Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene oxide)/polyaniline Conductive Films: The Effect of Poly(ethylene glycol) Diglycidyl Ether

The effect of polyaniline and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether on tensile properties, morphology, thermal degradation, and electrical conductivity of poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene oxide)/polyaniline conductive films was studied. The poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene oxide)/polyaniline conductive films were prepared using a solution casting technique at room temperature until a homogeneous solution was produced. Poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene oxide)/polyaniline/poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether conductive films exhibit higher electrical properties, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity but lower final decomposition temperature than poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene oxide)/polyaniline conductive films. Scanning electron microscopy morphology showed that the polyaniline more widely dispersed in the poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends with the addition of poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether as surface modifier.     

Gelatin/Poly(ethylene oxide) Blend Films with Compositional Gradient: Fabrication and Characterization

In this study, novel protein/biodegradable polymer blend biomaterials‐gelatin/poly(ethylene oxide) blend films with compositional gradients were successfully fabricated by a dissolution/diffusion method. Two kinds of compositional gradient films, which were different in gradient structure, were prepared. The compositional gradient structure in the films was characterized by polarized optic microscopy, ATR‐FTIR, and trans‐FT‐IR mapping measurement. In addition, the mechanical properties of the gradient films were characterized with reference to their gradient structure. It is found that the compositional gradient films have better mechanical properties than the pure gelatin film. These protein/biodegradable polymer compositional gradient films have a potential for many biomedical applications.

     

Phase Behaviour of Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) Blends

Thermal behaviour and morphology of blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) prepared by the coprecipitation technique were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy and thermogravimetry. SMA containing 25wt% maleic anhydride (MA) was found to be miscible with PEO when the SMA content was greater than 80%. The melting temperature and crystallinity depended on the composition of the blend. SMA appears to segregate interlamellarly during the isothermal crystallization of PEO. The thermal stability of blends was enhanced and was higher than that of pure PEO and SMA. © of SCI.     

Study on the properties of crosslinking of poly(ethylene oxide) and hydroxyapatite–poly(ethylene oxide) composite

This study covers the crosslinking of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and its composite with calcium hydroxyapatite (HA), their mechanical and swelling properties, and morphology. Sheets of the composites of PEO (two different grades with M_v: 5 × 10⁶ and 2 × 10⁵) and HA and neat PEO were prepared by compression molding. The prepared composite and PEO (0.1‐mm‐thick) sheets were crosslinked with exposure of UV‐irradiation in the presence of a photoinitiator, acetophenone (AP). This simple method for crosslinking, induced by UV‐irradiation in the presence of AP, yielded PEO with gel content up to 90%. Gel content, equilibrium swelling ratio, and mechanical and morphological properties of the low molecular weight polyethylene oxide (LMPEO)–HA crosslinked and uncrosslinked composites were evaluated. Although the inclusion of HA into LMPEO inhibits the extent of crosslinking, the LMPEO–HA composite with 20% HA by weight shows the highest gel content, with appreciable equilibrium swelling and mechanical strength. The growth of HA in simulated body fluid solutions on fractured surfaces of LMPEO and also LMPEO–HA was found to be very favorable within short times. The dimensional stability of these samples was found to be satisfactory after swelling and deposition experiments. The good compatibility between the filler hydroxyapatite and poly(ethylene oxide) makes this composite a useful tissue‐adhesive material. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 488–496, 2003     

纤维素/聚乙二醇共混物中组分比例的变化对共混物Tg的影响规律及模型

应用DSC方法和经典的高分子共混物经验方程估算了纤维素/聚乙二醇共混物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),并研究了Tg与两组分比例之间的关系。结果显示:该共混物的Tg随纤维素比例增加而降低,且明显低于两个独立组分的Tg,其规律为:Tg=A-B×Ln(WCell/WPEG)。与文献介绍的一些经典的高分子共混物Tg估算公式,如:Fox方程、Gordon-Taylor方程和Kwei方程相比较发现,其中惟有Fox方程似乎比较接近DSC实验导出的模型。     

Poly(vinyl alcohol)-clay and poly(ethylene oxide)-clay blends prepared using water as solvent

