蚌埠市某重点中学高三学生膳食营养调查

采用问卷法对蚌埠市某重点中学高三学生进行膳食营养调查。计算出每人每日热量和营养素的摄入量,并依据中国居民平衡膳食宝塔和中国营养学会制定的居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）进行营养状况评价。调查结果表明,学生的膳食结构以粮谷类为主,能量、膳食纤维、钙、铁、锌、维生素A摄入量偏低,脂肪、维生素C、维生素E摄入充足。     

上农食品系学生膳食营养调查分析研究

为了解上海农林职业技术学院学生的膳食营养状况,采用24h膳食回顾法,对07、08级的163名学生(男生68名、女生95名)进行膳食营养调查,参考中国营养学会2000年颁布的膳食营养素推荐摄入量(RNIS),对调查数据进行评价。结果显示男女学生营养素摄入差异较大。     

中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量

膳食营养素参考摄入量（Ｄｉｅｔａｒｙ Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｉｎｔａｋｅｓ）简称ＤＲＩｓ,是在ＲＤＡｓ基础上发展起来的一组每日平均膳食营养素摄入量的参考值,包括４项内容：平均需要量（ＥＡＲ）、推荐摄入量（ＲＮＩ）、适宜摄入量（ＡＩ）和可耐受最高摄入量（ＵＬ）。 一、平均需要量（Ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄ Ａｖｅｒａｇｅ Ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ,ＥＡＲ） ＥＡＲ是某一特定性别、年龄及生理状况群体中对某营养素需要量的平均值。摄入量达到ＥＡＲ水平时可以满足群体中半数个体对该营养素的需要,而不能满足另外半数个体的需要。…     

安阳工学院在校大学生膳食营养状况调查

通过对安阳工学院在校大学生进行膳食调查,了解大学生膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为开展大学生膳食营养教育和指导合理膳食提供科学依据.大学生膳食结构与“中国居民平衡膳食宝塔”(2007年发布)相比,谷类摄入量偏高,而畜禽肉类、水果、蔬菜类、奶类及奶制品摄入量偏低.膳食结构因不同性别而存在的差异有统计学意义.安阳工学院学生营养状况欠佳,应重视营养教育与宣传,提高在校大学生营养健康水平.     

乳母膳食营养素摄入量与母乳渗透压的关系研究

目的：了解产后不同阶段母乳渗透压的变化及其与乳母膳食营养素摄入状况的关系。方法：对北京市顺义区的120例哺乳妇女进行问卷调查和膳食调查,计算每日膳食营养素摄入量,采用STY-2型渗透压摩尔浓度测定仪检测所收集母乳样品的渗透压,采用单因素方差分析比较产后4个阶段母乳渗透压的差异,采用多元回归分析分析乳母膳食营养素摄入情况与母乳渗透压的关系。结果：产后5d、10d、50d乳母三大营养素中蛋白质和脂肪的摄入量占总能量的比例偏高,而碳水化合物的摄入摄入量占总能量的比例偏低,多数矿物质和维生素的摄入量有不同程度的缺乏;膳食钾、铁、叶酸摄入量与渗透压呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）,而维生素B2、维生素C、维生素E、硒、锰摄入量与渗透压呈负相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论：乳母膳食营养素摄入量与母乳渗透压之间存在统计学相关性,但尚需进一步研究和讨论。     

中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(选登)

从20世纪40年代起营养学家就开始根据相关知识,建议营养素的参考摄入量,以预防营养素摄入量不足或过多的危险。我国自1955年开始制定了“每日膳食中营养素供给量（RDA）”,建议中国居民的膳食营养素摄入水平,作为计划食物供应和评价膳食质量的依据。随着科学研究和社会实践的发展,特别是营养素补充剂的发展,国际上自90年代初期逐渐开展了关于RDA的性质和适用范围的讨论。很多学者认为RDA已不能满足当前形势的需要;并在欧、美各国先后提出了一些新的术语的基础上,逐步形成了膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）的新概念。中国营养学会…     

营养强化面粉改善西部农村妇女营养状况研究

目的观察营养强化面粉人群营养改善效果。方法在中国西部地区甘肃省兰州市郊退耕还林地区,选择20～60岁农村妇女进行营养强化面粉人群营养状况干预研究。干预组268人,食用7种营养素（维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、叶酸、尼克酸、铁、锌）强化的退耕还林补助面粉,对照组277人,食用同等级未强化退耕还林补助面粉,观察时间36个月。至观察0月、12月、24月、36月时,进行身高、体重、体脂、血红蛋白、原卟啉、血清铁、铁蛋白、运铁蛋白受体、血清锌、血清维生素A、血清叶酸测定,膳食调查及营养强化面粉摄入量调查;至观察6月、18月、30月时进行血红蛋白测定,膳食调查及营养强化面粉摄入量调查。结果干预组妇女膳食中7种微量营养素摄入量显著增加,达到中国居民膳食营养素推荐摄入量或适宜摄入量标准;干预组血清锌、叶酸和维生素A水平显著高于对照组;干预组铁营养指标在试验期末有所改善,但血红蛋白与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论营养强化面粉改善我国西部地区农村妇女营养状况是有效和可行的。     

