化学武器

化学武器按其毒害作用,使用的毒剂可分为神经性毒剂、糜烂性毒剂、全身中毒性毒剂、失能性毒剂、窒息性毒剂和刺激性毒剂等。神经性毒剂是破坏神经系统正常功能的毒剂。20世纪30年代,德国法本公司研制成功的神经性毒剂用作杀虫剂,后供给纳粹毒害犹太人。这种毒剂只要沾染一点点,在2.4小时内便会死亡。糜烂性毒剂是糜烂皮肤和伤害各部     

地铁化学恐怖突发事件应急处置研究

地铁深入地下，空间狭小，人员密集，发生化学恐怖突发事件易造成大量伤亡。神经性毒剂和全身中毒性毒剂隐蔽性强，毒性大，成为袭击地铁化学毒剂的首选。处置此类事件应防治结合，完善结构设计，加强训练和宣传，提高综合指挥能力，实时监测，增强消防部队侦检、防护以及快速应变等处置能力。     

缓释剂型应用到防“船污”上

用船底漆里加毒剂的办法去抗“船污”,其药效持续时间至多一年,这是因为在航行中毒剂逐渐散失的缘故。任凭毒剂多么高效也难于抵抗这个过程。对此,有一个办法,就是用加硫橡胶层代替漆膜,其中加用包有毒剂的缓释性微树脂球,以加多药量储备。一例,将TBTO[氧化双(三丁基锡)]装入酚醛树     

天然产物抗植物病毒剂国内外研究进展

综述了国内外天然产物抗植物病毒剂的研究进展，包括天然产物来源，分类，制备，化学，性质，生物活性和防治效果。     

植物病毒病和抗病毒剂

概述了植物病毒病的发现历史、种类、传播方式、危害症状、防治方法以及抗病毒剂的发展,并为未来抗病毒剂的开发提供了建议.     

化学毒剂知多少?

黑龙江省齐齐哈尔“8· 4”事件震惊国内外 ,其罪魁祸首便是侵华日军遗弃在华的有“毒剂之王”之称的化学毒剂——芥子气。战争中使用毒物杀伤对方有生力量、牵制和扰乱对方军事行动的有毒物质统称为化学战剂 ( chemical warfare agents,CWA)或化学毒剂。装填有 CWA的弹药称化学弹药( chemical munitions)。应用各种兵器如步枪、各型火炮、火箭或导弹发射架、飞机等将毒剂施放至空间或地面 ,造成一定的浓度或密度从而发挥其战斗作用。因此 ,化学毒剂、化学弹药及其施放器材合称为化学武器。而 CWA则是构成化学武器的基本要素。化学武器…     

衍生化气相色谱法检测化学毒剂相关化合物的试剂和方法进展

化学毒剂是高毒性的危险化学物质,时至今日仍然对人类和社会具有潜在威胁。化学毒剂及其降解产物的分析是验证化学毒剂存在的重要方法。气相色谱法以及气相色谱-质谱联用法是用于检测相关化合物的主要技术。由于许多化学毒剂的水解、降解产物具有极性大、难挥发的特点,因此需要通过衍生化试剂进行反应,成为挥发性高,低极性、低反应性的便于色谱分析的物质。综述近15年来气相色谱衍生化法检测化学毒剂水解、降解产物等相关化合物的研究进展,列表对比了包括新的衍生化试剂的方法和衍生条件,分析了新的衍生化试剂开发的趋势。对于开展相关化合物的衍生化气相色谱分析研究工作进行了评述。     

等离子体技术在化学毒剂洗消中的研究进展

等离子体技术在化学毒剂洗消领域的应用已备受关注,介绍了大气压等离子体喷射器和冷等离子体反应器分别在化学毒剂染毒表面和染毒空气洗消中的研究进展,并提出了该技术应用于洗消领域尚需解决的问题和发展趋势。     

杀虫剂/杀螨剂敏感性测定方法

决定杀虫剂与杀螨剂使用管理的重要因素之一是获得正确的靶标害虫对毒剂敏感性的基底数据。基底数据是指由一个未曾受过某种毒剂或与之具交互抗性的毒剂选择的品系测试而获得的数据。近年来,广泛使用生物测定技术与生化测定技术以确定靶标害虫对各种杀虫剂与杀螨剂的敏感性。然而,不幸的是由这些专门的测定方法获得的结果无可比性,因为它们测试不同的参数,这导致监测数据解释的困难。     

