淬火工艺对马氏体高强钢组织和性能的影响

摘要：采用拉伸、冲击、金相、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜、X射线衍射等试验手段,研究了在线直接淬火+回火（DQT）与离线再加热淬火+回火（RQT）工艺对马氏体高强钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,2种试验钢组织均为板条马氏体,RQT试验钢原奥氏体晶粒及板条束呈等轴状,板条块较短,板条较宽,DQT试验钢原奥氏体晶粒呈扁平状,板条束贯穿整个晶粒,板条块呈细长状,板条宽度较小;位错强化是DQT试验钢强度较RQT高的主要原因;板条束为控制DQT和RQT试验钢韧性的最小单元;DQT试验钢大角晶界比例较低,其具有较大的马氏体板条束尺寸以及更高的位错密度,断裂应力较低,低温韧性较差。     

Relationship Among Microstructure and Properties and Heat Treatment Process of Ultra-High Strength X120 Pipeline Steel

 The variation of heat treatments including directed quenching and tempering off-line after controlled rolling (DQT) and quenching off-line and tempering off-line after controlled rolling (RQT) with microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon microalloyed steel was compared and analyzed. For DQT, the quenched steel was obviously banded microstructure, with increasing tempering temperature, lath martensite coarsened, the cusp carbide precipitated at grain boundaries, the yield strength fluctuated slightly, and the fracture-separation was obvious. The impact toughness was better in the steel tempered at 500 ℃ for 1 h. In RQT, with increasing tempering temperature, lath martensite degenerated, intragranular and intergranular finer precipitations with smaller than 30 nm precipitated and grew up and were distributed dispersedly, the stripe-like carbides were distributed at grain boundaries, and the yield strength and tensile strengthen decreased obviously. The impact toughness of RQT process was much better than that of DQT process, and the comprehensive mechanical properties were better for the steel tempered at 500 ℃ for 1 h of RQT process.     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C-Mn-Mo-Cu-Nb-Ti-B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490~640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6~15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.      

Bainitic chromium-tungsten steels with 3 Pct chromium

Previous work on 3Cr-1.5MoV (nominally Fe-3Cr-2.5Mo-0.25V-0.1C), 2.25Cr-2W (Fe-2.25Cr-2W-0.1C), and 2.25Cr-2WV (Fe-2.25Cr-2W-0.25V-0.1C) steels indicated that the impact toughness of these steels depended on the microstructure of the bainite formed during continuous cooling from the austenitization temperature. Microstructures formed during continuous cooling can differ from classical upper and lower bainite formed during isothermal transformation. Two types of nonclassical microstructures were observed depending on the cooling rate: carbide-free acicular bainite at rapid cooling rates and granular bainite at slower cooling rates. The Charpy impact toughness of the acicular ferrite was considerably better than for the granular bainite. It was postulated that alloying to improve the hardenability of the steel would promote the formation of acicular bainite, just as increasing the cooling rate does. To test this, chromium and tungsten were added to the 2.25Cr-2W and 2.25Cr-2WV steel compositions to increase their hardenability. Charpy testing indicated that the new 3Cr-W and 3Cr-WV steels had improved impact toughness, as demonstrated by lower ductile-brittle transition temperatures and higher upper-shelf energies. This improvement occurred with less tempering than was necessary to achieve similar toughness for the 2.25Cr steels and for high-chromium (9 to 12 pct Cr) Cr-W and Cr-Mo steels.     

两相区淬火对高强海洋工程钢组织性能的影响

对高强海洋工程用钢分别经过一次淬火+回火(QT)和一次淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QLT)2种热处理工艺处理后,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等手段对其微观组织、相变特性和Cu的析出相进行了检测,并进行了室温拉伸性能及系列温度夏比冲击性能的测定.结果表明:实验钢在0.3～2...     

