利用组播及QoS技术对IPTV网络进行优化

主要阐述了有关IPTV网络业务、组播协议、Qos协议和OPNET网络仿真软件的有关基础知识,同时阐述了在业务承载网中的IPTV网络的发展现状,研究IPTV可能出现的网络传输拥塞时的缺点,提出基于组播和QoS技术的IPTV承载网络组网方案。重点阐述了OPNET的模型层次与构建方式,并提出了OPNET网络模拟仿真的具体步骤,通过OPNET软件进行模拟仿真实验,仿真中,按照数据业务、IP语音业务、IPTV服务等三个类型,分别对网络发射数量、终端接收数据流量、网络时延值和网络抖动数值等进行测试仿真,同时对所收集的网络状态信息进行数据分析。通过仿真实验,可以发现在IPTV网络中使用Qos及组播,有效减轻业务网的流量负荷,减少传输时延,提高网络系统稳定性,从而保证了相关服务的顺利进行。     

面向输电线故障信息传输的多播路由

针对无线传感器网络应用于输电线路故障传输时存在通信代价高、实时性差的问题,提出一种输电线路故障传输多播路由算法(MRFT)。抽象出输电线路故障信息传输网络模型;根据时延最短路径树(SPT)的最大端到端时延确定多播树时延上限,将时延上限边接入多播树;设计最小代价启发函数将剩余叶子节点接入多播树。仿真结果表明,与KPP算法相比,MRFT算法构造的多播树在多播树时延、端到端时延方差和多播树代价3个方面均有良好表现。该算法能够有效保证输电线路故障信息传输的实时性,降低通信代价。     

组播协议在OPNET中的建模与仿真

该文以IP组播技术为重点,结合网络仿真软件OPENT Modeler,分析该软件环境下IP组播网络的建模机制,包括参考标准、组的管理、支持的应用、组播路由协议的选择,节点加入组播组与发送源发送组播数据的流程。以校园网视频会议和FTP传输应用为例,构建网络仿真模型,一方面比较单播与组播方式下的网络性能,分析了视频流量的发送情况、视频会议分组的端到端延时,FTP传输的响应时间,骨干网络点到点链路吞吐量;另一方面比较了组播方式采用共享树机制和由共享树切换到最短路径树在网络性能上的改进,包括分组延迟的降低、汇合点路由器上拥塞发生的减少等。同时,也对无线移动通信网络环境下的组播技术提出更多需要考虑的因素。     

A fuzzy approach to active usage parameter control in IEEE 802.11b wireless networks

Abstract: Usage parameter control (UPC) provides support for quality of service across heterogeneous networks. For the network operator UPC assists in limiting network usage through traffic shaping, to prevent unacceptable delay. Traditional methods to apply UPC involve the generic cell rate algorithm or ‘leaky bucket’ algorithm, now commonly implemented in asynchronous transmission mode networks. This paper proposes a novel form of UPC for 802.11b wireless networks. The method proposed measures the rate of individual network flows to actively manage link utilization using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The FLC monitors the flow rate and adjusts the sending transmissions to stabilize flows as close to the optimum desired rate as possible. Imposing UPC and using the FLC within a packet switched TCP network enforces cooperation between competing streams of traffic. After carrying out experiments within a wireless network, the results obtained significantly improve upon a ‘best effort’ service.     

多源多播服务功能链优化部署算法

在软件定义网络和网络功能虚拟化环境下,针对多播中的服务功能链（SFC）部署,探究了多源多播中的联合虚拟网络功能（VNF）部署和流量路由问题,目的是最小化节点资源消耗和链路资源消耗总成本。同时考虑到节点、链路及带宽延迟限制,建立了整数线性规划模型,并提出一种名为多源多播树优化的启发式算法。该算法旨在为所有用户找到最近的源节点,获得多个源、目节点组,为每个组构造一棵多播服务功能树,然后优化多播服务功能树。实验仿真结果表明,与其他启发式算法相比,该算法有效地降低了总成本、链路利用率及时延。     

基于混合应答机制的层次型可靠移动组播算法

由于移动主机位置的不断改变引起组播树的频繁重构,已有的可靠组播算法已不适用于主机移动的无线网络环境.首先提出了前向网络签署的移动组播机制,然后在基于区域的层次型网络结构中,集成前向网络签署和远程签署,采用ACK和NAK相结合的应答机制,在子网局部范围内使用组播恢复机制和应答抑制机制,提出了一个新的支持主机移动的可靠移动组播算法.在重传延迟、重传开销、协议开销和服务中断时间这些方面的模拟结果和分析显示,该算法是一个高效的、可扩展的可靠移动组播算法.     