化学毒剂——芥子气

20 0 3年 8月 4日 ,发生在我国黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市的侵华日军遗弃毒剂伤人事件 ,引起了世人的广泛关注。经专家权威鉴定 ,此毒剂为生化武器中化学毒剂的一种 ,名为芥子气 ,为日本侵华时遗留。这次事件已造成 1人死亡 ,40多人受到不同程度的伤害 ,那么芥子气为何物 ?为什么有如此强的毒性 ?其作用的机理是什么 ?1　芥子气　　芥子气 ( mustard gas,MG)是一种糜烂性化学毒剂 ,学名为二氯二乙硫醚 ,1 82 2年 ,德斯普雷兹发现了芥子气 ;1 886年 ,德国的梅耶首先人工合成 ,他发明的合成方法至今仍是芥子气最重要的合成方法之一。芥于气除在军事…     

Characterization of 42 Microsatellite Markers from Poison Ivy,Toxicodendron radicans (Anacardiaceae)

Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans, and poison oaks, T. diversilobum and T. pubescens, are perennial woody species of the Anacardiaceae and are poisonous, containing strong allergens named urushiols that cause allergic contact dermatitis. Poison ivy is a species distributed from North America to East Asia, while T. diversilobum and T. pubescens are distributed in western and eastern North America, respectively. Phylogreography and population structure of these species remain unclear. Here, we developed microsatellite markers, via constructing a magnetic enriched microsatellite library, from poison ivy. We designed 51 primer pairs, 42 of which successfully yielded products that were subsequently tested for polymorphism in poison oak, and three subspecies of poison ivy. Among the 42 loci, 38 are polymorphic, while 4 are monomorphic. The number of alleles and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 1 to 12 and from 0.10 to 0.87, respectively, in poison ivy, while varied from 2 to 8 and, from 0.26 to 0.83, respectively in poison oak. Genetic analysis revealed distinct differentiation between poison ivy and poison oak, whereas slight genetic differentiation was detected among three subspecies of poison ivy. These highly polymorphic microsatellite fingerprints enable biologists to explore the population genetics, phylogeography, and speciation in Toxicodendron.     

Kinetics,poisoning and mass transfer effects in liquid-phase hydrogenations of phenolic compounds over a palladium catalyst

The influence of poisoning and mass transport on the performance of a suspended palladium catalyst for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of o-cresol h for the various transport and reaction steps occuring in the three-phase slurry system and these were combined into an overall rate expression. From th analysed either by an experimental approach or by calculation.The hydrogenation in the absence of poison is described by a Langmuir—Hinshelwood adsorption model with adsorption of hydrogen and substrate on diffe present in the feed, the activity loss can be described by an extended model of the same type; experimental results show that the poison is very strong between poison and substrate on the remaining catalyst surface. The selectivity is not affected by increasing poison concentration.     

加成型硅橡胶防中毒问题的研究

考察了各种杂质对加成型硅橡胶中铂催化剂催化活性的影响,对比了不同铝化合物对铂催化剂的防中毒效果,并讨论了催化剂中毒的机理,结果表明,合成的3种防中毒剂即防-1（主要成分为异丙醇铝）、防-2（主要成分为乙酰丙酮合铝）及防-3（主要成分为二乙酰丙酮基异丙氧基铝）对二月桂酸二丁基锡、氯化亚锡、二正丁胺、硫脲、氧化铅及硫酸氢钠等杂质均有较好的防中毒作用;不同防中毒剂对不同杂质的防中毒作用有一定的选择性。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂--Nitenpyram

Nitenpyram是一种氯代烟碱类优良杀虫剂 ,本文详述了Nitenpyram的理化性质、毒性、生物活性以及Nitenpyram及其中间体的合成方法 ,指出该药杀虫效果好、毒性低 ,开发和应用前景广阔     

丝绸、蚕茧仓库杀虫剂ICW—98的研制

报道了适用于蚕茧、丝绸仓库的杀虫剂ICW-98的研制过程。以拟除虫菊酯和有机磷进行复配。优选出适合于杀死茧库主要害虫钩纹皮蠹、赤拟谷盗、米象、黑皮蠹的最佳配方，进行了对上述害虫的毒力试验，测定了其LC50，并考察了药剂对蚕茧解丝成绩的影响。另外还进行了实库杀虫实验和动物毒理试验。结果表明该杀虫剂杀虫效果好，广谱、药效高、毒性低，对蚕性低，对蚕草率解丝质量没有影响。可以在蚕茧和丝绸仓库推广使用。     

Alkaloids in the Mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scheloribates laevigatus</Emphasis>: Further Alkaloids Common to Oribatid Mites and Poison Frogs

