Functional effects of Japanese style fermented soy sauce (shoyu) and its components

The functional effects of Japanese style fermented soy sauce (shoyu) have been studied. Soy sauce promotes digestion, because the consumption of a cup of clear soup containing soy sauce enhances gastric juice secretion in humans. Soy sauce possesses antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella enteritidis, nonpathogenic Escherichia coli and pathogenic E. coli O157:H7. Soy sauce also contains an antihypertensive component. An angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor having antihypertensive effects was found in soy sauce. The active compound was identified as nicotianamine, which comes from soybeans. Soy sauce exhibits anticarcinogenic effects. Giving diets containing soy sauce to mice inhibit benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced forestomach neoplasia. The anticarcinogenic compounds in soy sauce were identified. The flavor components of Japanese style fermented soy sauce, such as 4-hydroxy-2(or 5)-ethyl-5(or 2)-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HEMF), which is a characteristic flavor component of Japanese style fermented soy sauce and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF) and 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HMF) exhibit antioxidant activities and anticarcinogenic effects on BP-induced mice forestomach neoplasia when fed following carcinogen exposure. The feeding of a diet containing 10% soy sauce to male C3H mice for 13 months also reduces the frequency and multiplicity of spontaneous liver tumors. HDMF and HEMF also exhibit anticataract effects in the spontaneous cataract rat (ICR/f rat). Fermented soy sauce contains three tartaric isoflavone derivatives called shoyuflavones. These shoyuflavones were shown to have inhibitory activities against histidine decarboxylase, which produces histamine, a mediator of inflammation, allergy and gastric acid secretion. Soy sauce also exhibits antiplatelet activity. beta-Carbolines were isolated from soy sauce as the active compounds. Soybeans and wheat, which are the main raw materials of soy sauce, are allergenic foods. However, recent studies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed the absence of soybean and wheat allergens in soy sauce.     

Monitoring of the microbial communities involved in the soy sauce manufacturing process by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Soy sauce is a traditional seasoning produced through the fermentation of soybeans and wheat using microbes. In this study, the microbial communities involved in the soy sauce manufacturing process were analyzed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The bacterial DGGE profile indicated that the bacterial microbes in the koji were Weissella cibaria (Weissella confusa, Weissella kimchii, Weissella salipiscis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus iners, or Streptococcus thermophilus), Staphylococcus gallinarum (or Staphylococcus xylosus), and Staphylococcus kloosii. In addition to these bacteria, Tetragenococcus halophilus was also detected in the mash during lactic acid fermentation. The fungal DGGE profile indicated that the fungal microbes in the koji were not only Aspergillus oryzae but also several yeasts. In the mash, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii appeared in the early fermentation stage, Candida etchellsii (or Candida nodaensis) and Candida versatilis were detected at the middle fermentation stage, and Candida etchellsii was detected at the mature fermentation stage. These results suggest that the microbial communities present during the soy sauce manufacturing process change drastically throughout its production. This is the first report to reveal the microbial communities involved in the soy sauce manufacturing process using a culture-independent method.     

酱油功能性研究最新进展

酱油是我国传统的调味品,在人们的日常生活中一直占有重要的地位.近年来,新型的酱油加工方法不断涌现,人们对于酱油中富含的生物活性物质的研究也越来越多,尤其是其功能性的研究成为人们关注的热点.基于相关研究的最新进展,本文对酱油功能性研究的最新发现进行了总结.     

发酵酱油中生物胺的产生及其控制研究进展

酱油由高蛋白大豆为主要原料经微生物发酵而来,其具备生物胺形成的条件。该文从传统酱油发酵过程出发,对生物胺形成机制、影响因素和控制技术进行综述。阐述发酵酱油中生物胺的种类及含量、检测方法及产生物胺的微生物;生物胺的形成主要与发酵体系中的pH、温度和含盐量等影响因素有关,除此之外,原料中大豆的种类和比例也对生物胺的产生具有一定影响;优化传统发酵工艺、筛选安全的发酵菌株、添加合适的生物胺抑制剂等控制技术能有效地减少酱油中生物胺的含量,并且提高酱油的食用安全性。     

玉米芯作辅料酿造酱油的研究

为降低酱油生产成本,介绍了用玉米芯作辅料生产酱油的工艺。着重介绍了原料处理、盘制曲和厚层通风制曲、低盐固态发酵法和高盐稀醪发酵法等工艺的操作要点。利用上述方法生产出的酱油都达到了标准的要求。     

酱油的质量

论述了酱油质量的实质及其形成的机理和条件，举例说明感官质量的重要性、强调理化质量的片面性。提出改善酱油质量应从原料和微生物2方面着手，即增加淀粉质原料的比例，采用多菌竟生，低温混合发酵的工艺。     

酿造酱油的多种口味和功效

为充分了解酱油这一古老的传统调味品,介绍了酱油不仅具有独特浓厚的调味作用,同时兼有其它的功效.酱油不仅是百姓饮食生活中的必需品,同时对人体正常的生理代谢也有着一定的调节作用.     