Montmorillonite (MON) was solvent-cast blended with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using water as cosolvent. The structure and properties of the blend films have been investigated. From small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements of the blends, the silicate layers of MON are found to be well dispersed individually in the PVA-MON blends, while the silicate layers in PEO-MON blends are found to exist in the form of a large clay tactoid. Furthermore, for both blends, it is found that the silicate layers are parallel to the film surface of the blends, and that preferred orientation of polymer crystallites is induced by the presence of MON. The effects of the MON content on the thermal behavior of the PVA- and PEO-MON blends have been studied with a differential scanning calorimeter. Furthermore, the effects of geometry of the silicate layers on dynamic behavior of the blends have been studied. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 573–581, 1997     

聚乳酸／PBAT共混物的制备及其性能研究

用熔融挤出法制备了聚乳酸饼苯二甲酸-己二酸-1，4-丁二醇三元共聚酯（PLA／PBAT）共混物，研究了聚乳酸／PBAT共混物的力学性能、热性能以及相容性。结果表明：共混物的冲击强度及断裂伸长率随着PRAT含量的增加而增大，在PBAT含量为30％时，断裂伸长率最大，达到9％，PBAT的加入降低了共混物的拉伸、弯曲性能，但在添加量较少的情况下（如5％和10％），拉伸、弯曲性能下降不大。退火处理极大的提高了材料的维卡软化温度。当PBAT含量较高时，共混物的断面可以明显的观察到不相容的两相结构。     

Electrospinning of Colloidal Lignin in Poly(ethylene oxide) N,N‐Dimethylformamide Solutions

Electrospinning of sulfur‐free softwood lignin (SFSL) in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) is reported as is and with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). SFSL macromolecules behave as rigid spheres, instead of free draining macromolecules in DMF. Hence they are investigated as colloids. Colloidal SFSL generates uniform fibers only at the volume fraction of 0.63. It is due to the sufficiently high longest mean relaxation time at the volume fraction of 0.63. Colloidal SFSL below the volume fraction of 0.63 does not exhibit any measurable viscoelasticity and also does not generate any uniform fibers. Bead‐free fibers are generated at volume fractions below 0.63 only by adding PEO. PEO presence brings elasticity to colloidal SFSL and produces bead‐free fibers only above the entanglement concentration of PEO in DMF. The presence of SFSL macromolecules does not cause any interactions with PEO molecules, except it reduces the available of free volume for PEO chains in DMF.

     

Ultraviolet-induced crosslinking of solid poly(ethylene oxide)

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) of molecular weight from 200,000 to 2,000,000 was crosslinked by exposure to ultraviolet radiation with a high-pressure 150 W mercury lamp. Photochemical crosslinking of PEO proceeds in the presence of photoinitiators such as benzophenone and acetophenone which act as a hydrogen-abstracting agent. Gel fraction yield exceeds 90%, and the number-average molecular weight between crosslinks determined by equilibrium swelling in chloroform varies from 3,000 to 100,000. The degree of crosslinking can be controlled by changing the irradiation temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2299–2307, 1997     

Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) influence on mechanical,thermal, and degradation properties of PLA/PBSeT blends

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is an important biodegradable plastic with unique properties. However, its widespread application is hindered by its low miscibility and suboptimal degradation properties. To overcome these limitations, we investigated the mechanical, thermal, and degradation properties of PLA and poly (butylene sebacate-co-terephthalate) (PBSeT) blends in the presence of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO). Specifically, this study aimed to identify the effects of PEO as a compatibilizer and hydrolysis accelerator in PLA/PBSeT blends. PLA (80%) and PBSeT (20%) were melt blended with various PEO contents (2–10 phr), and their mechanical, thermal, and hydrolytic properties were analyzed. All PEO-treated blends exhibited a higher elongation at break than that of the control sample, and the tensile strength was slightly reduced. In the PEO 10% sample, the elongation at break increased to 800% of that of the control sample. Differential scanning chromatography (DSC) analysis confirmed that when PEO was added to the PLA/PBSeT blends, the two glass transition temperatures (T_g) narrowed, resulting in improved miscibility of PLA and PBSeT. In addition, the hydrolytic degradation of the PLA/PBSeT/PEO blend accelerated as the PEO content increased. It was confirmed that PEO can act as a compatibilizer and hydrolysis-accelerating agent for PLA/PBSeT blends.     