中碳Cr-Mo-V钢连续冷却时的组织转变规律

采用Formastor-FⅡ全自动相变仪实现不同冷却速度,利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜,研究了45CrMoV钢在不同冷却速度下的组织转变规律以及回火温度对组织的影响。结果表明,随着冷却速度的变慢,45CrMoV钢的组织由马氏体变为马氏体、先共析铁素体、下贝氏体和粒状贝氏体的混合物。冷却速度进一步变慢,先共析铁素体数量增多,下贝氏体和粒状贝氏体总量减少,材料硬度不断下降;45CrMoV钢中的粒状贝氏体为岛状、颗粒状,也有不规则形状,下贝氏体铁素体板条比低碳钢和超低碳钢中的板条更宽,分布更分散,板条形态不规则;随着回火温度的升高,45CrMoV钢中的渗碳体由细针状变为细条状,最后长大为椭球状,材料强度下降,韧性上升。     

High Temperature Rapid Tempering Process of SS400 Steel With Thermomechanical Simulation Tester

 The effect of refined precipitations and dispersed phases on the toughness of SS400 steel was investigated by rapid tempering with thermomechanical simulation tester, and the electromagnetic induction rapid tempering process was simulated. The conventional tempering and rapid tempering process were proceeded respectively, and both samples were quenched in 10% of agitated iced brine. The tempering temperatures were designed as 560, 620 and 680 ℃, respectively. Rapid tempering specimens were heated at a heating rate of 20 ℃/s, and all samples of these three tempering temperatures were maintained 30, 40 and 50 s with the Gleeble1500-D tester, respectively. The impact test at -40 ℃ were carried out on a Charpy impact machine (CBD-300) with a maximum measurement range of 300 J and the microstructures were analyzed in detail using optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experiment results show that the upper bainite, martensite and small amount of austenite were obtained in the rapidly quenched samples. In comparison to the conventional process, the matrix microstructure was changed from the larger size and bulk ferrite to the refined banding structure, and the cementites were obviously refined and precipitated inside the grains and along the grain boundaries. The cryogenic impact test implies that the maximum values of impact toughness with holding time of 30 or 50 s are achieved at tempering temperature of 620 ℃. Furthermore, a favorite value of impact toughness with holding time of 40 s is available.     

Influence of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HSLA-100 steel plates

The influence of thermomechanical treatment (TMT), i.e., controlled rolling and direct quenching, as a function of rolling temperature and deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HSLA-100 steel have been studied. The optical microstructure of the direct quenched (DQ) and tempered steel rooled at lower temperatures (800 °C and 900 °C) showed elongated and deformed grains, whereas complete equiaxed grains were visible after rolling at 1000 °C. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) microstructure of the 800 °C rooled DQ steel showed shorter, irregular, and closer martensite laths with extremely fine Cu and Nb(C,N) precipitates after tempering at 450 °C. The precipitates coarsened somewhat after tempering at 650 °C; the degree of coarsening was, however, less compared to that of the reheat-quenched (RQ) and tempered steel, indicating that the DQ steel was slightly more resistant to tempering. Similar to the RQ steel, at a 450 °C tempering condition, the DQ steel exhibited peak strength with extremely poor impact toughness. After tempering at 650 °C, the toughness of the DQ steel improved significantly, but at the expense of its strength. In general, the strength of the DQ and tempered steel was good and comparable to that of the RQ and tempered steel, although, its impact toughness was marginally less than the latter. The optimum combination of strength and toughness in the DQ steels was achieved after 900 °C rolling with 50 pct deformation, followed by direct quenching and tempering at 650 °C (yield strength (YS)=903 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS)=928 MPa, and Charpy V-notch (CVN) strength=143 J at −85 °C).     

低成本工程机械用Q690E级高强钢的热处理工艺与工业化

  以低成本、高附加值Q690E级调质板开发为目标,研究了亚温热处理与调质热处理工艺参数对试验钢显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明：在进行810℃亚温淬火处理的前躯体中存在大块状的铁素体时,易导致试验钢的低温冲击韧性恶化;以板条马氏体为前躯体经相同亚温淬火后,显微结构为更加细小的马氏体和以条状形态呈平行趋势分布在马氏体之间的铁素体两相混合组织,试验钢的-40℃冲击功值高达247J,但强度较低;常规调质热处理后的试验钢具有良好的综合力学性能,采用修正后的工艺参数,工业试制6~60mm规格产品的强韧性能均明显超过相关标准要求。     

淬火温度对780 MPa级Ti-Nb-B微合金化水电用钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了淬火温度对780 MPa级水电用钢(/%:0.09C,0.10Si,1.50Mn,0.009P,0.002S,0.90Cr,0.20Ni,0.023Ti,0.004Nb,0.001 0B)组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢不同温度淬火后均得到了板条贝氏体组织,随着淬火温度910℃升高至950℃,奥氏体平均晶粒从9.1μm长大到16.6μm,试验钢回火后基本保持了淬火态的板条结构。淬火温度在910～950℃试验钢的强度随着淬火温度的升高先增大后减小,并在930℃时达到最大,试验钢冲击韧性和断后延伸率与强度有着相同的变化规律。在930℃淬火,610℃回火的工艺参数条件下,获得最佳的力学性能:屈服强度为802 MPa,抗拉强度为858 MPa,伸长率为19%,-40℃冲击功为238 J。     

