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1.
Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The aim of this study was to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or both, were responsible
for the triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects of fish oil. EPA (91% pure) and DHA (83% pure), a fish oil concentrate (FOC; 41%
EPA and 23% DHA) and an olive oil (OO) placebo (all ethyl esters) were tested. A total of 49 normolipidemic subjects participated.
Each subject was given placebo for 2–3 wk and one of the n-3 supplements for 3 wk in randomized, blinded trials. The target
n-3 fatty acid (FA) intake was 3 g/day in all studies. Blood samples were drawn twice at the end of each supplementation phase
and analyzed for lipids, lipoproteins, and phospholipid FA composition. In all groups, the phospholipid FA composition changed
to reflect the n-3 FA given. On DHA supplementation, EPA levels increased to a small but significant extent, suggesting that
some retroconversion may have occurred. EPA supplementation did not raise DHA levels, however, FOC and EPA produced significant
decreases in both TG and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (C) levels (P<0.01) and increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (P<0.05). DHA supplementation did not affect cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, or high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels,
but it did cause a significant increase in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio. We conclude that EPA appears to be primarily responsible for TG-lowering (and LDL-C raising) effects of
fish oil. 相似文献
2.
Recent studies have demonstrated that long-chain n−3 PUFA (LCn-3PUFA) are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiac arrhythmias.
This study was conducted to determine the extent of incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into human atrium following supplementation
with a fish oil concentrate high in LCn-3PUFA. Volunteers preparing for coronary bypass surgery were randomized either to
the treatment group (n=8), receiving 6 g/d of fish oil concentrate (4.4 g of LCn-3PUFA), or the placebo group (n=9), receiving 6 g/d of olive oil for a minimum period of 6 wk. Blood samples were collected prior to commencement of treatment,
and preoperatively before bypass surgery. Atrial biopsies were obtained during surgery. The plasma and atrium samples were
analyzed by GC following trans-methylation to determine FA profile. Post-supplementation, the treatment group had significantly
higher plasma levels of 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 than the placebo group. Analysis of the atrium total lipids revealed
a significant increase in the proportion of 20∶5n−3 following fish oil supplementation. There was no significant difference
in the concentration of 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in the atrium total lipids; however, an upward trend was observed in subjects
receiving fish oil supplementation. In the phospholipid fraction of the atrium, both 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 increased, whereas
20∶4n−6 levels decreased. This study demonstrates for the first time that short-term supplementation with fish oil concentrate
results in significant incorporation of LNc-3PUFA with a concomitant depletion of the eicosanoid substrate (20∶4n−6) in the
human atrium. 相似文献
3.
Early accumulation of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) in the brain may contribute to differences in later cognitive abilities.
In this study, our objective was to examine whether fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affects processing speed,
working memory, inhibitory control, and socioemotional development at 7 years. Danish mothers (n = 122) were randomized to FO [1.5 g/d n-3 LCPUFA] or olive oil (OO) supplementation during the first 4 months of lactation.
The trial also included a high-fish intake (HFI) reference group (n = 53). Ninety-eight children were followed-up with an assessment of processing speed, an age-appropriate Stroop task, and
the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire at 7 year. A group effect of the intervention (FO vs. OO) was found in prosocial
behavior scores; this negative effect was carried by the boys. Exploratory analyses including all participants revealed the
speed of processing scores were predicted by maternal n-3 LCPUFA intake during the intervention period (negative relation)
and maternal education (positive relation). Stroop scores indicative of working memory and inhibitory control were predicted
by infant erythrocyte DHA status at 4 months of age (negative relation). Early fish oil supplementation may have a negative
effect on later cognitive abilities. Speed of processing and inhibitory control/working memory are differentially affected,
with speed of processing showing effects of fish oil intake as a whole, whereas inhibitory control/working memory was related
more specifically to DHA status. 相似文献
4.
