下垫面及日照对校园冬季微气候的影响分析

既有研究显示,不同下垫面材料对微气候环境具有不同影响.我国西北地区校园冬季室外气温普遍较低,迄今为止,不同材质下垫面对该地区校园冬季微气候有何具体影响,依然是一个尚未得到充分研究的问题.文中选取西北某高校校园内三种常见的下垫面类型——硬质铺地、植被和水面,针对其在不同日照条件下对周边温度环境的影响进行定量研究.本研究于...     

绿化对建筑周围风热环境及空气质量的影响研究

绿化植物对室外风热环境有积极的影响,绿化还可以美化环境和增加居民居住环境的舒适程度。长期以来,国内外研究人员在绿化对建筑不同方面的影响取得了不少研究成果。本文讲述了绿化对建筑周围风热环境及空气质量的影响研究现状,分析了绿化对建筑的影响因素,以及绿化布局、绿化树木的形态、生态方面的作用。     

夏季城市广场微气候实测分析及改善策略——以广西柳州人民广场为例

针对城市广场普遍存在的问题,采用软件模拟分析与实测数据分析相结合的方法,通过对两种不同方法得出的结果进行比较,对比分析表明广场周边建筑规划、植被设置、水体设置以及垫面材料的选择等方面对于影响广场微气候具有重要作用。最后,在数据分析与理论分析的基础上,对人民广场夏季热环境的改善提出一些方法措施,包括绿化和水体的利用、铺地材料的选择、遮阴设计、周围建筑规划等。     

人性化设计在建筑室外环境设计中的应用

本文主要在对人性化设计的内涵以及建筑室外环境人性化设计依据分析的基础上,从人性化设计在建筑室外环境设计中的使用原则入手,从铺地、绿化、水体等三个方面探讨人性化设计在建筑室外环境设计中的应用.     

以微气候营造为导向的绿道设计因素实测研究

城市绿道作为调节城市气候的重要手段,受到了广泛关注,如何从营造良好微气候的角度出发进行绿道设计值得探究。以广州地区为例,重点研究绿道设计中铺地材质和周围景观环境2个基本要素对绿道微气候的影响,探求适宜的绿道微气候营造方法。对不同铺地材质和周边景观环境组成的16条绿道进行实测,定量分析水体、树荫以及铺地性质等对绿道微气候的影响。研究表明:铺地材质和周边景观环境以不同的方式对绿道微气候产生不同程度的影响,两者组合时互相影响,共同调节绿道微气候。铺地材质主要通过加热空气调节绿道微气候,首选反射率适中、含水量较高的铺地材质,如透水砖等,利于降低空气温度并减少人行高度短波辐射,对于遮挡少的周围环境,尤其要避免与低反射率的沥青和水泥组合。不同周边景观环境调节热环境的方式各异,建议采用乔—水、乔—草等复合环境,既能有效控制太阳辐射量,又能生风、降低空气温度、改善综合热环境;应避免使用灌木,尤其是与不透水阶砖等具有高反射率的材料组合。根据周围环境和下垫面材质的特性及其相互影响来进行合理搭配,有助于营造良好的绿道微气候。     

建筑布局对住宅住区室外微环境的影响研究

建筑布局形式会显著影响住宅小区的微环境。以青岛市居住区最常采用的3种建筑布局形式(行列式、围合式、点群式)为研究对象,采用城市微气候模拟软件ENVI-met进行数值模拟,研究了不同建筑布局居住区的室外微环境特征。结果表明:不同建筑布局的微环境存在较大差异,围合式和行列式建筑布局比点群式更易产生热岛效应。     

城市公园不同下垫面类型对微气候的影响

文章从对小尺度公园微气候研究的角度出发,分析不同下垫面类型对微气候的影响。从温度、湿度、风速3个方面对公园水域、硬质铺地、乔灌草、乔草、草坪5种下垫面进行测量分析,并设置公园外城市环境下的参照点,分析比较不同下垫面类型对微气候的影响以及相互之间差异。研究表明乔灌草、水域以及硬质铺地对微气候营造有很大的影响。该研究对于城市绿地规划设计时下垫面的选择和合理的配置,以营造舒适的绿地环境具有重要的意义。     

街区尺度建筑布局对通风性能的影响及评价方法研究

建筑布局是室外风环境的重要影响因素。为研究建筑布局对住宅小区室外风环境的影响,本文建立了9种典型布局的住区模型,通过各季节条件下的数值模拟,分析各个季节不同建筑布局的风环境特征,研究建筑布局对室外风环境的影响。为了量化空间形态对风环境影响,研究了室外风环境评价指标,并对已有指标"通风阻塞比"进行了修正及验证。为全面分析评价建筑室外风环境,提出全风向评价法,并对比分析了单风向(主导风向)与全风向(16风向)的评价结果的差异。     

