Lead and tin in canned foods: results of the UK survey 1983-1987.

Concentrations of tin and lead in canned foods have been monitored since 1983 to determine the effects of recent changes in can-making technology. In the sample studied the proportion of foods contained in non-soldered as opposed to soldered cans has risen consistently during the survey and now accounts for 83% of all samples (excluding sardines). Foods contained in non-soldered cans have lower lead concentrations than those contained in soldered cans and this changeover is likely to result in a decrease in dietary lead intakes in the UK.     

Corrosion Characteristics of Soldered Sideseam Tinplate and Welded Sideseam ECCS Plate Cans Using Organic Acid Model Systems

A model system of six organic acids and water was prepared using two pH ranges and two nitrate levels and packed in soldered sideseam tinplate and welded sideseam enameled cans. Can vacuum, Fe and Pb content were determined after 8-months storage at room temperature and at 38°C. The ECCS plate cans had lower can vacuums and lower solution Fe content than the tinplate cans. Polygalacturonic acid (PGA) was an aggressive corrosive agent in both can types. Water, PGA and malic acid solutions contained the highest concentrations of Pb.     

马口铁包装水果罐头中锡的浓度变化和形态分布研究

目的 研究马口铁包装水果罐头中锡的浓度变化和形态分布。方法 采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法(inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry, ICP-MS/MS)测定马口铁包装水果罐头的锡含量,并分析锡浓度随储存时间、加热次数的变化特点;采用高效液相色谱电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-ICP-MS/MS)测定并分析罐头中锡的形态分布。结果 镀锡马口铁包装水果罐头中锡含量在生产日期3个月内为27.17~183.81 mg/kg,生产日期12个月时为54.56~265.44 mg/kg,锡浓度随储存时间、加热次数而明显增加,溶出锡为无机形态,以二价锡Sn[II]为主,未检测到锡的有机形态。结论 马口铁包装水果罐头中锡随储存时间和加热次数而大量增加,但都以无机锡的形态存在,因吸收利用率低,毒性较低;尽量选择靠近生产日期的产品,且不要罐内加热食用。     

Tin and Iron Content of Canned and Bottled Foods

The tin and iron content of 14 different types of canned foods and of 5 different types of bottled foods were determined. No tin was detected in most bottled foods, but tin was detected in all canned foods. Storage of foods on the shelf for 4 months or in open cans in the refrigerator for 1 wk resulted in increased amounts of tin and iron in some of the canned foods. Those foods which were packed in totally lacquered cans accumulated little tin or iron during storage; those foods which were packed in unlacquered or partially lacquered cans generally accumulated significant amounts of iron and tin during storage. The tin content of the canned foods was not statistically correlated to the pH of the foods.     

Iron and tin content of canned fruit juices and nectars

A survey of the iron and tin content of twelve different types of canned fruit juices and nectars revealed that, of the 122 cans examined, 23 (or 18·9%) contianed iron in excess of 15 mg kg^?1 and 16 (or 13·1%) contained tin in excess of 250 mg kg^?1. Apple juice and tomato juice were found to contain particularly high levels of iron, the maximum level recorded being 42·6 mg kg^?1. Mango juice and orange juice exhibited significant non-compliance with recommended Codex tolerance limits for tin. Statistical analysis showed that, at the 5% probability level, the mean iron contents of products packed in completely unlacquered and end-lacquered cans were not significantly different from each other, but were significantly lower than the mean iron content of products packed in fully lacquered cans. The mean tin content fell in the order unlacquered > end-lacquered > fully lacquered cans.     

广东省食物中化学污染物的网点监测与动态分析

根据广东省的地理条件和经济状况，选择了5个农产品化学污染监测网点，分布于我省东南西北中。每年夏秋两季在监测点的主要农贸市场现场随机抽样检测，2000年～2002年3年间在各监测网点共采集大米、面粉、肉类、蛋类、鲜奶、海产品、水果、蔬菜等主要食品1400多份，检测各类食品中铅、镉、砷、汞等4种金属污染物、24种有机磷农药残留量和8种有机氯农药异构体残留量。对照相关国家标准，广东省主要食品中铅、镉、砷和汞的合格率分别为91．9％、88．1％、100％、100％。皮蛋、蔬菜中铅含量以及海产贝类、蔬菜、大米中镉含量合格率较低是存在的主要问题。有机磷农药残留量的检出率和超标率分别为10．2％和5．6％；有机氯农药残留量检出率和超标率分别为18．7％和2．1％。对照1992年～1996年的全省食品中化学污染物监测数据，广东省蔬菜中有机磷农药残留检出率和超标率近年已有大幅度下降，说明蔬菜中滥施农药，特别是剧毒农药的情况基本得到控制。但大米、蔬菜等主要食物中铅、镉含量相对偏高的问题近10年来并没有得到明显的改善。     