Fractional Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(ethylene oxide) in Its Blends with Poly(butylene succinate): Molecular Weight Effects

The fractional crystallization kinetics and phase behavior of PEO with different molecular weights (MWs) in its miscible crystalline/crystalline blends with PBS are studied. Both fractional crystallization kinetics and phase segregation of PEO in PBS/PEO blends are dramatically influenced by its MW. PEO with a medium MW (20 kDa) shows a significant fractional crystallization in the blends with PBS crystallized at a high T_IC,PBS, which, however, is dramatically depressed in the blends with a very low or high MW of PEO. This indicates that the PEO component with a medium MW is more ready to segregate into the interlamellar region of PBS crystals than those with a very low or high MW. The MW‐dependent fractional crystallization kinetics and phase segregation of PEO component in the PBS/PEO blends are discussed.

     

聚(丁二酸乙二酯-共-对苯二甲酸乙二酯)的流变性能

以对苯二甲酸、丁二酸和乙二醇为单体合成了3组不同特性黏度的聚(丁二酸乙二酯-共-对苯二甲酸乙二酯) (PEST),采用毛细管流变仪重点研究了样品的流变性能.结果表明:共聚酯PEST是假塑性流体,呈现典型的切力变稀现象;随着剪切速率增大,黏流活化能降低;非牛顿指数随着特性黏度的增大而减小,随温度的升高而增大;结构黏度指数随着温度升高而降低,随特性黏度的增大而逐渐增加.流变性能的研究结果对PEST共聚酯的加工生产提供了一定参考.     

Poly(ethylene oxide)–polyelectrolyte blends: viscometric and thermal analysis behaviour

The miscibility of binary poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and sodium poly(4‐styrene sulphonate) (PSS) or [3,6]‐ionene (ION) systems, was analysed in aqueous solutions and in the solid state by viscometry and thermal analysis, respectively. Both techniques indicate partial miscibility of PEO–PSS and immiscibility of PEO–ION blends. In water solution, the partial miscibility of the PEO–PSS system is probably due to the counterion Na⁺ which can partially provide the driving force association in a similar manner to that observed for PEO–surfactant systems. In blend films, the PEO–polyelectrolyte interaction is also analysed in terms of the effect on the PEO crystallization observed through optical microscopy, and the results indicate compatibility between the components in the PEO–PSS system. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

聚乙烯醇聚合度对碱木质素/聚乙烯醇共混膜力学性能的影响

以3种不同聚合度的聚乙烯醇(PVA0588、PVA1788、PVA2488)为原料,添加相同质量分数的碱木质素采用流延法制备共混膜。采用电子万能试验机、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪等分析手段对共混膜进行分析表征,并测定了共混膜在不同极性溶剂中力学性能的变化。结果表明:在碱木质素添加量为15%时,碱木质素可较好地分散于PVA相中,3种共混膜的力学性能与各自对应的纯PVA膜相比都有了一定的提高,且当聚合度由PVA0588变化到PVA2488时,共混膜的拉伸强度从35.16MPa增加到48.30MPa,提高了37.37%,断裂伸长率从172.22%增加到247.08%,提高了43.47%;由于PVA聚合度的增大和碱木质素的添加,均使得共混膜的耐溶剂性能和热稳定性增加。     

以醇解法制备共聚酯PETG的研究

在半连续酯化、连续聚合的PTA法聚酯实验装置上进行了共聚酯的制备。酯化母液以醇解聚酯方法制备,然后通过对加料方式、酯化和缩聚温度、催化稳定体系等生产运行参数的调整,生产出质量良好的共聚酯切片。与国外同类产品采用相同注塑工艺注塑后进行各种机械性能测试,其结果表明两种产品指标非常接近。     

Conformational characteristics of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in methanol

The conformational characteristics of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in methanol at 25 °C were investigated by static light scattering and viscometry for high molar mass (M_w) PEO fractions covering M_w = 3.42 × 10⁵-5.05 × 10⁶ g mol⁻¹. No trace of downturn in the plot of angular dependence of Kc/R_θ at low angle was found. Experimental scaling laws for the second virial coefficient (A₂), the third virial coefficient (A₃), the radius of gyration and the intrinsic viscosity ([η]) were determined. The exponents characterizing these scaling laws confirmed that the PEO chain in methanol has a flexible conformation with relatively large excluded volume, but methanol is not as good solvent as water. On the other hand, the low value of interpenetration function (Ψ) and the relatively higher order of the dimensionless parameter Π are considered to be an indication of local chain stiffness. All the results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the overall chain conformation of PEO assumed in methanol is basically a random coil, but is intermittently mixed with helical structure.     