调质工艺对汽车大梁钢700L组织性能的影响

摘 要: 通过金属摆锤冲击和显微硬度试验,采用OM、SEM、TEM等表征手段,研究了不同调质工艺对700L汽车大梁钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着淬火温度的提高,粒状贝氏体(GB)组织有所减少,板条状贝氏体铁素体(BF)数量逐渐变多,板条宽度增加,铁素体基体及边界上的白色析出物数量增多;随着回火温度的提高,块状铁素体有所长大,马奥岛组织和残余奥氏体分解现象明显,且出现了数量较少的等轴状铁素体,回火析出物数量增多,回火温度超过600 ℃后粒子出现粗化长大现象。低温冲击功在不同淬火与回火条件下均表现为上下波动的状态,这主要与第二相粒子及基体组织规律性的变化有关;试验钢在经600 ℃回火后具有最佳低温冲击韧性,其主要原因是钢基体中存在数量较多的具有高密度位错的贝氏体铁素体(BF)与尺寸合适、分布均匀的第二相纳米粒子。     

超厚高强钢心部组织对断裂机制的影响

摘要：为了研究超厚钢板心部显微组织与微观断裂机制的关系,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）等技术手段对试验钢板1/4厚度、1/2厚度（心部）显微组织及裂纹形貌进行表征和分析。结果表明,心部处低温冲击韧性较1/4厚度处有明显的降低,这是由于心部组织为回火板条贝氏体和回火粒状贝氏体,其中粒状贝氏体的比例较高,粒状贝氏体中M-A岛的存在促进了微孔或微裂纹的启裂;1/4厚度处为回火板条马氏体与回火板条贝氏体二者的混合组织,板条间的位错运动释放局部应力集中,而舒缓裂纹尖端区域所受应力,产生裂纹钝化、阻碍裂纹扩展,提高低温冲击韧性。     

Effect of center microstructure on fracture mechanism of ultra-thick high strength steel

In order to study the relationship between microstructure and fracture mechanism of ultra-thick steel plate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to characterize and analyze the microstructure and crack morphology of 1/4 and 1/2 thickness (center) of the test plate. The results show that the low temperature impact toughness at the center is significantly lower than that at the 1/4 thickness, which is due to the microstructure of the center is tempered lath bainite and tempered granular bainite, and the proportion of granular bainite is higher. The presence of M-A island in granular bainite promotes the initiation of micro pores or micro cracks. The 1/4 thickness is a mixed microstructure of tempered lath martensite and tempered lath bainite. The dislocation movement between laths releases local stress concentration, and relieves the stress at the crack tip region, resulting in crack passivation, hindering crack propagation and improving low temperature impact toughness.     

Tempering process of high strength and high toughness Cr- Mo- V bulb- flat steel

Aim at the problems that the heat treatment process of high strength and high toughness Cr- Mo- V bulb- flat steel was difficulty and the granular bainite was not fully decomposed, the influence of different tempering temperatures and tempering holding times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength and high toughness Cr- Mo- V bulb- flat steel were studied by optical microscopy, SEM, TEM and mechanical property tests. The results show that the metastable granular bainite in the steel can be recovered and transformed to quasi- polygonal ferrite by tempering at temperatures above 600?? and holding for more than 2h. The large- sized and long- shaped M- A islands in the original microstructure are decomposed and transformed into granular M- A islands. With the increase of the tempering temperature, the granular bainite in the steel can be further decomposed to make the particles finer and more dispersed, which significantly improves the low- temperature toughness of the steel and obtains a good comprehensive performance. For this steel, the best heat treatment process to get good match of strength and toughness is tempering at 660-680?? and holding for 3. 0-3. 5h.     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体（M/A）岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明:两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是（Nb,Ti）C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状（Nb,Ti）C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.      