Analysis of fruit juice by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. I. The determination of iron and tin in canned juice

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been used to compare the concentrations of iron and tin in canned fruit juice with those in juice not stored in cans. No significant difference was found in the level of iron, but the amount of tin was considerably higher in canned samples. The determination is rapid, and no ashing procedure is required.     

Cadmium and lead contamination in vegetables collected from industrial, traffic and rural areas in Bursa Province, Turkey

Cadmium and lead contamination of vegetables produced in rural areas of Bursa Province, Turkey, was found to be less contaminated than vegetables grown close to heavy traffic and industrial activities. The highest levels of cadmium and lead were found in lettuce; the lowest levels in vegetables were found in leeks. The lead levels in spinach grown in traffic areas were at least twofold higher than those found in industrial areas. For other vegetables, the results from industrial and traffic areas were almost identical. Lettuce grown in traffic areas had the highest amount of cadmium (0.81 +/- 0.25 mg kg(-1)) and lead (1.59 +/- 0.45 mg kg(-1)), whilst leeks grown in rural areas had the lowest levels of lead (0.10 +/- 0.03 mg kg(-1)) and cadmium (0.05 +/- 0.01 mg kg(-1)) compared with other vegetables. This study shows that people and animals living in the same area in Bursa are always exposed to metallic pollution and in turn the consumption of contaminated vegetables could lead to increased dietary intake.     

Cadmium and lead contamination in vegetables collected from industrial, traffic and rural areas in Bursa Province, Turkey.

Cadmium and lead contamination of vegetables produced in rural areas of Bursa Province, Turkey, was found to be less contaminated than vegetables grown close to heavy traffic and industrial activities. The highest levels of cadmium and lead were found in lettuce; the lowest levels in vegetables were found in leeks. The lead levels in spinach grown in traffic areas were at least twofold higher than those found in industrial areas. For other vegetables, the results from industrial and traffic areas were almost identical. Lettuce grown in traffic areas had the highest amount of cadmium (0.81 +/- 0.25 mg kg(-1)) and lead (1.59 +/- 0.45 mg kg(-1)), whilst leeks grown in rural areas had the lowest levels of lead (0.10 +/- 0.03 mg kg(-1)) and cadmium (0.05 +/- 0.01 mg kg(-1)) compared with other vegetables. This study shows that people and animals living in the same area in Bursa are always exposed to metallic pollution and in turn the consumption of contaminated vegetables could lead to increased dietary intake.     

Cadmium and lead contamination in vegetables collected from industrial,traffic and rural areas in Bursa Province,Turkey

Cadmium and lead contamination of vegetables produced in rural areas of Bursa Province, Turkey, was found to be less contaminated than vegetables grown close to heavy traffic and industrial activities. The highest levels of cadmium and lead were found in lettuce; the lowest levels in vegetables were found in leeks. The lead levels in spinach grown in traffic areas were at least twofold higher than those found in industrial areas. For other vegetables, the results from industrial and traffic areas were almost identical. Lettuce grown in traffic areas had the highest amount of cadmium (0.81 ± 0.25 mg kg^?1) and lead (1.59 ± 0.45 mg kg^?1), whilst leeks grown in rural areas had the lowest levels of lead (0.10 ± 0.03 mg kg^?1) and cadmium (0.05 ± 0.01 mg kg^?1) compared with other vegetables. This study shows that people and animals living in the same area in Bursa are always exposed to metallic pollution and in turn the consumption of contaminated vegetables could lead to increased dietary intake.     

Migration of iron,lead, cadmium and tin from tinplate-coated cans into chickpeas

Migration studies of trace metals were carried out on coated chickpea cans marketed in Lebanon. Four elements – iron (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) – were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after microwave digestion. Over 3 months, three different storage temperatures (5°C, room temperature and 40°C) were tested. In all cases, the migration of Fe reached a plateau after around 50 days of storage, while the migration of Pb was slow till 50 days, then it increased rapidly. Cd and Sn levels did not increase. Moreover, no effect of temperature was observed in the case of Fe, whereas Pb levels showed slower migration in cans stored at 5°C. Comparing cans from different chickpea brands (Lebanese and foreign) showed that the characteristics of the container have an effect on metal release.     

