PSA制氢装置运行程序工艺及安全优化措施

结合PSA制氢装置实际运行及工艺操作状况,分别从PSA程序运行安全、工艺操作及优化调整等方面对原有PSA运行程序进行了部分优化,降低了PSA装置程序运行维护及工艺操作难度,提高了PSA程序故障处理工作及工艺运行效率,及PSA装置工艺运行安全水平。     

加氢处理装置反应器床层压降过高"撇头"后的操作调整

加氢处理装置是中国石化股份有限公司广州分公司加工中东含硫原油及生产高清洁燃料配套改造工程之一.加氢处理装置运行几年后,反应器床层压降过高,对装置平稳运行带来极大的影响,加氢处理操作人员装置通过分析工艺流程和工艺参数,对操作进行调整,维持了反应器压降不变,顺利运行至装置检修.     

裂解装置按催化裂化条件运行的技术探讨

分析了重油催化裂解装置运行中存在的问题,介绍了重油催化裂解装置按催化裂化装置运行的技术改造及操作参数的调整。实践证明,重油催化裂解装置按催化裂化装置运行是完全可行的。     

固定床渣油加氢装置流程优化标准设计

渣油加氢装置操作条件苛刻,如何实现长周期稳定运行是装置关键,而其中流程设计也是关键因素之一。本文就渣油加氢装置在流程设计方面采取的一些优化措施进行探讨,力争装置操作简单、稳定、可靠,实现装置长周期稳定运行。     

一种实现产品联产的低温甲醇洗工艺

针对一种甲醇、合成氨、醋酸、丁醇等产品联产的复杂低温甲醇洗工艺及装置,介绍其工艺流程,总结了该装置的操作要点。装置的稳定运行可为后续化工企业新上同类装置提供宝贵的操作运行经验。     

变电所自动化装置的安全维护

确保变电所自动化装置安全稳定运行,要着力做好自动化装置的安装调试,这是装置运行的基础与前提;严格执行操作规程,超前预防,杜绝误操作事故,是装置安全运行的根本;及时有效的排除电力系统故障,是装置安全运行的关键;提高操作人员综合素质,是装置安全运行的可靠保证。     

威顿(中国)硫磺制酸装置尾气脱硫运行实践

介绍了威顿公司2套氨法尾气脱硫装置的运行情况。重点介绍了该装置的工艺流程与设备选型。制酸尾气经处理后,排放气体中二氧化硫质量浓度满足GB 26132—2010《硫酸工业污染物排放标准》的要求。针对运行中出现的问题,装置操作技术人员不断进行技术改造和操作优化,确保脱硫装置平稳运行。     

制氢装置低负荷运行的操作分析

介绍了50000Nm~3/h制氢装置低负荷运行的生产情况,从工艺操作参数和能耗等方面对低负荷运行问题进行分析,通过与设计指标进行比较,评价装置的操作情况,并采取相应的措施,使装置能够平稳运行,建议增加节能设施,降低装置能耗,使产氢成本降低。     

年产450kt合成氨装置长周期运行维护总结

介绍国内首套KBR年产450 kt合成氨装置长周期运行367 d操作维护、技术改造和工艺管理等情况。分析制约合成氨装置长周期运行的瓶颈,针对装置运行瓶颈提出相关的应对措施。     

乙烯装置长周期运行对工艺的要求

介绍了齐鲁乙烯装置长周期运行遇到的问题及应对措施,提出装置长周期运行对工艺操作、工艺管理的要求。     

Urchin like CuO hollow microspheres for selective high response ethanol sensor application: Experimental and theoretical studies