Worst-Case Delay Control in Multigroup Overlay Networks

This paper proposes a novel and simple adaptive control algorithm for the effective delay control and resource utilization of end host multicast (EMcast) when the traffic load becomes heavy in a multigroup network with real-time flows constrained by (sigma, rho) regulators. The control algorithm is implemented at the overlay networks and provides more regulations through a novel (sigma, rho, lambda) regulator at each group end host who suffers from heavy input traffic. To our knowledge, it is the first work to incorporate traffic regulators into the end host multicast to control heavy traffic output. Our further contributions include a theoretical analysis and a set of results. We prove the existence and calculate the value of the rate threshold rho* such that for a given set of K groups, when the average rate of traffic entering the group end hosts rho macr > rho*, the ratio of the worst-case multicast delay bound of the proposed (sigma, rho, lambda) regulator over the traditional (sigma, rho) regulator is O(1/Kⁿ) for any integer n. We also prove the efficiency of the novel algorithm and regulator in decreasing worst-case delays by conducting computer simulations.     

应用层组播节点流媒体调度算法

针对终端转发机制存在的延迟问题和传输率波动问题,提出一种应用层组播节点流媒体调度算法,通过采用组播节点的缓冲延迟和视频编码预测信息,减弱流视频的突发性高带宽需求,从而实现实时流率平滑传输,以提供稳定的流视频服务。仿真实验结果表明,该算法是有效可行的。     

A QoS Multicast Routing Algorithm Working with Imprecise State Information

In large networks, maintaining precise global network state information is almost impossible. Many factors, including non-negligible propagation delay, infiequent link state update due to overhead concerns, link state update policy, and hierarchical topology aggregation, have impacts on the precision of the network state information. The existing QoS multicast routing algorithms do not provide satisfactory performance with imprecise state information. In this paper, we propose a distributed QoS multicast routing scheme based on traffic lights, called QMRI algorithm, which can probe multiple feasible tree branches, and select the optimal or near-optimal branch through the UR or TL mode for constructing a multicast tree with QoS guarantees if it exists. The proposed algorithm considers not only the QoS requirements but also the cost optimality of the multicast tree. Extensive simulations show that our algorithm achieves high call-admission ratio and low-cost multicast trees with modest message overhead. The algorithm can tolerate high degree of state information imprecision.     

基于网络编码的多射频Mesh网组播时延建模与分析

网络编码在提高多射频无线Mesh网组播吞吐量的同时也增加了组播传输时延.针对该问题,在建模分析基于网络编码的多射频无线Mesh网组播传输时延特征的基础上,设计了平均组播传输时延(AMTD)的计算方法并给出时延整体优化方案.首先提出1个由双排队系统串联构成的多射频组播模型.其次,运用该模型对组播传输时延特征进行分析,通过计算每个排队系统平均等待时间之和给出AMTD计算公式,得到时延与各网络参数之间的量化关系.最后通过理论分析和仿真实验指明如何调整多个网络参数以优化平均组播传输时延.结果表明,网络状态确定时,同样的射频比例在不同网络编码体积下未必总是最优,应用提出的AMTD公式恰当调整射频用于收?发的比值,可以最优化平均组播传输时延.     

无线蜂窝网中用于D2D多播簇的高效多播方案

在无线蜂窝网中使用设备到设备(Device-to-Device,D2D)通信技术,可以有效卸载基站的流量。文中研究基站到某个小区域(如一幢办公楼)内多个设备的基于D2D通信的高效数据多播,提出了一种基于D2D通信的包接收率(Packet Reception Ratio,PRR)和包平均转发次数(Average Packet Retransmission times,APRT)可控的多播方案,并分别以PRR下限约束下的APRT最小化(PRR constrained APRT minimization,APRT-M)和APRT上限约束下的PRR最大化(APRT constrained PRR maximization,PRR-M)为目标,最优化中继节点最大转发次数。相比于传统方案,所提方案可显著降低BS的多播负载。APRT-M方式以尽可能降低PRR(但不小于给定值)为代价来最小化APRT,而PRR-M方式以尽可能增大APRT(但不大于给定值)为代价来最大化PRR。     

无线多跳网络GeoGRID协议研究

Geocast是一种基于方向性投递的无线多播路由协议,能够减少冗余数据包,缩短多播时延。现有Geocast协议并不适用于稀疏网络环境,存在时延较大、数据冗余较高等缺陷。为了提高GeoGRID协议在稀疏网络中的性能,提出了GeoGRID-LBM和A-GeoGRID两种新型协议,利用网关节点掌握两跳网关节点邻居的信息,减少信道竞争和数据包碰撞概率,仿真实验表明,这两种改进型GeoGRID能够将数据端到端时延减少14%,降低冗余数据包数量达26%。     

Efficient Multicast Algorithms for Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks

The wireless mesh network is an emerging technology that provides high quality service to end users as the "last mile” of the Internet. Furthermore, multicast communication is a key technology for wireless mesh networks. Multicast provides efficient data distribution among a group of nodes. However, unlike other wireless networks, such as sensor networks and MANETs, where multicast algorithms are designed to be energy efficient and to achieve optimal route discovery among mobile nodes, wireless mesh networks need to maximize throughput. This paper proposes two multicast algorithms: the Level Channel Assignment (LCA) algorithm and the Multichannel Multicast (MCM) to improve the throughput for multichannel and multi-interface mesh networks. The algorithms build efficient multicast trees by minimizing the number of relay nodes and total hop count distances of the trees. The algorithms use dedicated channel assignment strategies to reduce the interference to improve the network capacity. We also demonstrate that using partially overlapping channels can further diminish the interference. Furthermore, additional interfaces help to increase the bandwidth, and multiple gateways can further shorten the total hop count distance. Simulations show that those algorithms greatly outperform the single-channel multicast algorithm. We also observe that MCM achieves better throughput and shorter delay while LCA can be realized in distributed manner.     