Fish oil supplementation of lactating mothers affects cytokine production in 2 1/2-year-old children
n−3 PUFA influence immune functioning and may affect the cytokine phenotype during development. To examine whether maternal
fish oil supplementation during lactation could modify later immune responses in children, 122 lactating Danish mothers with
a fish intake below the population median were randomized to groups supplemented for the first 4 mon of lactation with 4.5
g/d of fish oil (equivalent to 1.5 g/d of n−3 long-chain PUFA) or olive oil. Fifty-three mothers with a fish intake in the
highest quartile of the population were also included. The FA composition of erythrocyte membranes was measured at 4 mon and
at 2 1/2 yr. Plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole-blood cultures
were determined at 2 1/2 yr. Erythrocyte n−3 PUFA at 4 mon were higher in infants from the fish oil group compared with the
olive oil group (P<0.001) but were no longer different at 2 1/2 yr. The median production of lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon γ(IFN-γ)
in the fish oil group was fourfold higher than that in the olive oil group (P=0.034), whereas interleukin-10 (IL-10) production was similar. The IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio was twofold higher in the fish oil group
(P=0.019) and was positively correlated with 20∶5n−3/20∶4n−6 in erythrocytes at 4 mon (P=0.050). The percentages of atopic children and plasma IgE were not different in the two groups, but the study was not designed
to look at atopy. Cytokine responses and erythrocyte FA composition in children of mothers with a high fish intake were intermediate
in comparison with those in the randomized groups. Fish oil supplementation during lactation resulted in increased in vitro IFN-γ production in the children 2 yr after the supplementation was given, which may reflect a faster maturation of the immune
system. 相似文献
5.
The objective of the study was to evaluate potential benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rich fish oil supplementation
as an adjunct to statin therapy for hyperlipidaemia. A total of 45 hyperlipidaemic patients on stable statin therapy with
persistent elevation of plasma triglycerides (averaging 2.2 mmol/L) were randomised to take 4 g/day (n = 15) or 8 g/day (n = 15) of tuna oil or olive oil (placebo, n = 15) for 6 months. Plasma lipids, blood pressure and arterial compliance were assessed initially and after 3 and 6 months
in 40 subjects who completed the trial. Plasma triglycerides were reduced 27% by 8 g/day DHA-rich fish oil (P < 0.05) but not by 4 g/day when compared with the placebo and this reduction was achieved by 3 months and was sustained at
6 months. Even though total cholesterol was already well controlled by the statin treatment (mean initial level 4.5 mmol/L),
there was a further dose-dependent reduction with fish oil supplementation (r = −0.344, P < 0.05). The extent of total cholesterol reduction correlated (r = −0.44) with the initial total cholesterol levels (P < 0.005). In the subset with initial plasma cholesterol above 3.8 mmol/L, plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density
lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were isolated and assayed for cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB)
at the commencement of the trial and at 3 months of intervention. Fish oil tended to lower cholesterol and apoB in VLDL and
raise both in LDL. There were no changes in IDL cholesterol, IDL apoB and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The results
demonstrate that DHA-rich fish oil supplementation (2.16 g DHA/day) can improve plasma lipids in a dose-dependent manner in
patients taking statins and these changes were achieved by 3 months. Fish oil in addition to statin therapy may be preferable
to drug combinations for the treatment of combined hyperlipidaemia. 相似文献
6.
Metabolic Effects of Krill Oil are Essentially Similar to Those of Fish Oil but at Lower Dose of EPA and DHA,in Healthy Volunteers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ulven SM Kirkhus B Lamglait A Basu S Elind E Haider T Berge K Vik H Pedersen JI 《Lipids》2011,46(1):37-46
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of krill oil and fish oil on serum lipids and markers of oxidative
stress and inflammation and to evaluate if different molecular forms, triacylglycerol and phospholipids, of omega-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFAs) influence the plasma level of EPA and DHA differently. One hundred thirteen subjects with normal or slightly
elevated total blood cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels were randomized into three groups and given either six capsules
of krill oil (N = 36; 3.0 g/day, EPA + DHA = 543 mg) or three capsules of fish oil (N = 40; 1.8 g/day, EPA + DHA = 864 mg) daily for 7 weeks. A third group did not receive any supplementation and served as controls
(N = 37). A significant increase in plasma EPA, DHA, and DPA was observed in the subjects supplemented with n-3 PUFAs as compared
with the controls, but there were no significant differences in the changes in any of the n-3 PUFAs between the fish oil and
the krill oil groups. No statistically significant differences in changes in any of the serum lipids or the markers of oxidative
stress and inflammation between the study groups were observed. Krill oil and fish oil thus represent comparable dietary sources
of n-3 PUFAs, even if the EPA + DHA dose in the krill oil was 62.8% of that in the fish oil. 相似文献
7.
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of fish oil supplementation, in the third trimester of pregnancy and
early lactation period of healthy pregnant Danish women. Forty-four pregnant women were randomly allocated to fish oil supplementation
(1.3 g EPA and 0.9 g DHA per day) from week 30 of gestation (FO-group) or to a control regimen (olive oil or no oil; controls).