Making soy sauce using direct fermentation of defatted soybean meal without the meju (soybean Koji) preparation process

Soy sauce prepared via direct fermentation of defatted soybean meal (DFSM) using halophiles without addition of dried, fermented soybeans or meju was evaluated. DFSM was fermented using single and mixed cultures of Oceanobacillus kimchii and Bacillus pumilus under 18% salinity conditions. Amounts of total organic nitrogen, free amino acids, and organic acids in soy sauce prepared with the mixed culture were slightly higher than sauces prepared with single culture. The ingredient content was higher in soy sauce prepared via direct fermentation of DFSM than soy sauce prepared with meju. Microorganisms detected in DFSM fermentation were not detected in the meju culture, except for the 2 halophiles, based on metagenomic analysis. Direct fermentation of DFSM is better than using meju for preparation of soy sauce.     

谈低盐固态发酵酱油的生产

低盐固态发酵酱油是目前广大酱油生产厂家普遍采用的一种生产工艺,它有发酵周期短,成品风味好,香味浓,色泽呈红褐色,透明澄清,原料利用率高,出品率稳定及生产成本低等优点。该工艺采用了前期“水解”和后期“发酵”,这两个显然不同的生产阶段,从而解决了该工艺中“有利于蛋白酶、淀粉酶的水解而不利于酵母菌、乳酸菌作用”的矛盾,使低盐固态发酵酱油生产工艺更加完善。     

黑豆保健酱油高盐稀态工艺酿造试验

利用黑豆，以高盐稀态发酵工艺生产酱油，在品质、营养等方面与黄豆酱油进行比较，结果表明利用黑豆制作酱油是可行的。     

酱油酿造过程物料衡算分析与研究

通过对酱油酿造发酵各阶段的物料重量、水分、蛋白质(含氮物质)、脂肪、灰分、碳水化合物、燃烧值等指标进行测定与分析,得出酱油制曲过程物料重量(干基)损耗的范围在11%~16%之间;原料释放生物呼吸热为2.0MJ/kg~3.5MJ/kg,而且是制曲时间越长,产生的呼吸热越多,物料损耗越大;适当的制曲时间,是提高酱油品质的关键。     

酱油变质微生物因素及乳酸菌在防腐中的应用

酱油是经微生物发酵制成的具有独特色、香、味的液体调味品。酱油中含有充足的营养物质,并且酱油发酵体系多为混菌体系,因此在酱油发酵、生产和贮藏过程中容易因污染腐败菌出现“生花”、变馊、胀袋、沉淀、浑浊等现象,导致酱油的腐败变质。该文详细阐述了酱油中存在的腐败微生物种类和由它们引起的酱油变质现象,以及通过发酵工艺优化、添加防腐剂和生物技术等手段防止酱油腐败的相应措施。最后概述了乳酸菌的抗菌代谢产物种类与抑菌特性,并讨论了乳酸菌在酱油防腐中的应用潜力,以期为开发保障酱油品质稳定和提升的方法提供经验和参考。     

酸性蛋白酶对高盐稀态酱油发酵的影响

以高盐稀态发酵酱油为研究对象,以未添加酸性蛋白酶的样品为对照组（K）,在酱油发酵初期（0 d）添加酸性蛋白酶（1‰）的样品为实验组（S）,通过分析发酵过程（1～62 d）中酸性和中性蛋白酶活力、pH、总酸含量、氨基酸态氨含量和游离氨基酸含量的变化及生酱油的呈味氨基酸含量,考察添加外源酸性蛋白酶对酱油发酵的影响。结果表明,S组的酸性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶活力分别为K组的2.9倍和2.1倍。发酵结束时,与K组相比,S组酱油的pH下降至4.50、总酸、氨基酸态氮含量分别增加36.71%、16.49%;游离氨基酸总含量降低13.64%,生酱油呈鲜味的谷氨酸含量由11.52 g/L降至1.26 g/L。表明酸性蛋白酶虽然能够提高原料利用率,但对酱油滋味也有一定影响。     