城市住区建筑、绿化布局与夏季舒适度相关性测析——以寒冷地区郑州市为例

以寒冷地区郑州市典型住区为对象,调研住区建筑、绿化布局情况,实测室外空间微气候,计算人体生理等效温度,调查人体舒适度感受情况,旨在评价住区建筑、绿化布局与人体舒适度的相关性,为住区规划设计提供改善策略.结果 表明:建筑绿化布局指标天空视图因子SVF、建筑视图因子BVF、植物视图因子TVF与舒适度指标PET的相关性系数分别是0.391**、-0.288**、-0.198*,说明提升建筑绿化布局密度,能够降低人体生理等效温度PET值;建筑物通过遮挡太阳辐射,绿化通过降低室外温度,改善室外空间舒适度;建筑布局顺应主导风向有利于降低夏季热感觉;人视高度处绿化能够使人产生荫凉舒适的心理感受;不同下垫面材质给人带来的心理感受具有差异,硬质铺装使人感觉更热,植草砖则能够降低热感觉.     

夏热冬冷地区开放街区气候适应性设计研究

随着城市居住空间需求的急剧扩张,高层高密度小区逐渐发展为不可避免的城市居住模式。由于传统封闭住宅小区引发了一系列社会经济问题,"开放街区"成为现今住宅小区的发展趋势。研究选取上海典型住区为研究对象,采用街区类型设计和计算机数值模拟方式研究建筑布局和绿化形式对开放街区的微气候影响,为优化高密度住宅小区的布局提供参考,并为实际规划方案的评估过程提供优选策略。研究结果表明,在夏热冬冷气候区,围合式开放街区的室外热舒适度高于点式开放街区;建筑垂直绿化对围合式布局的影响程度大于半围合式和点式布局;南立面绿化和东立面绿化在行人高度处会带来更高的热舒适度。     

Simulation analysis of site design and layout planning to mitigate thermal environment of riverside residential development

The present study explains the application of a numerical simulation to investigate the thermal environment of a new riverside residential development in summer. The case study area consists of more than one hundred two-story detached houses built next to a river near Tokyo, Japan. According to the meteorological data, prevailing wind directions are at an angle to the northbound river flow affecting the microclimate of the study area in terms of surface temperature of land and buildings, air temperature and wind distribution at pedestrian height. These factors have been estimated using the stepwise CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation of radiation, conduction and convection. This method leads to an improvement of outdoor thermal environment by manipulating the site design and layout planning scenarios. The effect of river, permeable pavements and green space on thermal environment is examined by the site design options. Likewise, the impact of building arrangement is evaluated using alternative layout planning scenarios. In total, five scenarios have been simulated for the proposed sustainable development as explained in the paper. Above simulations provided an insight into the mitigation effects of each countermeasure. It is also shown that the management of inflow paths and the creation of wind paths for the interior of the site have the potentials to improve the outdoor thermal environment of riverside residential development.     

Integrating neural network models with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for site-specific wind condition

Most building energy simulations tend to neglect microclimates in building and system design, concentrating instead on building and system efficiency. Energy simulations utilize various outdoor variables from weather data, typically from the average weather record of the nearest weather station that is located in an open field, near airports and parks. The weather data may not accurately represent the physical microclimate of the site, and may therefore reduce the accuracy of simulation results. For this reason, this paper investigates utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with neural network (NN) model to predict site-specific wind parameters for energy simulation. The CFD simulation is used to find selected samples of site-specific wind conditions. Findings from CFD simulation are used as training data for NN. A trained NN predicts site-specific hourly wind conditions for a typical year. The outcome of the site-specific wind condition from the neural network is used as wind condition input for the energy simulation. The results of energy simulation using typical weather station data and site-specific weather data are compared in this paper, in order to find the possibility of using site-specific weather condition by NN with CFD to yield more realistic and robust ES results.     

传统岭南庭园微气候实测与分析——以余荫山房为例

文章对清代广东四大名园之一余荫山房进行实地观测,研究小尺度岭南庭园中空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度及风速等气候要素的空间分布特征和时间变化规律以及之间的关联效应。定量与定性相结合的分析景观要素在庭园微气候中的调节作用。研究表明植被和水体在白天对庭园中近地面空气均有降温、增湿作用,水体和植被配合更有利于园中温湿度调节;景观要素的不同分布,可以使园内局部产生温度差,从而改善庭园风环境;有效的遮阳,可以在白天时段内控制黑球温度的变化幅度;白天庭园中树荫下临水的区域室外热舒适度最高,设计中注重植被和水体的搭配和布局,有助于营造更适合人们夏季白天活动的室外环境。     