The FO-group was randomly subdivided into women stopping fish oil supplementation at delivery [FO(pregn)], and women continuing
supplementation for an, additional 30 d [FO(pregn/lact)]. Thirty-six women agreed to collect milk samples at days 4, 16, and
30 postpartum. The FA composition of the milk samples was determined by GLC. At days 4, 16, and 30 in lactation, FO(pregn/lact)
women (n=12) had, respectively 2.3 (P=0.001), 4.1 (P=0.001), and 3.3 (P=0.001) times higher mean contents of LCPUFA(n−3) in their breast milk compared with controls (n=13), and 1.7 (P=0.005), 2.8 (P=0.001), and 2.8 (P=0.001), times higher LCPUFA(n−3) contents, respectively, at these days compared with FO(pregn) women (n=11). The latter group did not differ significantly from controls with regard to LCPUFA(n−3) content in the breast milk. Similar
results were obtained when analyzing separately for effects on the milk content of DHA. Dietary supplementation with 2.7 g
LCPUFA(n−3) per day from week 30 of gestation and onward more than tripled the LCPUFA(n−3) content in early breast milk; supplementation
limited to pregnancy only was much less effective. 相似文献
8.
Sheila M. Innis Salim S. Akrabawi Deborah A. Diersen-Schade M. Velma Dobson David G. Guy 《Lipids》1997,32(1):63-72
This multicenter, parallel group study determined plasma phospholipid and red blood cell (RBC) phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
fatty acids, plasma cholesterol, apo A-1 and B, growth and visual acuity (using the acuity card procedure) in term infants
fed from birth to 90 d of age with formula containing palm-olein, high oleic sunflower, coconut and soy oil (22.2% 16∶0, 36.2%
18∶1, 18% 18∶2n−6, 1.9% 18∶3n−3) (n=59) or coconut and soy oil (10.3% 16∶0 18∶6% 18∶1, 34.2% 18∶2n−6, 4.7% 18∶3n−3) (n=57) or breast-fed (n=56) with no formula supplementation. Different centers in North America were included to overcome potential bias due to differences
in n−6 or n−3 fatty acids at birth or in breast-fed infants that might occur in a single-site study. Plasma and RBC phospholipid
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20∶4n−6), cholesterol and apo B were significantly lower in
the formula- than breast-fed infants. There were no differences in looking acuity or growth among the breast-fed and formula-fed
infants. No significant relations were found between DHA and looking acuity, or AA and growth within or among any of the infant
groups. This study provides no evidence to suggest the formula provided inadequate n−6 or n−3 fatty acids for growth and looking
acuity for the first 3 mon after birth. 相似文献
9.
Although the reduction of serum triacylglycerol concentrations by dietary fish oil is a well-known effect, the exact mechanism
of this effect has not been previously studied in human subjects. Therefore, the aim of this study was (i) to examine the
effect of short-term fish oil supplementation on blood concentrations of ketone bodies, free fatty acids and triacylglycerol
in healthy humans and (ii) to verify whether the observed relationships between these variables would be consistent with reduced
lipolysis and/or enhanced hepatic fatty acid oxidation after fish oil supplementation. Twenty subjects (21–23 years, normal
liver function tests) were randomly divided into two groups to supplement their usual diet with either 30 g/d of fish oil
(n=11) or olive oil (n=9). Venous blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast, before and after 1, 3 and 7 d of fish
oil/olive oil supplementation. Blood concentrations of triacylglycerol and free fatty acids decreased consistently after fish
oil supplementation; the reduction was already significant after one day of fish oil (P<0.001 for triacylglycerol andP=0.01 for free fatty acids). In contrast, neither of these blood values changed after olive oil supplementation (P>0.10). No significant changes in glucose, insulin or ketone body levels were observed in either group after supplementation.
After fish oil, but not after olive oil supplementation, the ratio of blood ketone body levels to free fatty acid levels increased
significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, after fish oil supplementation only, free fatty acid levels were significantly correlated with levels
of ketone bodies (day 7 of supplementation: r=0.90,P<0.001) and triacylglycerol (maximum value on day 3: r=0.77,P<0.01). These findings suggest that reduced lipolysis and increased hepatic β-oxidation/ketogenesis may contribute to reduced
triacylglycerol levels after ω3 fatty acid supplementation in humans. Turnover studies are needed in order to further quantitate
these processes. 相似文献
10.
Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) has antioxidant and cardioprotective properties and is abnormally low in type 2 diabetic serum. This
study aimed to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes and meals rich in saturated fat and oleic acid on PON1 activity in
chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). PON1 arylesterase activity was measured in chylomicrons and VLDL that
were isolated in serum from 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 age- and gender-matched, overweight controls 3 h after
meals rich in cream or olive oil in a randomized, cross-over study. Chylomicron–PON1 activity (45%, P = 0.02), ratio chylomicron–PON1/chylomicron–triacylglycerides (TAG) (42%, P = 0.03) and chylomicron–protein content (46%, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with controls after the olive oil meal with comparable
findings after the meal rich in cream. After ingestion of olive oil, chylomicron–PON1 activity was significantly higher in
controls (P = 0.01) and marginally higher (P = 0.06) in diabetic patients and chylomicron–TAG were significantly (P < 0. 05) higher in both groups of subjects, compared with values after ingestion of cream. VLDL–PON1 increased (two-fold)
significantly (P < 0.003) during both meals. Chylomicron-PON1 activity was correlated significantly with chylomicron–protein (P < 0.001, n = 40) and with postprandial serum PON1 activity (P ≤ 0.001, n = 40). Our data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormally low chylomicron–PON1 activity after fatty meals
and this may be linked to lower chylomicron–protein content and serum PON1 activity. Switching from saturated fat to olive
oil in the meal increases PON1 activity in the chylomicron fraction largely due to increased numbers of chylomicron particles. 相似文献
11.
Hamazaki K Itomura M Huan M Nishizawa H Watanabe S Hamazaki T Sawazaki S Terasawa K Nakajima S Terano T Hata Y Fujishiro S 《Lipids》2003,38(4):353-358
A large number of papers have reported that administration of n−3 FA reduced serum TG concentrations in hypertriglyceridemic
patients. However, few studies have examined the effect of n−3 FA on serum concentrations of remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol.
Volunteers (n=41) whose serum TG concentrations were 100–300 mg/dL were recruited and randomly assigned to either an n−3 FA group or a
control group with stratification by sex, age, and serum TG level in a double-blind manner. The subjects in the n−3 FA group
were administered 125 ml of fermented soybean milk with fish oil containing 600 mg of EPA and 260 mg of DHA/d for 12 wk. The
controls consumed control soybean milk with olive oil. Fasting blood samples were obtained before the start of administration
and at 4, 8 and 12 wk. EPA concentrations in red blood cells increased significantly in all but one subject in the n−3 FA
group, with no significant changes in the control group. TG levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control
group at weeks 4 (P<0.05), 8 (P<0.01), and 12 (P<0.05) with their baseline as covariate. RLP cholesterol levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control at
weeks 8 (P<0.01) and 12 (P<0.05) with their baseline as covariate. The groups did not differ in the other lipid levels. It is likely that n−3 long-chain
FA may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by lowering serum TG and RLP-cholesterol levels even at the dose of 860 mg/d. 相似文献
12.
Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: Effect on visual acuity and n−3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Lauritzen L Jørgensen MH Mikkelsen TB Skovgaard lM Straarup EM Olsen SF Høy CE Michaelsen KF 《Lipids》2004,39(3):195-206
Studies on formula-fed infants indicate a beneficial effect of dietary DHA on visual acuity. Cross-sectional studies have
shown an association between breast-milk DHA levels and visual acuity in breast-fed infants. The objective in this study was
to evaluate the biochemical and functional effects of fish oil (FO) supplements in lactating mothers. In this double-blinded
randomized trial, Danish mothers with habitual fish intake below the 50th percentile of the Danish National Birth Cohort were
randomized to microencapsulated FO [1.3 g/d long-chain n−3 FA (n−3 LCPUFA)] or olive oil (OO). The intervention started within
a week after delivery and lasted 4 mon. Mothers with habitual high fish intake and their infants were included as a reference
group. Ninety-seven infants completed the trial (44 OO-group, 53 FO-group) and 47 reference infants were followed up. The
primary outcome measures were: DHA content of milk samples (0, 2, and 4 mon postnatal) and of infant red blood cell (RBC)
membranes (4 mon postnatal), and infant visual acuity (measured by swept visual evoked potential at 2 and 4 mon of age). FO
supplementation gave rise to a threefold increase in the DHA content of the 4-mon milk samples (P<0.001). DHA in infant RBC reflected milk contents (r=0.564, P<0.001) and was increased by almost 50% (P<0.001). Infant visual acuity was not significantly different in the randomized groups but was positively associated at 4
mon with infant RBC-DHA (P=0.004, multiple regression). We concluded that maternal FO supplementation during lactation did not enhance visual acuity
of the infants who completed the intervention. However, the results showed that infants with higher RBC levels of n−3 LCPUFA
had a better visual acuity at 4 mon of age, suggesting that n−3 LCPUFA may influence visual maturation. 相似文献
13.
