微弧火花渗碳对一种定向凝固高温合金表面再结晶的影响

目的研究微弧火花渗碳对定向凝固高温合金DZ125L表面再结晶的控制效果。方法对DZ125L合金进行吹沙变形处理,以石墨棒为碳的来源,通过微弧火花渗碳工艺在吹沙表面进行渗碳处理后,与直接吹沙的试样一起进行热处理,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段表征组织结构。结果与合金直接吹沙产生的表面再结晶相比,经过微弧火花渗碳+吹沙处理的样品,表面再结晶深度只有直接吹沙处理样品的60%。XRD分析表明,微弧火花渗碳处理后,合金表层产生了Ti C和(Cr,Mo)_(23)C_6等碳化物。能谱分析表明,渗碳样品截面外表层富集Ti、Mo、W、Cr、C等元素,产生了大量碳化物,进一步阻碍了再结晶晶界的迁移。微弧火花渗碳强化了合金表层,使合金在吹沙处理时产生的变形层较浅,抑制了再结晶表面形核。结论通过微弧火花渗碳工艺可以有效抑制定向凝固高温合金的再结晶。     

等离子渗碳提高TiAl基合金耐磨性

研究了等离子渗碳处理对Ti-46．5Al-1．0V-2．5Cr(原子分数)合金耐磨性的影响。分别用OM、GDS、 XRD分析了渗碳层的显微组织、化学成分及组成相,并测试了其显微硬度和耐磨性。结果表明:经等离子渗碳处理后,TiAl基合金表面形成以Ti2AlC为主的渗碳层,该渗层与基体结合牢固;渗碳层成分由表及里呈梯度分布;表面显微硬度可达871 HV,是基体材料的近2倍,表面耐磨性也得到显著提高。     

等离子渗碳提高TiAl基合金耐磨性

研究了等离子渗碳处理对Ti-46．5Al-1．0V-2．5Cr（原子分数）合金耐磨性的影响。分别用OM、GDS、XRD分析了渗碳层的显微组织、化学成分及组成相，并测试了其显微硬度和耐磨性。结果表明：经等离子渗碳处理后，TiAl基合金表面形成以Ti2AlC为主的渗碳层，该渗层与基体结合牢固；渗碳层成分由表及里呈梯度分布：表面显微硬度可达871HV，是基体材料的近2倍，表面耐磨性也得到显著提高。     

钛合金-不锈钢作动部件耐磨性能提升研究

为提升钛合金耐磨性能以满足新一代航空作动系统部件的服役需求，对TC6钛合金试块分别进行无氢渗碳和微弧氧化强化处理，研究钛合金试块–不锈钢试环摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明，在载荷及摩擦时间相同的条件下，未经处理的钛合金试块与不锈钢试环发生了严重的黏着摩擦，摩擦系数为0.82，磨损率达到1.34×10~(-4) mm~3/(N·m)；无氢渗碳处理的钛合金试块与不锈钢试环发生滑动摩擦，摩擦系数约为0.30，磨损率为1.56×10~(-7) mm~3/(N·m)；微弧氧化处理钛合金试块与不锈钢试环首先发生磨粒摩擦，随后膜层失效发生黏着摩擦，摩擦系数约为0.58，磨损率为5.86×10~(-6) mm~3/(N·m)。综上知，TC6钛合金表面硬度低，耐磨性差，经无氢渗碳处理后形成的强化层耐磨性良好，优于微弧氧化强化层。     

真空渗碳处理对Cr35Ni45Nb合金高温持久寿命的影响

采用真空渗碳方式对服役2.5年的乙烯裂解炉管钢Cr35Ni45Nb进行了加速渗碳处理,并进行了一系列的高温(1080℃)持久试验;分析了合金在接近实际服役温度下的渗碳特性和持久试验中合金内氧化与蠕变交互作用所引起的材料组织转变、空洞萌生及裂纹形核扩展等规律,重点讨论了渗碳对于合金高温持久寿命的影响机理。结果表明:在高温应力及渗碳因素的叠加条件下,Cr35Ni45Nb炉管近表面碳化物-基体相界面发生内氧化,造成低应力下较易形成空洞和裂纹,而且,裂纹更容易在柱状晶区枝晶间萌生扩展。渗碳时间越久,渗碳层深度越大,Cr35Ni45Nb钢炉管的持久寿命越长。主要原因在于,渗碳造成枝晶间或晶界碳化物增多,降低了合金的蠕变速率,延长了持久寿命;同时,渗碳过程形成的相当于合金内部摩擦力的渗碳应力也部分抵消了外部应力的作用。此外,尽管渗碳强化Cr35Ni45Nb耐热钢,但降低了其高温塑性,同时也会与服役环境下温差热应力及热疲劳损伤等发生交互作用,导致实际服役炉管的早期失效。     