Simulation study on heat-affected zone of high-strain X80 pipeline steel

The microstructure evolution and impact-toughness variation of heat-affected zone(HAZ)in X80 highstrain pipeline steel were investigated via a welding thermal-simulation technique,Charpy impact tests,and scanning electron microscopy observations under different welding heat inputs and peak temperatures.The results indicate that when heat input was between 17 and 25kJ·cm~(-1),the coarse-grained heat-affected zone showed improved impact toughness.When the heat input was increased further,the martensite-austenite(M-A)islands transformed from fine lath into a massive block.Therefore,impact toughness was substantially reduced.When the heat input was 20kJ·cm~(-1) and the peak temperature of the first thermal cycle was between 900 and 1300°C,a higher impact toughness was obtained.When heat input was 20kJ·cm~(-1) and the peak temperature of the first thermal cycle was 1300°C,the impact toughness value at the second peak temperature of 900°C was higher than that at the second peak temperature of 800°C because of grain refining and uniformly dispersed M-A constituents in the matrix of bainite.     

Effect of cooling rate on the as-quenched microstructure and mechanical properties of HSLA-100 steel plates

The effect of cooling rate on the as-quenched microstructure and mechanical properties of a 14-mm-thick HSLA-100 steel using various cooling media such as brine, water, oil, air, and furnace has been studied. While quenching in brine, water, and oil resulted in lath martensite structures, the granular bainite and martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents were found in air- or furnace-cooled specimens. The average lath spacing increased slightly on decreasing the cooling rate (300 nm in brine-quenched specimen to 400 nm in oil-quenched specimen). The precipitates of Cu and Nb(C, N) were observed in all the quenching conditions except in the brine-quenched specimen. The as-quenched strength and toughness of the brine-, water-, and oil-quenched specimens were higher (yield strength: 894 to 997 MPa, ultimate tensile strength: 1119 to 1153 MPa, and Charpy V-notch energies: 65 to 70 J at −85 °C) than those of air- and furnace-cooled specimens (yield strength: 640 to 670 MPa, ultimate tensile strength: 944 to 1001 MPa, and Charpy V-notch energies: 10 to 20 J at −85 °C). For industrial production of HSLA-100 steel plates, oil or water quenching is recommended in lower thickness plates (<25 mm). For production of thicker plates, however, water quenching is more suitable.     

Effect of quenching temperature on microstructure and fracture toughness of high carbon steel

The effect of quenching temperatures on microstructure and fracture toughness of high carbon steel was investigated. Plane strain fracture toughness was tested with compact tension specimen. Microstructure and fracture morphology of KIC samples after quenching and tempering treatment were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results show that the residual carbides of steel in hardened state decreasea with the quenching temperature increasing and totally disappear after quenched at 920??;the grain size grows up obviously when the quenching temperature is more than 960??. The microstructure in high temperature tempered state is composed of residual carbides, precipitated carbides and ferrite matrix;plasticity decreases monotonically; the fracture toughness gradually decreases in the range from 800?? to 960??,and then almost invariant; the fracture type of KIC specimens is gradually changed from cleavage fracture to intergranular fracture. The main reason for the changes of fracture toughness has close relationship with the plasticity.     

屈服强度785 MPa低碳含铜船板钢的组织和性能

 研究了一种屈服强度大于785 MPa的船板钢,测试了其动态连续冷却相变曲线（CCT）,研究了试验钢经控制轧制+直接淬火+回火（DQ- T）工艺处理后的组织性能。结果表明,直接淬火（DQ）钢板组织为板条马氏体（LM）,回火后铜、铌元素呈弥散析出。经500 ℃回火钢板的强度最高,冲击韧性（KV2）最低。钢板经710 ℃回火,其组织为二次马氏体（SLM）+铁素体,屈服强度（Re）为810 MPa,抗拉强度（Rm）为 1 066 MPa,伸长率（A）为17%,在-80 ℃下KV2为97 J,达到最佳强韧性匹配。     

Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of E690 Offshore Plate Steel

 A new kind of Mn-Mo-Nb-Cu-B bainite steel which satisfied mechanical demands of E690 offshore plate steel was designed. The effect of two processes——thermomechanical control process (TMCP)+tempering (T) and thermomechanical control process (TMCP)+reheating and quenching (RQ)+tempering (T)——on microstructure and mechanical properties were studied by means of scan electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that optimal mechanical properties were available when tempering at 550 ℃ for both processes. The microstructure of the TMCP+T treated sample tempering in the range of 450 to 550 ℃ for 1 h did not change dramatically yet the lath in the TMCP+RQ+T treated sample merged together and transformed into polygonal ferrite. At the same time, the sub-structure of grain bainite transformed from lath to cell-shape to refine grains with tempering temperature mounting. Lots of sub-grain boundaries were located within bainite and adjacent bainite grain boundaries were high angle.