无线网络中一种智能控制的组播拥塞控制机制

针对现有组播拥塞控制算法应用到无线网络中存在的性能下降问题,提出一种基于新的智能组播拥塞控制机制ECMCC。ECMCC机制根据网络相对队列时延和数据包丢失检测网络的拥塞状态,采用代表集合机制反馈信息,利用专家控制器的推理判断区分丢包原因和当前的网络状态,进而采取不同的控制策略调节组播源端发送速率。仿真结果表明,ECMCC机制收敛速度快、灵敏性好、速率变化平滑,在有线网络中具有良好的TCP友好性。同时,ECMCC能有效区分网络拥塞和随机差错,提高了网络的吞吐量,适用于无线网络环境,且在无线网络较低误码率时具有一定的TCP友好性。     

一个适用于广域网的可靠多对多广播通信协议的设计与分析

提出并实现了一个适用于广域网络环境下允许大量网络节点参加的“多对多”可靠广播通信协议,基于发送方的分组可靠Ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｓｔ协议－ＳＩＧＲＭＰ。该协议能在不影响通信系统传输时延和报文吞吐率前提下,成功地避免应答报文拥塞现象,为Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ网络上参与广播通信的节点提供“可靠”而“有序”的“多对多”广播传输服务,给出了Ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｓｔ通信的性能分析和测试结果,编程实现了一个简单的分布式虚拟环境（     

自组织覆盖网络QoS组播动态路由优化研究

针对覆盖组播节点的动态特性,研究自组织覆盖网络带度和延时约束的组播动态路由问题,提出了动态覆盖组播路由算法AHMQ。组播树由目的节点驱动动态渐近形成,动态路由优化在通信过程中进行。协议是软状态的,仅要求节点维护局部状态信息,同时利用覆盖网络技术和无线媒质的广播能力,降低了网络负载,提高了重构能力。对算法进行了分析研究,通过实验验证了该算法具有较好的性能。     

Dynamic duty cycle and adaptive contention window based QoS-MAC protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks

Rapid penetration of small, customized wireless devices and enormous growth of wireless communication technologies has already set the stage for large-scale deployment of wireless sensor networks. While the need to minimize the energy consumption has driven significant researches in wireless sensor networks, offering some precise quality of service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over sensor networks has not received significant attention. However, the emerging new applications like video surveillance, telemedicine and traffic monitoring needs transmission of wireless multimedia over sensor networks. Naturally, offering some better QoS for wireless multimedia over sensor networks raises significant challenges. The network needs to cope up with battery-constraints, while providing improved QoS (end-to-end delay and bandwidth requirement). This calls for a suitable sensory MAC protocol capable of achieving application-specific QoS. In this paper, we have proposed a new QoS-based sensory MAC protocol, which not only adapts to application-oriented QoS, but also attempts to conserve energy without violating QoS-constraints. Performance modeling, analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is capable of providing lower delay and better throughput, at the cost of reasonable energy consumption, in comparison to other existing sensory MAC protocols.     

6LoWPAN网络组播通信方案的研究与设计

随着无线传感器网络(WSN)对新应用的需求不断增加,基于IEEE 802.15.4实现IPv6通信的低速无线个人局域网标准6LoWPAN是将WSN接入Internet实现全IP通信的理想解决方案.在此提出了一种基于6LoWPAN网络的组播通信方案,通过自组建M AC地址的方式,对现有的6LoWPAN网络增加了对组播通信...     

无线局域网视频流组播优化机制

针对网络电视业务的802.11无线局域网数据传输问题,提出一种视频流组播优化机制,基于视频帧区分的方法,对关键帧I帧采用可靠组播机制传输,对非关键的B帧和P帧采用组播机制传输。仿真结果表明,该机制可以在丢帧率和数据延迟之间取得较好的折中,尤其是在无线网络带宽不足的情况下,能够有效提高数据传输后视频的观看质量。     

权衡能耗与延迟的数据融合算法研究

在无线传感器网络的路由协议中考虑数据融合能极大地提高网络生存期性能,但随之会带来网络可靠性下降、数据传输延迟增加等问题。设计一种新的可权衡能耗与延迟的数据融合算法ECLT,通过二级模糊综合评判的方式来调整原有的路由信息,增加数据传输路径间的交叠,以提高数据融合度、延长网络生存期;同时,传感节点在转发数据的过程中还可根据本身状态来动态调整进行数据融合的等待时间,从而在均衡网络中各节点能耗的同时减少了数据传输延迟。经仿真验证,该算法能在极大的延长无线传感器网络使用寿命的同时降低数据的平均传输延迟。