慢性心力衰竭患者膳食调查及分析

目的：了解慢性心力衰竭患者膳食营养素的摄入情况以及各种膳食营养素的比例、来源是否合理,以指导患者饮食,合理改善膳食结构。方法：随机选择重庆市新桥医院心内科和心外科慢性心力衰竭的患者45例,运用连续3d 24h膳食回顾法记录患者早、中、晚3餐及3餐外的进食情况（包括水）。运用SPSS18.0统计软件进行分析,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）及中国营养学会推荐的平衡膳食宝塔为标准进行比较。结果：慢性心力衰竭患者粮谷类、蔬菜类、蛋类、奶类、豆类、鱼虾类、油脂类摄入量低于DRIs,但水果类、畜禽肉类摄入量高于DRIs;调查对象能量、脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物的的摄入量均低于DRIs,但其在能量营养素来源分布中的比例却较合理;除铁外,心力衰竭患者微量元素和维生素摄入明显低于DRIs。钠和水的摄入量明显低于DRIs符合心衰患者营养治疗原则。结论：45例心力衰竭患者膳食结构存在不合理的地方需要加强营养指导。     

学龄农民工子女膳食营养状况及评价

探讨学龄农民工子女膳食营养状况,了解该人群食物结构,为改善学龄农民工子女营养状况提供科学依据.结果表明学生能量摄入量普遍不足,各年龄、性别组能量摄入量均未超过90%RNI.能量来源比例不合理,蛋白质供能比例不足,而碳水化合物供能比校偏高.膳食维生素A、硫胺素,核黄素摄入量均不足.膳食钙摄入量低于30%AI,锌摄入量不足60%RNI.女生的膳食铁摄入量低于AI,动物性食物来源的铁不足总膳食铁的10%,膳食铁来源不平衡.学生的膳食结构不合理,豆类及制品、肉类及制品和蛋类摄入量均不足,谷类摄入偏高,食物种类单调.     

山西省出生缺陷高发地区育龄妇女膳食组成及营养素研究

目的了解山西省出生缺陷高发地区育龄妇女的膳食结构和营养状况,为营养改善工作提供依据。方法随机抽取山西省中阳、交口、柳林3个县218名18～45岁育龄妇女为研究对象,采用食物频率法进行调查,并以中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量为标准,评价膳食能量和各种营养素摄入状况。结果调查对象膳食结构以粮谷类和蔬菜类为主,约占食物总摄入量的75%左右;动物性食物摄入普遍不足,仅占膳食组成的11%左右。微量营养素钙、锌、叶酸、维生素B2和维生素A的缺乏较为严重;产能营养素供能比例失调。结论山西省出生缺陷高发地区育龄妇女膳食结构不合理,微量营养素摄入普遍不足。     

Effect of fat and lactose supplementation on digestion in dairy cows. 1. Nonlipid components

Seven cows, of which five were fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae, alternately received "milk" diet with 10% fat and 13% lactose, and control diet with 2% fat and no lactose. Both diets were 60% hay. Organic matter and crude fiber digestibilities were not different between milk diet (73.4 and 68.1%) and control diet (74.1 and 70.5%). The quantity of organic matter degraded in the rumen (percent of intake) was higher with control diet (51%) than with milk diet (44%). Ratio of duodenal nonammonia nitrogen to nitrogen intake was higher with milk diet. Both diets gave the same rumen pH. The milk diet increased butyrate and minor volatile fatty acids and decreased acetate proportions. The milk diet increased plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and decreased plasma acetate. These differences were significant only after feeding. Changes in the characteristics of digestion with milk diet were related more to lactose than to fat. No decrease in fiber digestion was seen with the milk diet despite its high fat content.     

