高锰奥氏体超低温钢低温脆断机制的研究

研究了高锰奥氏体钢的低温断裂机制。高锰奥氏体钢随温度降低其断裂机制由韧窝状断裂转变到晶界断裂。在固溶处理时快速冷却过程中锰在奥氏体晶界产生不平衡偏聚。由于锰的偏聚层的强度、应变三硬化指数和应变硬化率均高于晶内基体材料,因此在加载形变过程中位错在偏聚层处塞积而产生很大的内应力,在偏聚层处的应力远大于晶内,因此在晶界偏聚层处产生晶界断裂。     

奥氏体合金堆焊金属抗冲击磨损特性分析

针对高应力磨粒磨损工况条件研制的中铬C－Co－Mo系奥氏体合金堆焊材料FAW焊条，具有焊接工艺好，堆焊金属抗裂性好和加工硬化率高的特点，是替代奥氏体锰钢的理想焊接材料。通过对该材料的硬化和磨损性能及其机理的试验研究，探讨了合金的冷作硬化及冲击磨损的一般规律。     

高锰无磁钢的循环变形特征及其机制

研究了高锰无磁钢的循环变形特征,以及微观组织结构的变化。发现当应变幅较低(1/2Δεt为0.25%和0.5%)时,室温下出现循环软化,但在低温下循环硬化;当应变幅较高(1/2Δεt＝1.0%)时,在室温和低温下均循环硬化。实验材料的软化与IS结合体被破坏而产生的软化相符;循环硬化来源于形变马氏体的产生,在较高应变幅下还包括奥氏体基体的位错硬化。     

应变速率对304奥氏体不锈钢应变硬化行为的影响

304不锈钢属于非稳态奥氏体不锈钢,在应变强化过程中,应变温度、应变速率、应变量等均可改变应变诱发马氏体的转变量和转变速率及内部组织滑移线、形变孪晶、位错和层错密度的转变量和转变速率,从而表现出不同的应变硬化行为。针对304奥氏体不锈钢,主要从应变速率敏感指数、应变硬化指数两方面,研究了应变速率对其室温应变硬化行为的影响。     

65Mn钢磨削硬化层组织的研究

采用刚玉砂轮在普通平面磨床上对65Mn钢进行磨削硬化，研究其硬化层组织及变化规律，结果表明：磨削硬化层由完全硬化区和过渡区组成；完全硬化区由细小针状马氏体、残余奥氏体和少量点状碳化物组成，过渡区由马氏体和回火索氏体(珠光体)组成；从表面到里层，组织形貌呈现“细→粗→细”的变化规律；在本研究的磨削工艺条件下，显微组织无明显变化。     

温度及应变速率对TWIP钢拉伸性能的影响

通过拉伸试验研究了温度和应变速率对孪生诱发塑性(TWIP)钢拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高,TWIP钢的强度逐渐下降,断后伸长率逐渐增加,应变硬化指数随真应变增加达到并维持在较高的水平,试验钢的均匀变形能力得到提高,宏观塑性增加;随应变速率增大,试验钢的流变应力升高,断后伸长率下降,抗拉强度基本保持不变,应变硬化率曲线上的平台区长度明显变短,这表明孪生受到抑制,较早达到硬化极值;应变硬化指数峰值随应变速率的增大而减小,TWIP钢的均匀变形能力及宏观塑性下降。     

新型抗热损伤车轮钢20CrSiMnMo的热变形行为

采用热力模拟试验研究了新型抗热损伤车轮钢20CrSiMnMo在温度为850-1250℃、应变速率为0．1～1s^-1条件下的热变形行为。结果表明：车轮钢在高温低应变速率下具有动态再结晶型流变曲线，低温高应变速率下其应力一应变曲线呈现硬化型；动力学分析得到该钢的热变形激活能Q=352．2725kJ／mol，应力指数n=5．56；组织观察和加工图表明，温度和应变速率参数选择在1000-1100℃，0．1～0．5s^-1或1250℃，1～0．25s^-1范围内变形，将获得细小的动态再结晶晶粒和转变组织。     

贝氏体组织中的残余奥氏体回火转变及其对钢的强韧性的影响

研究了45Cr2NiMoVSi钢模拟500×500mm模块油淬时心部冷速所得组织中残余奥氏体(以下简称Ar)的回火转变特点、稳定性及其与钢强韧性的关系。结果表明:Ar 随回火温度变化的转变量呈马鞍状变化;Ar 的等温转变孕育期比过冷奥氏体的长;Ar 在基体相同的情况下能改善材料的韧性;较大量的Ar 能使热作模具钢的兰脆现象消失。     