“子教三娘”:中国酱油告急——从“龟甲万”登陆上海谈起

<正> 谁说“圣人面前”不能“念三字经”?从我国传入技术的日本酱油,不仅在国际市场占据了垄断地位,近日又大举登陆上海,令业内人士震惊。 龟甲万登陆上海滩 许多人曾经认为调味品不过“块儿八毛”、没有几分钱利润而不屑一顾;当洋品牌纷纷抢滩掠地之时,才不禁惊呼,酱油可不再是小打小闹的小市场。 早在1994年,达能落子上海,与     

酱油渣加工技术研究进展

酱油渣是酱油酿造中产生的残渣，产量巨大，其处理问题是酱油酿造工业急需解决的问题之一。酱油渣营养丰富，具有综合开发利用的潜力。但是由于其中盐分含量高、水分含量高、油脂含量高，对酱油渣开发利用之前需先进行降盐、脱水、脱脂、脱酸等加工处理。该文总结了酱油渣综合利用的加工技术，以期为酱油渣资源的全组分利用和高值化利用提供借鉴和思路。     

Effect of temperature on the stability of various peptidases during peptide-enriched soy sauce fermentation

We previously developed a peptide-enriched soy sauce-like seasoning called Fermented Soybean Seasoning (FSS) with high-temperature fermentation, and we have reported the antihypertensive effects of FSS. Seryl-tyrosine (Ser-Tyr) and glycyl-tyrosine (Gly-Tyr) were identified from FSS as active constituents in the antihypertensive effects. They were found to be particularly enriched in FSS; more so than in regular soy sauce. In the present study, we clarified one of the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of these bioactive peptides during high temperature soy sauce brewing. Crude enzyme extracts were prepared from model soy sauce mash (moromi) fermented at various temperatures. Leucine aminopeptidase-I, II, and seryl-tyrosine hydrolytic activity were found to decrease in the moromi incubated at the fermentation temperature of FSS whereas almost no decrease was observed in that of regular soy sauce. The concentrations of ACE inhibitory peptides, Ser-Tyr and Gly-Tyr, in the moromi incubated at high temperature were revealed to be higher than those at low temperature through quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis. These results suggested that the peptidases responsible for degrading low molecular weight bioactive peptides were inactivated during the high temperature fermentation, thus, these peptides would be likely to remain in the high temperature fermentation.     

甜油和酱油中氨基酸和还原糖含量的比较研究

探讨甜油和酱油中两种关键营养成分氨基酸和还原糖的含量差异,分析原料不同、工艺相近的两种调味品特征指标存在差异的原因,并提出甜油和酱油存在的优势和缺点。结果表明,甜油中氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸低于酱油,甜油和酱油中氨基酸总量分别为15.86～23.21 mmol/L和31.69～46.04 mmol/L,其中谷氨酸含量分别为2.94～7.54 mmol/L和20.62～35.34 mmol/L;但每类氨基酸含量差距不大,比较协调;甜油中甜味氨基酸比例较大,为49.41%,酱油中的鲜味氨基酸比例较大,为71.19%;甜油中还原糖含量（14.24～27.53 g/L）高于酱油（4.80～8.26 g/L）。因此,酱油因高氨基酸和谷氨酸含量鲜味明显、口感厚重,适合烧制菜肴,而甜油口感协调、丰满,适合炒菜和凉拌菜;另外,甜油中高含量的还原糖含量能够改善菜肴质量、色泽和口感。     

试论多菌种酿造酱油

为了大力发展传统酱油生产工艺,从多菌种酿造酱油的优点和传统酱油生产工艺特点等方面论述了酱油生产工艺,并结合日本发展多菌种发酵原因和多菌种发酵现在存在的问题,认为业内科技工作者要充分认识到多菌种发酵的重要性,为振兴我国酱油工业作出贡献.     

对酱油中产膜性酵母菌检验的探讨

酵母菌在发酵工业有重要作用，但是有些酵母却是酿造工业中的杂菌，使成品酱油产生不愉快的臭气或形成白膜。该文论述了酱油中酵母菌的检验与防治，有效地防止酱油长白、涨瓶现象的发生。     

酱油工艺优化，提高生产收益

针对酱油生产传统工艺的优点和缺点,通过对其工艺优化的研究,在保持传统工艺优势基础上进行突破,采用新工艺：高蛋白食用豆粕和黄豆混合制曲,天然晒制发酵加入辅剂,低盐压榨工艺等;可提高酱油生产收益,具有较大投入价值,可供同行参考。