Herein, the synthesis, characterizations and gas sensor application of nano-textured urchin like CuO hollow microspheres (HM) were reported. The detailed characterizations confirmed the uniform growth and nanocrystalline monoclinic structure of urchin like CuO HM. The synthesized urchins like CuO HM were utilized to fabricate resistive sensor devices which exhibited elevated response towards ethanol with high selectivity. The optimization of operating temperature was carried out for the highest ethanol response and the effect of different concentrations were also recorded. The sensor device showed 1241% response at an operating temperature of 225 °C for 100 ppm ethanol concentration. The lowest ethanol was detected at 25 ppm having the response of 49% by the fabricated CuO sensor device. Transient responses as well as stability of the sensor were analyzed. The selectivity of CuO sensor device was studied for NO₂, CO₂, CH₄ and H₂ gases and remarkably it was seen that the developed gas sensor devices demonstrated outstanding selectivity towards ethanol gas. Finally, the density functional theory (DFT) computational quantum modelling was utilized in order to understand the adsorption phenomenon of ethanol and oxygen molecules in the sensing application. An ethanol sensing mechanism using CuO sensor was also elucidated.     

Drying of Biomass in a Conical Spouted Bed with Different Types of Internal Devices

The drying of sawdust was studied in a conical spouted bed pilot plant in order to adapt this feed for the pyrolysis process. Air at different temperatures was used and the effect of sawdust particle size and operating gas velocity was studied. Batch operation was performed with no internal device and with nonporous and open-sided draft tubes in order to ascertain the optimum configuration of the contactor. Although the nonporous draft tube required the lowest minimum spouting velocity, its performance was poor due to deficient gas–solid contact. Configurations with open-sided draft tubes and with no internal devices had higher efficiencies because of their better contacts. An increase in air temperature resulted in a reduction in drying time but the operating conditions need to be fine-tuned to ensure proper energy efficiency.     

Reversible and Efficient Materials‐based Actuation by Electrolytic Phase Transformation

Electrolytic phase transformation is presented as a means of inducing reversible actuation in devices operating in a wide range of applications and scales. The device exploits the enormous pressure and volume changes that accompany the electrochemical interconversion between liquid and gas phases. With this method, strains beyond 136,000 % and stresses surpassing 200 MPa can be achieved, offering a level of performance many orders of magnitude beyond that of other materials‐based strategies.     

顺酐溶剂吸收装置工艺参数模拟优化与分析

采用Aspen Plus化工模拟软件10.0版本对顺酐吸收塔的吸收过程进行了模拟计算,考察了反应气进料温度、反应气中顺酐含量、循环吸收剂用量和循环吸收剂中水含量变化对塔顶尾气中顺酐含量和塔釜富顺酐吸收剂中水含量的影响规律.模拟计算结果和装置运行数据对比表明,在相同条件下,模拟值与装置运行值误差小于1％,说明该模拟方法可...     

基于全寿命周期成本的压缩空气储能系统储气装置经济性分析

综合考虑压缩空气储能系统经济性对于储能系统的设计和大规模应用具有重要意义。本文基于全寿命周期成本模型分析的方法,建立了不同类型的储气装置成本模型。通过计算储气装置的理论金属消耗量、储气装置的数量,同时在考虑制造难易程度的基础上来确定不同类型储气装置的最佳参数。通过对不同类型的储气装置进行全寿命周期成本分析和比较,可作为设计压缩空气储能系统及其经济性分析的参考。储气装置的全寿命周期成本（LCC）包括早期和后期成本。早期成本主要由原材料和设备成本构成,后期成本主要是运行维护成本。根据分析结果,储气管道的投资成本最低,且没有压力限制。地面储气装置的设备成本一般在2USD/kW·h左右。在确保安全的前提下,降低地面储气装置的LCC有利于压缩空气储能系统的推广实施和工程应用,大规模、有效地提高可再生能源的利用率,降低可再生能源的间歇性对电网运行的影响。     

Influence of the Entrance Configuration on the Performance of a Non-Mechanical Solid Feeding Device for a Pneumatic Dryer