Poison frogs are chemically defended from predators by diverse alkaloids, almost all of which are sequestered unchanged from alkaloid-containing arthropods in the frog diet. Oribatid mites recently have been proposed as a major dietary source of poison frog alkaloids. Here, we report on alkaloids common to an oribatid mite and poison frogs. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of methanol extracts of adult Scheloribates laevigatus (Oribatida: Scheloribatidae) revealed nine alkaloids. Five of these have been detected previously in the skin glands of poison frogs: two isomers of the pumiliotoxin 291G, two isomers of the 5,6,8-trisubstituted indolizidine 209C, and the 5,6,8-trisubstituted indolizidine 195G. The other four alkaloids, a pumiliotoxin, a tricyclic (coccinelline-like), and two isomers of an izidine, were not previously known, but are similar in structure to alkaloids found in poison frogs. Alkaloids were not detected in immature S. laevigatus, suggesting that they are adult-specific and possibly the result of mite biosynthesis. Although most of the alkaloids detected in S. laevigatus are common to poison frogs, the geographic distributions of these organisms are not sympatric. The findings of this study indicate that oribatid mites, and in particular, members of the genus Scheloribates, represent a relatively unexplored arthropod repository for alkaloids and a significant dietary source of alkaloids in poison frogs.     

Prevention of Hydrosilation Cure Inhibition in a Polysiloxane Adhesive by Surface Oxidation

For a variety of reasons epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide (ECO)-based compounds, in the form of rain erosion boots or sleeves, are bonded to aircraft radomes using a hydrosilation-cured RTV polysiloxane adhesive. Unfortunately, cure of the adhesive can be completely inhibited by unreacted vulcanizing agent and/or ECO cure by-products. We have earlier shown that this inhibition can be prevented by treating the ECO surface with hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the hydrosilation catalyst poisons to a harmless state. In this study we have used spectroscopic techniques to monitor the hydrosilation reaction kinetics and in turn to identify the poison, define the poisoning level and monitor the poison removal by hydrogen peroxide treatment. The degree of poison removal is also correlated with adhesive bond strength using a 180°; peel test. The critical poison in the system was excess ECO vulcanizing agent which can be completely removed from the surface using a 30 vol. % H₂O₂ treatment for 30 minutes as long as the initial vulcanizing agent concentration is 1 p.p.h. or less.     

Sequestered Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oophaga pumilio</Emphasis> Provide Variable Protection from Microbial Pathogens

Most amphibians produce their own defensive chemicals; however, poison frogs sequester their alkaloid-based defenses from dietary arthropods. Alkaloids function as a defense against predators, and certain types appear to inhibit microbial growth. Alkaloid defenses vary considerably among populations of poison frogs, reflecting geographic differences in availability of dietary arthropods. Consequently, environmentally driven differences in frog defenses may have significant implications regarding their protection against pathogens. While natural alkaloid mixtures in dendrobatid poison frogs have recently been shown to inhibit growth of non-pathogenic microbes, no studies have examined the effectiveness of alkaloids against microbes that infect these frogs. Herein, we examined how alkaloid defenses in the dendrobatid poison frog, Oophaga pumilio, affect growth of the known anuran pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Frogs were collected from five locations throughout Costa Rica that are known to vary in their alkaloid profiles. Alkaloids were isolated from individual skins, and extracts were assayed against both pathogens. Microbe subcultures were inoculated with extracted alkaloids to create dose-response curves. Subsequent spectrophotometry and cell counting assays were used to assess growth inhibition. GC-MS was used to characterize and quantify alkaloids in frog extracts, and our results suggest that variation in alkaloid defenses lead to differences in inhibition of these pathogens. The present study provides the first evidence that alkaloid variation in a dendrobatid poison frog is associated with differences in inhibition of anuran pathogens, and offers further support that alkaloid defenses in poison frogs confer protection against both pathogens and predators.     

转化催化剂硫中毒及处理

探讨硫中毒机理，指出转化催化剂的硫中毒是催化剂上镍溴活性中心吸附Ｈ２Ｓ后阻碍对反应物分子的吸附所致。硫的毒害深度取决于进入转化炉原料气的硫含量，并举例说明对硫化物分析检测的重要性和中毒催化剂的再生处理。     

Prevention of Hydrosilation Cure Inhibition in a Polysiloxane Adhesive by Surface Oxidation

For a variety of reasons epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide (ECO)-based compounds, in the form of rain erosion boots or sleeves, are bonded to aircraft radomes using a hydrosilation-cured RTV polysiloxane adhesive. Unfortunately, cure of the adhesive can be completely inhibited by unreacted vulcanizing agent and/or ECO cure by-products. We have earlier shown that this inhibition can be prevented by treating the ECO surface with hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the hydrosilation catalyst poisons to a harmless state. In this study we have used spectroscopic techniques to monitor the hydrosilation reaction kinetics and in turn to identify the poison, define the poisoning level and monitor the poison removal by hydrogen peroxide treatment. The degree of poison removal is also correlated with adhesive bond strength using a 180°; peel test. The critical poison in the system was excess ECO vulcanizing agent which can be completely removed from the surface using a 30 vol. % H₂O₂ treatment for 30 minutes as long as the initial vulcanizing agent concentration is 1 p.p.h. or less.