COLOR OF PROCESSED SWEET POTATOES: EFFECTS OF CAN TYPE

Sweet potatoes packed in four types of enamel-lined cans were darker in color and less attractive than those packed in tin-coated cans. The differences in color among can types was more pronounced after opening the canned product and exposure to air for an hour. The tin content of the product from the tin-coated cans was much greater than that from the enamel-lined cans. The brighter color of the product from the tin-coated cans is assumed to result from the substitution of tin for iron or other metals in the complex formed in the pheno-lase reactions.     

Trace heavy metals composition of some Nigerian beverages and food drinks

Several beverages and food drinks available in the market in Nigeria were analysed for their contents of the heavy metals, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc. The beverage types were grouped into tea, cocoa-based, coffee, cereal-based, dairy products, fruit juices, malt drinks, carbonated soft drinks and wines (non-alcoholic). The levels of the various metals were generally low, and within statutory safe limits. The levels compare well with those reported for similar beverages from some other parts of the world. ©     

Lead and cadmium levels in commercial infant foods and dietary intake by infants 0-1 year old

Lead and cadmium levels were determined in 131 infant foods. Mean lead and cadmium levels were 19.3 and 3.3 ng/g for meats, 8.4 and 4.1 ng/g for vegetables, 14.9 and 0.58 ng/g for fruits and desserts, 9.6 and 0.53 ng/g for juices and drinks, and 32.8 and 33.6 ng/g for dry infant cereals. These data, combined with those from other recent surveys, yielded average dietary (food and water) intakes of lead and cadmium by infants 0-1 year old of 2.4 and 0.37 microgram/kg/day, respectively. Lead intakes were most strongly influenced by storage of infant formulas in lead-soldered cans. For infants 0-1 month old, they ranged from 0.5 microgram/kg/day when human or cow milk was fed to infants to 5.3 micrograms/kg/day (exceeding the FAO/WHO provisional tolerable daily intake, PTWI, of lead by children of 3.5 micrograms/kg) when ready-to-use formula stored in lead-soldered cans was fed. Cadmium intakes were most strongly affected by soya based formulas, and ranged, for 0-1 months olds, from 0.16 microgram/kg/day for infants fed human or cow milk to 0.50 microgram/kg/day for infants fed soya-based concentrated liquid formula. Cadmium intakes were all below the FAO/WHO PTDI of cadmium by adults of 0.96-1.2 micrograms/kg.     

1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc

Concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc were determined in samples from the 1997 UK Total Diet Study and used to estimate dietary exposures of the general UK population. Population average dietary exposures to aluminium (3.4mg/day), arsenic (0.065mg/day), cadmium (0.012mg/day), chromium (0.10mg/day), copper (1.2mg/day), mercury (0.003mg/day), nickel (0.13mg/day), tin (1.8mg/ day) and zinc (8.4mg/day) are similar to those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and are below the appropriate PTWIs, PMTDIs and TDIs. Dietary exposure of the UK population (0.026 mg/day) to lead is falling as a result of measures taken to reduce lead contamination of the environment and food and is well below the PTWI. There has been little change in UK estimates of selenium exposure since the 1994 Total Diet Study but current estimates (0.039mg/day) are lower than those derived from earlier Total Diet Studies.     

2000-2005年广东省食品化学污染物网络监测与危害分析

目的掌握广东省主要食品中化学污染的现状。方法自2000年起每年分上下半年在全省各监测网点抽检各类食品,开展农药残留、金属污染物、食品添加剂、霉菌毒素等80多项化学污染物监测工作。结果连续6年的监测共获得43976个检验数据。对照相关标准,广东省主要食物中铅、镉含量合格率分别为91·6%和89·6%,其中皮蛋、蔬菜中铅含量以及虾蛄、干食用菌、猪肾脏和大米中镉含量的合格率较低。蔬菜、水果中有机磷检出率和超标率分别为10·0%和8·6%,与10年前相比有明显下降。氯氰菊酯在各类蔬菜中的检出率为21·7%~31·8%,表明近年拟除虫菊酯农药的使用较普遍。部分加工食品中甜味剂、防腐剂超标情况严重,其中陈皮、话梅等蜜饯中甜蜜素超标率为44·4%,酱菜中糖精钠、甜蜜素、山梨酸、苯甲酸的超标率均较高。熟肉制品中违规添加柠檬黄、日落黄和胭脂红较普遍。散装酱油中的氯丙醇检出量很高。结论县镇农贸市场销售的加工食品化学污染问题应引起重视。     