Dynamic integration between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for building exterior surface

Different site conditions create a site specific microclimate which has great influence on building energy consumption. However, current energy simulation lacks a response to microclimate and buildings are treated with outdoor conditions based on weather data from nearest metrological site. This paper describes the coupling methodology between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in order to analyze the impact of microclimate to building performance. A BES and a CFD exchange parameters in a dynamic time step base manner. The external surface of the building is the interface through which parameters are exchanged between BES and CFD. BES provides surface temperatures as the boundary conditions for CFD, while CFD calculates the heat transfer coefficients as the input to BES in each time step through a controller. This paper reviews the recent development in integration between BES and CFD methodologies. After an overview of coupling, the paper develops an approach of outdoor integration between BES and CFD. The proposed integration method is tested for case building and the result will be discussed.     

A simple technique to classify urban locations with respect to human thermal comfort: Proposing the HXG scale

An attempt is made to present a new scale to study urban microclimates and outdoor thermal comfort using simple in-situ measurement data. For this purpose, six urban locations with distinct physical characteristics are selected in a metropolitan city, Chennai. At each location, three streets with diverse orientations (North–south; East–west and Northeast–southwest) are identified and their microclimatic conditions are monitored during the summer months of April, May and June. The variations in microclimate are studied using ANOVA single factor test and later, correlated with the site’s physical characteristics. The assessment of microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort is done using Physiological equivalent temperature (PET).     

基于气候适应性的云南宁洱县城户外游憩空间规划设计研究

城镇化快速建设导致城市环境逐渐恶化,舒适安逸的户外休闲空间使人尤为向往.当下县城户外游憩空间仍没有引起重视,且各地建设缺乏考虑气候的地域性设计,趋于同质化.基于气候适应性的规划,以规划对象的实际情况为出发点,因地制宜地改善游憩空间的舒适性.以宁洱县城户外游憩空间为例,分析县城户外游憩空间分布情况与问题,调研茶源大道现状...     

城市居住区地下停车对微气候的影响研究

目前,国内越来越多的居住小区进行了地下停车规划的实践,利用腾出来的地面创造了更多的水体与绿地,改善了生态环境。本研究以南京某居住小区地下停车规划为实例,以微气候流体力学模拟软件Envi-met为手段,通过对该小区进行地下停车规划与不进行地下停车规划两个方案进行冬夏两季的居住区室外微气候模拟分析,利用模拟计算得到的微气候参数(风速与风向、空气温度、相对湿度)、空气质量参数(CO₂分布)以及室外人员热舒适参数(平均辐射温度MRT)等数据,通过两种方案的模拟结果对比,量化分析了地下停车规划对该居住区外环境的影响,探讨了地下停车规划对居住区城市微气候的影响与效益。     

Clothing and the outdoor microclimate in summer

For three different sites, observations of people's clothing outdoors in summertime were made, and observations of the thermal microclimate were made. The clothing was found to be most strongly related to the air temperature, and the responses of men, women, boys and girls were found to be fairly similar. The effects of sunshine, wind and humidity were also analysed, but the results differed from site to site. There was a strong tendency for the clothing to remain unchanged in spite of changes in microclimate. Some implications for the design of the outdoor environment are discussed.     

开放空间及周边的风环境历史变化分析——以南京为例

通过对南京三处开放空间及周边地区进行建筑体块建模和冬夏风场模拟,探求在1930-2000年间建筑密度增加、城市形态变化对风环境的影响,发现气流变化不确定性增加、部分地段户外活动舒适度下降、中观尺度的通风廊道受阻等.建议将开放空间及周边的风环境变化纳入城市规划设计和管理中,通过仿真模拟分析与可视化来协助建设管理决策和公共参与,确保高密度城区中开放空间在改善微气候方面的作用.     

传统岭南庭园水体周边热环境模拟研究以余荫山房为例

“水”作为重要的造园要素之一,对调节庭园微气候起着不可忽视的作用。本次研究期冀通过现代方法尽量真实的描述岭南庭园空间环境特征,探索岭南传统庭园中水体的微气候效应,传承蕴藏其中的生态智慧。以广东四大名园之一余荫山房为研究对象,借助微气候模拟软件ENVI—met,对其夏季热环境进行数值模拟,分析温度、湿度、风速、平均辐射温度等气候要素的空间分布特征和时间变化规律,在此基础上选用标准有效温度综合评价夏季庭园室外热环境质量。研究表明,水体在白天对庭园中近地面空气有一定的降温增湿作用,园中水体与植物相结合的空间室外热环境质量最高。故在庭园设计中重视理水的作用,可以更有效的改善夏季庭园热环境,营造舒适的室外活动场所。