高脂饮食诱导高脂血症大鼠及不同器官病理变化

通过高脂饮食建立高脂血症大鼠模型,观察高脂血症大鼠体内程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)的表达变化。将40只雄性SD大鼠分为2组,分别饲喂普通饲料和高脂饲料12周,计算大鼠的肝脏、脾脏和胰腺指数,测定大鼠全血血糖,检测大鼠血清中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(T-CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量,通过HE染色检测大鼠肝脏的病理变化,同时采用RT-q PCR检测PD-1 mRNA在大鼠肝脏、脾脏和胰腺组织内的表达变化。结果表明:高脂饲料组大鼠的肝脏、脾脏和胰腺指数显著高于普通饲料组;高脂饲料组大鼠的血糖显著升高;高脂饲料组大鼠血清中的TG、T-CHO、LDL-C的含量均显著高于普通饲料组,LDLC/HDL-C的比值也显著高于普通饲料组,高脂血症大鼠造模成功。HE染色显示高脂饲料组大鼠肝脏组织内均出现明显脂肪空泡。与普通饲料组相比,高脂饲料组大鼠肝脏、脾脏和胰腺组织内PD-1 mRNA的表达均显著降低,提示PD-1可能参与了高脂血症的发生和发展。     

膳食结构对人体肠道微生物代谢的影响

选择120位志愿者参加试验,任意将其划分成高脂膳食结构组、高糖膳食结构组和高纤维膳食结构组3组,针对每种膳食结构受试者,随机将其划分成对照组和试验组。分析肠道微生物菌群变化,提取DNA,并进行PCR扩增与产物纯化处理,测试生物学指标。研究结果表明,高脂膳食结构能够使人体体重增加,促进肠道有害微生物的代谢,试验组受试者肠道微生物多样性比对照组高;试验组受试者体重明显高于对照组,高糖膳食结构能够令血糖值升高,对照组受试者肠道微生物多样性高于试验组,试验组样本厚壁菌门含量明显高于对照组,而拟杆菌门含量明显低于对照组;高纤维对照组与试验组丰富度、Shannon指数与均匀性无显著性差异,随着高纤维膳食结构处理时间的增加,拟杆菌门以及后壁菌门数量在一定程度上有所升高,而变形菌门细菌数量无显著改变。高脂、高糖膳食结构会促进有害微生物代谢,高纤维膳食结构会促进有益微生物代谢。     

Effect of a high linoleic acid diet on lipogenic enzyme activities and on the composition of the lipid fraction of fat and lean tissues in the pig

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of a high linoleic acid diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in pig tissues and on the dietetic quality of these tissues (subcutaneous adipose tissue, Semimembranosus and Diaphragma muscles). Pigs were fed diet M containing 4% of maize oil or diet T containing 4% of tallow from 40 to 100 kg live weight. We did not observe any differences in growth or slaughter performances that could be attributed to diet. Lipogenic enzyme activities were higher in the adipose tissue of pigs fed diet M. However, diet had no effect on lipogenesis in the muscles. The lipid, linoleic acid, and cholesterol contents were higher in the adipose tissue of pigs fed diet M whereas the oleic acid concentration of the adipose tissue was lower. No significant increase in the lipid content of either muscle was however observed in pigs fed diet M. The linoleic acid and cholesterol contents were higher in both muscles of pigs fed diet M than in muscles of pigs fed diet T.     

Addition of glycerol to lactating cow diets stimulates dry matter intake and milk protein yield to a greater extent than addition of corn grain

The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of glycerol to the diet of dairy cows would stimulate milk protein yield in the same manner as the addition of corn grain. Twelve multiparous lactating dairy cows at 81 ± 5 d in milk were subjected to 3 dietary treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design for 28-d periods. The diets were a 70% forage diet considered the basal diet, the basal diet with 19% ground and high-moisture corn replacing forages, and the basal diet with 15% refined glycerol and 4% added protein supplements to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the corn diet. Cows were milked twice a day and samples were collected on the last 7 d of each period for compositional analysis. Within each period, blood samples were collected on d 26 and 27, and mammary tissue was collected by biopsy on d 28 for Western blot analysis. Dry matter intake increased from 23.7 kg/d on the basal diet to 25.8 kg/d on the corn diet and 27.2 kg/d on the glycerol diet. Dry matter intake tended to be higher with glycerol than corn. Milk production increased from 39.2 kg/d on the basal diet to 43.8 kg/d on the corn diet and 44.2 kg/d on the glycerol diet. However, milk yield did not differ between corn and glycerol diets. Milk lactose yields were higher on the corn and glycerol diets than the basal diet. Milk fat yield significantly decreased on the glycerol diet compared with the basal diet and tended to decrease in comparison with the corn diet. Mean milk fat globule size was reduced by glycerol feeding. Milk protein yield increased 197 g/d with addition of corn to the basal diet and 263 g/d with addition of glycerol, and the glycerol effect was larger than the corn effect. The dietary treatments had no effects on plasma glucose concentration, but plasma acetate levels decreased 27% on the glycerol diet. Amino acid concentrations were not affected by dietary treatments, except for branched-chain amino acids, which decreased 22% on the glycerol diet compared with the corn diet. The decreases in plasma acetate and branched-chain amino acid concentrations with glycerol and the larger effects of glycerol than corn on milk protein and fat yields suggest that glycerol is more glucogenic for cows than corn grain.     