Cadmium content of vegetable foods in the effective range of a lead smelting plant]

In the effective range of a lead smelting plant, the repercussions of cadmium emissions (mainly past) on vegetables, fruit, soil and drinking water as well as of immissions were investigated by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. As compared to the "normal" cadmium level, the cadmium contents in vegetables and fruit were some 2- to 85-fold higher; and those in soils, some 70- to 230-fold. The mean contents in vegetables ranged from 0.4 to 25.5 p.p.m. (on a dry-weight basis); those in fruit, from 0.09 to 1.17 p.p.m. Cadmium concentrations varying from 6.8 to 22.8 p.p.m. were found in soil samples. The drinking water contained 0.009 p.p.m. of cadmium. The mean cadmium contents in the atmosphere and the sedimentary dust were 0.007 mg/m3 and 0.550 mg/m2/30d, respectively. In the territory investigated, the total human uptake of cadmium supplied by vegetables, fruit, potatoes, drinking water and air is 3.3-32.6 microgram/d. The following cadmium levels were found in human organ samples obtained at necropsy: right and left renal cortex, 33.99 and 35.98 p.p.m., respectively; liver, 3.14 p.p.m.; lungs, 0.63 p.p.m.; pancreas, 1.47 p.p.m.; brain stem, 0.16 p.p.m.     

Corrosion behaviour of tinplate cans in contact with tomato purée and protective (inhibiting) substances

The dissolution of iron and tin from tinplate cans filled with tomato purée (pH 4.34) and dioctyl sebacate oil (DOS), essential onion oil (EOO) or potassium nitrate was studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), while nitrate was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The maximum values found in cans were up to 284 mg kg^?1 for tin and 513 mg kg^?1 for iron at elevated storage temperature. Results indicated that the addition of EOO to tomato purée prevents the corrosion process in the case of tin, where concentrations were lowered from 223 to 28 mg kg^?1 for cans with DOS oil and EOO at 20°C, respectively (inhibition rate of 87%). On the other hand, the presence of EOO enhanced the corrosion process for iron increasing the concentration from 15 to 46 mg kg^?1 during 7 months of storage, although this value did not exceed maximum permitted value (50 mg kg^?1). In cans with tomato purée and potassium nitrate, dissolution of tin started after 30 (36°C) and 60 (20°C) days of storage as a consequence of nitrate action, which act as a corrosion accelerator. Since the addition of EOO improves the taste of canned tomato purée, its potential use as a corrosion inhibitor would be of interest.     

Bisphenol A (BPA) in U.S. food

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used for lining metal cans and in polycarbonate plastics, such as baby bottles. In rodents, BPA is associated with early sexual maturation, altered behavior, and effects on prostate and mammary glands. In humans, BPA is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and male sexual dysfunction in exposed workers. Food is a major exposure source. We know of no studies reporting BPA in U.S. fresh food, canned food, and food in plastic packaging in peer reviewed journals. We measured BPA levels in 105 fresh and canned foods, foods sold in plastic packaging, and in cat and dog foods in cans and plastic packaging. We detected BPA in 63 of 105 samples, including fresh turkey, canned green beans, and canned infant formula. Ninety-three of these samples were triplicates which had similar detected levels. Detected levels ranged from 0.23 to 65.0 ng/g ww and were not associated with type of food or packaging but did vary with pH. BPA levels were higher for foods of pH 5 compared to more acidic and alkaline foods. Detected levels were comparable to those found by others. Further research is indicated to determine BPA levels in U.S. food in larger, representative sampling.     

Determination of the level of certain trace elements in vegetables in differently contaminated regions

The aim of the investigations was the determination of the lead, cadmium, copper, iron, zinc and magnesium content in some vegetables in an industrial region (Cracow) and in an agricultural region far from industrial centres (control). It was found that all the vegetables analysed contained lead and cadmium contaminations. The average lead concentration in parsley-haulm and parsley-root and cadmium concentration in beets, onion, parsley-haulm, leek, lettuce and potatoes coming from the Cracow region exceeded the permissible norm. In the vegetables from the Cracow region the levels of the determined trace elements were higher (P < 0.01) than that of the controls.