316L钢高温疲劳蠕变规律研究

通过316L奥氏体不锈钢在420、550和600℃下非间断应变疲劳和有保持时间的应变疲劳试验，对316L钢高温环境下疲劳、蠕变规律进行了研究。结果表明：材料的疲劳寿命随温度的升高而降低；保持时间增加，试样中蠕变损伤增大，循环应力松弛更多，裂纹扩展机制由穿晶方式向沿晶方式转变。     

应变时效对双相钢和低合金高强钢屈服强度及应变硬化率的影响

通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察研究了应变时效对双相钢和低合金高强钢屈服强度及应变硬化率的影响。结果表明:经过2%预应变之后,双相钢的屈服强度提高了106MPa,低合金高强钢的屈服强度提高了28MPa;预应变之后再经历烘烤,双相钢的屈服强度提高了149MPa,而低合金高强钢的屈服强度只提高了66MPa;预应变或烘烤硬化之后,两种钢的应变硬化率均降低,但双相钢仍然具有很强的应变硬化能力,其应变硬化率接近于低合金高强钢未预应变条件下的;铁素体马氏体组织赋予了双相钢比低合金高强钢更强的应变硬化能力。     

Application of Schwartz-Christoffel conformal mapping and complex variables to the symmetric cornered die extrusion of steady state creep materials

The two-dimensional equilibrium equation for steady creep materials described by the power law is derived in terms of the stream function, the velocity potential function and the complex potential function. The solutions of the equilibrium equation show that the potential function is independent of the rate hardening exponent (m). The solutions are used to investigate the symmetric cornered die extrusion problem by applying the Schwartz-Christoffel conformal transformation. The horizontal and vertical velocities, the strain rate and the stress components are found for various rate hardening exponents. The analysis results illustrate that the stress components are dependent on the rate hardening exponent; however, the velocity and strain rate components are independent of the rate hardening exponent. Additionally, the constant dilatational stress (isobaric) line is found to be a constant velocity potential function.     

Stress analysis of the strain rate hardening materials in axially symmetric field

This paper presents an analysis of a circular hollow cylinder composed of strain rate hardening plastic material subjected to a sudden internal pressure loading. Materials satisfying the constitutive relation, and Levy-Mises equation are considered in the analysis. Dynamic and static analyses of axially symmetric material loaded under plane strain condition are described. The paper discusses the effect of strain rate hardening exponent, m, on the dynamic and static plastic response in the axially symmetric medium. A method is presented for the determination of the strain rate hardening exponent by measuring the hoop stress on the outer surface of a thin cylindrical specimen using the static solution.     

一种超细晶材料的混合硬化模型及其数值模拟

针对超细晶材料强度高、塑性能力不佳以及饱和应力跟晶粒尺寸和应变率等因素有关的特点,在Johnson-Cook模型的基础上引入Hall-Petch关系式,再与Armstrong-Frederick非线性随动硬化规律进行叠加,提出一种同时包含各向同性硬化和非线性随动硬化的混合硬化模型。该数学模型不仅考虑了超细晶材料的尺寸效应,还计及了加工硬化和包辛格效应的组合效应。在推导出该混合硬化模型的积分算法的基础上进行有限元数值分析和试验数据的对比分析。对比结果表明,不同晶粒大小与不同应变率下的超细晶材料的数值仿真结果与试验数据均吻合较好,进而证明该数学模型的合理性。因此,该混合硬化模型不仅丰富了塑性力学的内容,也可为超细晶材料的结构件设计提供一定的理论依据。     

Identification of material hardening parameters by three-point bending of metal sheets

Calibration of hardening and partly viscoplastic parameters of the previously published material model was the primary concern of this paper. The method used for identification of the material hardening parameters for metals, the three-point cyclic bending of sheets, constitutes a basis for this work. Plastic hardening parameters were determined by comparing load–displacement curves from FE simulations with those from the tests. Since viscoplasticity is assumed, stress–strain curves from uniaxial tension tests at selected strain rates for strain-rate sensitive materials were employed to calibrate corresponding viscoplastic parameters. The optimization problems are solved by means of a commercial optimization code, LS-OPT, using a response surface methodology. The objective is to minimize (by the least-squares method) the sum of the differences between measured and simulated loads. The material parameters were identified for two high-strength steel alloys (ZSte340 and DP600, strain-rate sensitive materials), and one aluminium alloy (AA5182).     

