and oil and the industrial fatty chemical industries. The similarities and differences between the fat and oil and fatty acid hydrogenations in equipment, processing conditions, and catalysts employed are of some importance since both are used in the various operations. Generally, the catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids is carried out in corrosion-resistant equipment (316SS), whereas for fats and oils while 316SS is desirable, 304SS or even black iron surffice. The speed of hydrogenation varies radically with the content of impurities in both fat and oil and fatty acid feedstocks. Especially detrimental for both hydrogenations are soap and sulfur contaminants, proteinaceous materials left in the oils from poor refining, etc. Fatty acids from vegetable oil soapstocks are especially difficult to hydrogenate. Soybean-acidulated soapstock must usually be double-distilled for good results; cottonseed soapstocks frequently triple-distilled in order that they can be hydrogenated below iodine values of 1. Fatty acid hydrogenation effectiveness is measured by achieveing a low iodine value as fast and as economically as possible. Variables that influence hydrogenation effectiveness are reactor design, hydrogen purity, feedstock quality, catalyst activity and operating conditions.     

Tocopherole — Antioxidative Wirkung bei Fetten und Ölen

Tocopherols — Antioxidative Effect on Oils and Fats The main reason for the deterioration of fats and oils is a chemical reaction between the oxygen and the double bonds which are contained in the unsaturated fatty acids. In the course of the autoxidation intermediate peroxides affect the vitamines sensitive to oxidation. They lower the content of physiologically valuable essential fatty acids. The oxidation stability of oils and fats depends on the natural content of tocopherols as well as on the composition of the fatty acid. The effect of the added tocopherols depends on the natural content of tocopherols. Lipids with lower contents can be stabilized very well with antioxidants consisting of tocopherols. Here animal fats as well as synthetical lipids are considered which in particular are used in cosmetic industry and in the field of pharmacy but also in food industry. Vegetable oils contain, due to their nature, high contents of tocopherols which are partly removed or oxidised during raffination and storage. Therefore adding antioxidants containing tocopherols is adviseable. Also an addition of reducing substances as for instance ascorbylpalmitate is recommended. Moreover antioxidant systems should consist of heavy metal chelating substances.     

Economic status of the fats and oils industry

Summary In summary, production of fats from domestie materials has increased over 40% since prewar. The world shortage of edible fats of early postwar years has been overcome through increased production, and, with petroleum derivatives replacing fats in some industrial uses, the United States has a surplus of fats over domestic needs. Inventories have increased. The government, through price programs, has acquired substantial stocks of cottonseed oil, linseed oil, and butter. Recent trends offer little promise of change in the high-inventory position unless extraordinary measures are taken. Lard output, now relatively low, will rise again, beginning next fall. And the effect of 1954 cotton acreage restrictions on oil production will be more than offset by increased soybean and flaxseed plantings. Although exports of low-priced tallow and greases have been gaining, exports of edible oils have deelined. Domestic disappearance of fats in food uses is rising in line with population growth, but industrial use is falling particularly in the manufacture of soap. With an abundant supply of certain inedible fats available, there is opportunity and need for chemical discovery to support now uses based on quality products and for expansion of outlets in markets here-tofre little used.     

Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in the United States

Fatty acids, accounting for more than half of oleochemicals discussed, grew at an annual rate of ca. 3% during the 1970s, with no growth since 1979. As competition intensified, the number of companies in the industry declined or owenrship changed. Challenges are covered under five major headings—markets, raw materials, competition, research and profitability. Oleochemical markets are extremely diverse but usually involve surface modification. Fatty acid disposition and real consumer personal income correlate closely. Growth of consumer income in the 1980s will be the most important factor in determining growth of fatty chemicals. Fatty chemicals compete with petroleum-derived products; and, therefore, price relationship of natural fats versus petroleum will affect market share. Tallow and other natural fats and oils are approximately the same price as 15 years ago, whereas ethylene has about doubled. Interchangeability of natural fats tends to moderate price fluctuations. Competition remains intense with market shares divided among many companies. Neither imports nor exports have played a significant role in the US fatty chemical industry. There are large exports of fatty acid derivatives, particularly to South America. Research will concentrate on energy reduction as oleochemical production is highly energy-intensive. Enzymatic splitting is a potential commercial process for this purpose. Improved hydrogenation catalysts and development of new specialty oilseeds are additional research objectives. Success of researchers will probably play the biggest role of all in future marketing and economics of fatty chemical companies. The belief is that the fatty chemical industry has had difficulty in consistently maintaining acceptable levels of profitability. To avoid extinction and achieve reasonable rates of return, business strategies must (a) identify, create and exploit growth segments; (b) emphasize product quality and innovative product improvement; and (c) systematically improve production and distribution efficiencies.