Effects of Poly(ethylene glycol), Inorganic Salt,Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,and Solvent System on Electrospinning of Poly(ethylene oxide)

Summary: The effects of PEO concentration, addition of PEG of various molecular weights (1 000–35 000 g · mol^?1), inorganic salt of various types (i.e., NaCl, LiCl, KCl, MgCl₂, and CaCl₂), or SDS, and the solvent system (i.e., mixed solvents of distilled water and methanol, ethanol, or 2‐propanol) on the bead formation and/or morphological appearance of electrospun PEO fibers were investigated using SEM. The formation of beaded fibers upon addition of low‐molecular‐weight PEGs into the PEO solution suggested that the very short relaxation time and/or the plasticizing effect of these low‐molecular‐weight PEGs contributed to the formation of the bead‐on‐string morphology of the as‐spun fibers. On the other hand, the observed improvement in the electro‐spinnability of the PEO solution with increasing PEO concentration and upon addition of NaCl and SDS suggested that the observed increase in the viscosity and conductivity and the observed decrease in the surface tension of the solution were indispensable for total suppression of the beads. However, when the conductivity of the solution increased only marginally, beads could still be obtained.

SEM image of as‐spun PEO fibers from a solution of PEO in distilled water at 5% w/v without (left) and with (right) 5% w/v PEG of 2 000 g · mol^?1.     

Thermostabilizing effect of copper(II) bromide on poly(ethylene oxide) in their binary blends

Thermoanalytical (thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis) and structural (IR spectroscopy, light microscopy, etc.) methods were employed to estimate the thermal behavior of binary blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with copper(II) bromide (CuBr₂) of various concentrations under the conditions of a broad temperature interval. Solid residues obtained after heating the blends at different characteristic stages of the thermal destruction were also studied. CuBr₂ introduced in concentrations of 5–10% exhibited a significant thermostabilizing effect on PEO in an air medium, regardless of the mode of the blend preparation. No data about the formation of crystallizing complexes or new compounds prepared from the starting materials on heating the blends were obtained within the concentration range studied (0.1–40% CuBr₂). An assumption for the formation of associations between the oxygen atoms of PEO and the metal ion, which obstruct the thermal oxidation processes to a certain degree, were made in order to explain the antioxidative mechanism of action of the inorganic salt. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 3324–3330, 1999     

Crystallization Kinetics and Hydrophilicity Improvement of Biodegradable Poly(butylene succinate) in its Miscible Blends with Poly(ethylene oxide)

The spherulitic morphology and growth, overall isothermal crystallization kinetics and hydrophilicity of PBSU were investigated by POM, DSC and WCA measurements in its miscible blends with PEO. The Hoffman‐Lauritzen equation was employed to analyze the spherulitic growth rates of neat and blended PBSU, which show a crystallization regime transition between regime II and III. The overall crystallization rates of PBSU decreased with increasing crystallization temperature, regardless of blend composition, while the crystallization mechanism does not change. A significant improvement in the hydrophilicity of PBSU can be achieved by blending with different weight fractions of PEO, which may be essential for the practical application of PBSU/PEO blends.

     

纳米氧化锌填充PBS复合材料性能的研究

采用硅烷偶联剂(KH-550)对纳米氧化锌进行了表面改性,通过熔融共混法制备了聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)/纳米氧化锌复合材料,利用扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪等对复合材料的力学性能、热性能和非等温结晶性能进行了研究分析,并通过Ozawa-Flynn-Wall方法分析了复合材料的热降解行为。结果表明,纳米氧化锌能提高PBS的拉伸强度和弯曲强度,但降低了其冲击强度;改性后的纳米氧化锌可以提高其与PBS的界面相容性,并提高其在PBS基体中的分散性能,不同程度地提高了复合材料的力学性能;纳米氧化锌提高了PBS的结晶速率,降低了其热解反应活化能。