Correlation of microscopic structures to the strain rate hardening of SPCC steel

The high strain rate properties of steel have been studied for accurate crashworthiness of vehicles. The mechanical properties at high strain rates show different characteristics from those at the quasi-static state. In order to seek for the physical phenomenon of the strain rate hardening, a microscopic investigation has been conducted for the texture evolution and dislocation behavior of steel.Tensile tests were performed at strain rates ranged from 0.001/s to 100/s, which is the common range in practical vehicle crashes to investigate the microstructural variation and dislocation behavior. According to experimental results of the EBSD and TEM experiment, the texture evolution does not develop remarkably with the variation in strain rates, while dislocation structure and behavior investigated by TEM experiments show significant difference with the variation in strain rates. The change in the dislocation structure, behavior, and density with the variation of strain rates clearly explains the mechanism of the strain rate hardening showing that round half-loop dislocations are replaced by straight and crossing dislocations and then by cell structured dislocations.     

An attempt to determine the true stress-strain curves of amorphous polymers by nanoindentation

We have made an attempt to identify the true material stress-strain curves of some amorphous polymers (PC, PMMA, CR39 (diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate)) from nanoindentation experiments by using non-self similar tip shapes, i.e. tips promoting an increasing strain with an increasing indentation depth. We firstly found that, for a defined strain rate, the relationship linking the contact pressure to the ratio between the contact depth and the contact radius is intrinsic to the material, i.e. it doesn’t depend on the tip shape used. From this relationship, for each material, we calculated the evolution of the average stress with the average strain beneath the tip, by using the theoretical background developed for elasto-perfectly plastic materials. By comparing to compression test results, we concluded that this approach works well for PC and PMMA only for an average strain below 12%. This approach is inapplicable for the CR39 material even at low strains. We assumed that this is mainly due to the occurrence of a significant strain hardening, that doesn’t allow us to neglect the strain gradient existing beneath the tip.     

考虑材料应变强化效应的应力应变关系双线性表征方法的研究

合理利用材料的应变强化性能可以显著降低承压设备的壁厚,以提高设备的技术经济性能,还能够更加合理地评价设备的承载能力,并充分释放现有承压设备的生产能力。对2007版美国ASME规范第Ⅷ卷第2分篇中考虑材料应变作用的本构模型进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了更为简化的考虑金属材料应变强化效应,使用材料常规力学性能作为参量的真应力应变关系曲线的双线性表征方法。同时,通过有限元计算,分析了材料应力应变关系的双线性表征方式对不同典型结构爆破压力计算结果的影响。最后,将有限元计算与试验数据进行了对比。     

爆炸硬化处理对高锰钢冲击磨损性能影响的研究

对Mn13Cr2高锰钢进行了爆炸硬化处理。并分别以玻璃砂、鹅卵石为磨料，在MLD．10动载磨料磨损试验机上对比研究了爆炸前、后Mn13Cr2高锰钢的冲击磨损性能。实验结果表明：在低硬度磨料（玻璃砂）冲击磨损时，爆炸硬化使高锰钢的冲击耐磨性提高20％-40％。在高硬度磨料（鹅卵石）冲击磨损时，在冲击功小于1．7J的条件下，爆炸硬化使高锰钢的冲击耐磨性提高30—50％。在冲击功大予1．7J的条件下，爆炸硬化则使高锰钢的冲击耐磨性降低。爆炸硬化使高锰钢表层硬化和冲击韧性降低是冲击耐磨性发生变化的主要原因。在冲击磨损条件下，爆炸硬化前、后高锰钢磨损面均出现磨料嵌入物及犁沟、凿削坑和剥落坑等形貌特征。爆炸硬化高锰钢适用予低硬度磨料的冲击磨损及高硬度磨料的低冲击功冲击磨损的工况条件。     

WRINKLE LIMIT BLANK HOLDER FORCE MODELS IN SQUARE-BOX DEEP DRAWING WITH VARIABLE SEGMENT BLANK-HOLDERS

Constituting the reasonable control models of the wrinkle limit blank holder forces is the sticking point of the processes of the deep drawing with variable blank-holder forces, especially in the square-box forming. To begin with, a mode of segmenting flange of the square-box into eight zones is put forward according to the fact that the uniformity of flange deforming can be improved by controlling segment blank-holders. Considering the integral influence of shear stress, a new concept, strain relaxation factor is defined. Hereby, the law of distribution of stress and stain in the deforming flange of square-box is achieved. Then based on these mechanical analysis models and the energy principle, the wrinkling flexivity functions of the straight flange and the circle flange are given, and the corresponding formulae of wrinkling limit blank-holder force in these two situations are also educed. In these processes, ply-anisotropy, strain hardening, thickness and friction are considered. In the end, a calculating example is designed to validate the rationality of the formulae of wrinkling limit blank-holder force, at the same time, the influences of the ply-anisotropy exponent and the strain hardening exponent on the wrinkle limit blank holder forces are also analyzed.