45钢表面含钛高速钢渗层的研究

在45钢表面进行W、Mo、Ti离子三元共渗，以形成类似高速钢成分的合金化渗层；对该合金化渗层进行渗碳、淬火、回火处理。结果表明，离子渗金属后，渗层组织为合金铁素体，表面合金元素浓度(质量分数，％)为8W、10Mo、1．8Ti；渗层经渗碳后，显微组织为粒状合金珠光体 不同形状的合金碳化物，合金碳化物的分布与普通高速钢相比更为细小、弥散、均匀；渗碳试样经淬火、回火处理后，渗层显微组织为回火马氏体和均匀细小的粒状碳化物，合金碳化物为M。C(Fe，w，C)、M。C，[(FewMo)7C3]和MC(TiC、r-MoC)，硬度为800～890HV0．1(相当于64～67HRC)，红硬性为760HV0．1左右(相当于63HRC)。     

临界退火对渗碳钢微观组织和耐磨性的影响

目的 研究临界退火后处理对真空渗碳层微观组织、硬度和耐磨性能的影响。方法 采用临界退火后处理来保证17CrNiMo6渗碳钢表面耐磨性的同时,合理调控表面硬度。通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和激光共聚焦显微镜进行改性层微观组织结构的观察,利用维氏硬度计和高温摩擦磨损试验机等检测仪器进行改性层硬度与摩擦学性能的研究,对临界退火后处理改性层微观组织演变、元素分布、硬度以及室温环境下摩擦学行为进行详细分析。结果 随着临界退火次数的增加,表面马氏体含量减少,残余奥氏体增加,而心部的回火马氏体基本不变,EDS面扫图谱显示元素分布较为均匀。与之对应的表面硬度呈下降趋势,心部硬度基本不变。在多次临界退火处理中,耐磨性依次为1次循环>2次循环>3次循环。其中,相比于3次循环处理,1次循环处理后的摩擦因数降低了42.8%,在改性层之间的磨损率分别为2.07×10^?13 m³/(N.m)(930 ℃渗碳处理试样),0.71×10^?13 m³/(N.m)(1次循环处理试样),5.23×10^?13 m³/(N.m)(2次循环处理试样)和4.21×10^?13 m³/(N.m)(3次循环处理试样),改性层在室温环境中的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损还伴随少量的黏着磨损。结论 在17CrNiMo6渗碳钢进行临界退火处理后,获得了兼具高硬度、高耐磨性的临界退火后处理改性渗碳层,在一定程度上,合理的调控临界退火次数将改善渗碳改性层的耐磨性。     

9310渗碳钢强流脉冲电子束表面钛合金化处理的结构与性能

为进一步提高SAE9310钢表面渗碳层的耐磨性和耐蚀性,采用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)技术在不同的能量密度下对SAE9310渗碳钢进行表面钛合金化处理。并通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验及电化学试验等研究了钛合金化试样的表面及截面形貌、相组成及性能等。结果表明:强流脉冲电子束辐照后钛以合金元素形式固溶于基体中,重熔层奥氏体含量增加。钛合金化层腐蚀电位由未处理时的-0.577V提高至-0.539V,自腐蚀电流密度降至2×10-7 A/cm2,较未处理试样低1个数量级。合金化处理后样品表面显微硬度与原始样品接近,硬度约为780HV0.25,但干摩擦因数由0.8降至0.15,磨损率降低接近3倍。电子束表面钛合金化处理可以提高9310钢渗碳层的耐磨性和耐蚀性。     

Ti2AlNb基O相合金双辉等离子渗碳层摩擦磨损性能

利用双层辉光等离子表面合金化技术在Ti2AlNb基O相合金表面进行渗碳处理,采用SEM、EDS、XRD、硬度仪及摩擦磨损试验机对其组织成分、元素分布、相组成、硬度及耐磨性能进行研究.结果表明,在Ti2AlNb基O相合金表面形成了约30μm的渗碳层,渗碳层表面硬度为1053 HV0.1,且硬度随渗层厚度梯度递减.渗碳层和基体平均摩擦因数分别为0.4和0.75,渗碳层比磨损率为基体比磨损率的1/17.双层辉光等离子渗碳技术明显提高了Ti2A1Nb基O相合金的耐磨性.     

热处理对激光熔覆合金层组织性能的影响

本文用横流式CO_2气体激光器在碳钢基材表面上熔覆四种牌号的硬面合金层(NiWC25,Ni55,Fe450,Stellitel2),并对激光熔覆合金层进行不同温度下的回火热处理,然后用金相显微镜,耐磨试验机等对激光熔覆合金层回火前后的显微组织,硬度及耐磨性能进行了较详细的研究。结果表明:(1)四种牌号合金层的耐磨性均远大于碳钢的耐磨性,并且还具有良好的抗高温性能;(2)高温回火热处理可以细化合金层的组织,因而进一步提高其耐磨性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。