The solids feeder is an important component of a dryer, since it is responsible for introducing the moist material at controlled, specified rates. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of solids feeding configuration on the fluid dynamic behavior of a 53-mm-diameter vertical pneumatic conveyor with a loop of 180°, aiming at further applications in drying granular materials. A non-mechanical solid feeding system constituted by a hopper connected to an inclined pipe was applied to feed type D particles in the conveying line. This simple feeding apparatus was modified through the insertion of different flow restriction devices at the air inlet, namely a reduction nozzle and a Venturi device. This was aimed at studying how the solids flow rates and the fluid dynamics of the whole conveying line are affected by the entrance configuration and inlet devices. The use of inlet devices combined with the non-mechanical inclined valve affected significantly the performance of the valve when operating with type D particles in a pneumatic conveying line. When using inlet devices, an increase in the conveyed solid flow rates at a given air velocity was observed. The reduction nozzle yielded a range of solids loading ratios similar to that of the inclined valve with no inlet device, and introduced some pressure instabilities at the entrance region. The Venturi device allowed operation at a wider range of solids loading ratios and no pressure instability was detected in the conveying line. For the conditions investigated, neither the gas velocity nor the loading ratio affected the extent of entrance length. The inlet devices may be successfully applied to modify and improve the performance of the inclined valve as a solids feeder in pneumatic dryers.     

Photo-induced selective gas detection based on reduced graphene oxide/Si Schottky diode

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Si Schottky diode has been fabricated by a simple drop-casting/annealing process. Common combustible and/or toxic gases including CH₄, O₂, CO, NO₂, NO, and SO₂ were employed to evaluate the detection performance of such device. The relationship between current response and gas flow rate, concentration, bias voltage as well as operating time has been systematically studied, and the results indicated that the RGO/Si-based device is selective to gases like NO₂ and NO. In some cases (i.e. flow rate detection), however, the current response for one gas is completely contrary to others, presumably due to the oxygen functional groups (OFGs) presiding on the surface of reduced graphene oxide. Finally, the effects of OFGs on the gas detection performance of RGO/Si-based devices were thoroughly discussed.     

Extreme UV photodetectors based on CVD single crystal diamond in a p-type/intrinsic/metal configuration

We report on extreme UV (EUV) photodetectors based on CVD single crystal diamond in a p-type/intrinsic/metal configuration fabricated and tested at Roma “Tor Vergata” University laboratory, operating in a sandwich geometry. Particular care has been devoted to the design of the device geometry in order to take advantage of the internal junction electric field and to minimize the signal contribution arising from secondary electron emission, which is known to strongly affect the detection properties in the UV and EUV regions. The device has been characterized in the EUV spectral region by using both He and He–Ne DC gas discharge radiation sources and a toroidal grating vacuum monochromator, with 5 Å wavelength resolution. The reproducibility test has been performed on several photodetectors showing a high uniformity of the device performances. The devices showed negligible undesired effects such as persistent photocurrent and memory effects, resulting in extremely promising stability features of the p-type/intrinsic/metal structured device. The devices have been tested at different bias voltages between 0 and 15 V, showing the best performances at 0 bias voltage. Finally, the external quantum efficiency (EQE), as well as the responsivity have been measured in the range 20 to 100 nm.     

加油站油气回收装置的改造设计

加油站卸油与加油过程中逸散于空气中的油气,不仅危及安全生产,也是造成空气污染,形成"灰霾天气"的重要因素之一。因此,加油站设置油气回收装置对油气进行回收,是推进大气污染防治,减少油气污染物排放,实施"蓝天工程"的一项重要举措。对现已运营的加油站要求进行改造,增设油气回收装置;对新建加油站也应强制规定:油气回收系统装置与加油站主体建设工程"同时设计、同时施工、同时投入生产和使用"。     

如何正确选择中空玻璃惰性气体分析仪

对充气中空玻璃的惰性气体浓度的检测主要分为初始浓度和老化试验后的浓度保持能力两个方面。此外，又可以从应用角度看，可分为生产现场检测和实验室检测。前者主要是指实验室检测，后者，除了实验室检测之外，还包括生产过程控制。用于生产过程控制的检测仪器，必须能适应生产现场的复杂性和产品配置的多样性，用于实验室的仪器更侧重于产品的精度。但无论如何，在基本的检测标准方面，二者都是相同的，包括测量精度、重复偏差，等等；