Evaluation by digestibility,growth and slaughter with young milk-fed calves of microbial cells as a source of protein

A comparison of two milk replacer diets, using Ayrshire bull calves, was undertaken. Calves were offered either a diet based on skim milk, fat and whey (diet CM) or one (diet DMC 10) in which 20% skim milk was replaced by equal quantities of dried microbial cells (DMC) and whey. The inclusion of DMC resulted in a reduction in energy digestibility but had little effect on the digestibility of nitrogen. The metabolisable energy (ME) value for diet DMC 10 was significantly lower than that for diet CM. Calves offered diet DMC 10 consumed more feed and grew faster than calves on diet CM. The gross efficiency of conversion of nutrients for growth was unaffected by treatment and the composition of the liveweight gains was similar on both diets. The efficiencies of tissue accretion were higher for the calves given diet DMC 10, particularly in relation to the efficiency of use of nitrogen for tissue gain.     

体育运动与膳食联合干预对肥胖大学生健康状况及焦虑情绪的影响分析

分析体育运动与膳食联合干预对肥胖大学生健康状况及情绪管理的支持作用.将65名肥胖大学生分成膳食组、联合组,分别实施单纯膳食干预、体育运动联合膳食干预.联合组干预后脂代谢指标:总胆固醇、甘油三酯指标均低于膳食组(P＜0.05).联合组干预后身体指标:腹部皮褶厚度及BMI均低于膳食组(P＜0.05);联合组对健康管理的满意...     

Influence of garlic on serum cholesterol,serum triglycerides,serum total lipids and serum glucose in human subjects

Human subjects were used for a garlic experiment. The subjects were given a fat-rich diet for 7 days and on the 8th day the fasting blood was analyzed for serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids and serum glucose. The human subjects were then given a fat-rich diet with 40 g of garlic for 7 days and on the 15th day the fasting blood was analyzed for the above investigations. On a fat-rich diet the serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum total lipids were significantly increased as compared to normally fed diet. When 40 g of garlic was substituted in fat-rich diet for 7 days, the garlic significantly reduced the serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides.     

Effects of copper sources and dietary cation-anion balance on copper availability and acid-base status in dairy calves.

Twenty-four Holstein and Jersey calves (14 Holstein), 4 to 11 d of age, were assigned randomly to six treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement to examine the effects of Cu sources and dietary cation-anion balance on Cu availability and acid-base balance. Treatments were cationic basal diet (20 meq of dietary cation-anion balance on a DM basis), cationic basal diet supplemented with CuO, cationic basal diet supplemented with CuSO4, anionic basal diet (-10 meq), anionic basal diet supplemented with CuO, and anionic basal diet supplemented with CuSO4. Copper sources did not show any effect on growth of calves. The cationic diet increased calf growth compared with the anionic diet at wk 12 of the experiment. Blood pH was increased by the cationic diet in comparison with the anionic diet at wk 8 and 12. Blood pH also was increased by CuSO4 compared with CuO treatment in the early period of the treatment. Blood bicarbonate concentration was decreased by CuO and the anionic diet. Interactions between Cu sources and cation-anion balance were found for blood pH and bicarbonate concentration. Liver Cu concentration was increased by CuSO4 but not by CuO supplementation compared with control. Therefore, CuSO4 was found to be highly available, whereas CuO was a very poorly available source of Cu for young calves.     

Effect of combinations of fish meal and feather meal on milk fatty acid content and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows

The effect of supplemental fishmeal in combination with feathermeal at two different proportions in the diet on milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was investigated. Recently, benefits to human health have been attributed to the consumption of this fatty acid, which is normally present in marine lipids. Six Holstein cows past peak lactation were used in a Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fish- and feathermeals were prepared as pellets at 4:1 and 1:4 combinations and offered at 3.75, 11.75, and 27% of the diet. The supplements were top-dressed onto a basal diet based on corn silage that was progressively replaced by supplement. Nitrogen balance measures were made during the experiment because of the wide range in crude protein content of experimental diets. Milk protein content increased with level of supplementation in the diet reflecting the protein quality of the supplements used. There was overall higher milk DHA content when cows consumed the supplement containing more fishmeal than feather meal. Milk DHA content increased in a quadratic fashion, as more of either supplement was included in the diet. Apparent transfer efficiency of DHA from diet to milk declined with increasing amount of DHA in the diet. Results from this experiment suggest that transfer of docosahexaenoic acid from diet to milk may depend on diet composition and quantity present in the diet.