This study examined effects of dietary n−3 fatty acids on age-related changes in erythrocyte anion transport and susceptibility
to oxidation. Blood was drawn from healthy adult volunteers before and after six weeks' supplementation (nine/group) with
4.0 g/day of safflower oil (containing 2.9 g n−6 fatty acids) or fish oil (containing 1.2 g long-chain n−3 fatty acids). Following
density separation of young and old erythrocytes, membrane anion transport and cell membrane lipid composition were measured.
Oxidative damage was measured in erythrocyte ghosts exposed to a free radical generator. Fish oil significantly increased
16∶0 and 20∶5n−3 in ghosts of both young and old cells, and 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in old cells alone. Safflower oil increased
16∶0, 18∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 22∶5n−6 in ghosts of young cells only. The age-dependent increase in membrane anion transport (P<0.01) was decreased by dietary fish oil supplementation, but not by safflower oil supplementation. Safflower oil and fish
oil increased the susceptibility of both young and old erythrocytes to oxidative damage by free radical generation (P<0.001). 相似文献
14.
Effect of n−3 fatty acid-rich fish oil supplementation on the oxidation of low density lipoproteins 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This study was aimed at determining the effect of fish oil supplementation on copper-catalyzed oxidation of low density lipoproteins
(LDL) from nine hypertriglyceridemic human subjects. A rapid headspace gas chromatographic method was used to measure the
volatile oxidation products from LDL. Propanal and hexanal were the major volatile products formed in the oxidation of n−3
and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively. Fish oil supplementation resulted in a significant increase in propanal
formation from 3.7 to 13.4 nmol/mL LDL (P<0.01); it also resulted in small decreases in pentanal formation from 14.7 to 11.4 nmol/mL LDL and in hexanal formation from
138 to 108 nmol/mL LDL (P<0.05). The changes in peroxidation products paralleled the changes in LDL composition, which showed a significant increase
in n−3 PUFA from 3.2 to 14.6% (P<0.01) and a decrease in n−6 PUFA from 43.7 to 35.0% (P<0.05). Propanal formation was highly and significantly correlated with n−3 PUFA content (r=0.950,P<0.001). Since total volatiles remained unchanged, this indicated that the two groups of LDL samples did not differ in overall
oxidative susceptibility. Although fish oil intake did not alter the oxidative susceptibility of LDL, the chemically modified
LDL particles generated a distinct pattern of volatile oxidation products that reflected changes in their fatty acid composition. 相似文献
15.
Yoganathan S Nicolosi R Wilson T Handelman G Scollin P Tao R Binford P Orthoefer F 《Lipids》2003,38(6):603-607
Emu oil is derived from the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), which originated in Australia, and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation was induced in
anesthetized CD-1 mice by applying 50 μL of 2% croton oil to the inner surface of the left ear. After 2 h, the area was treated
with 5μL of emu, fish, flaxseed, olive, or liquified chicken fat, or left untreated. Animals were euthanized at 6 h postapplication
of different oils, and earplugs (FP) and plasma samples were collected. Inflammation was evaluated by change in earlobe thickness,
increase in weight of EP tissue (compared to the untreated ear), and induction in cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α and tumor
necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in EP homogenates. Al-though reductions relative to control (croton oil) were noted for all treatments,
auricular thickness and EP weights were, significantly reduced (−72 and −71%, respectively) only in the emu oil-treated group.
IL-1α levels in homogenates of auricular tissue were significantly reduced in the fish oil (−57%) and emu oil (−70%) groups
relative to the control group. The cytokine TNF-α from auricular homogenates was significantly reduced in the olive oil (−52%)
and emu oil (−60%) treatment groups relative to the control group. Plasma cytokine levels were not changed by croton oil treatment.
Although auricular thickness and weight were significantly correlated with each other (r=0.750, P<0.003), auricular thickness but not weight was significantly correlated with cytokine IL-1α (r=0.750, P<0.006) and TNF-α (r=0.690, P<0.02). These studies indicate that topical emu oil has anti-inflammatory properties in the CD-1 mouse that are associated
with decreased auricular thickness and weight, and with the cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α. 相似文献
16.
The n-6/n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio has increased in the Western-style diet to ~10–15:1 during the last century, which may have
contributed to the rise in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prior studies have evaluated the effects on CVD risk factors of manipulating
the levels of n-6 and n-3 FA using food and supplements or investigated the metabolic fate of linoleic acid (LNA) and α-linolenic
acid (ALA) by varying the n-6/n-3 ratios. However, no previous studies have investigated the potential interaction between
diet ratios and supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). We used
a factorial design approach with adults (n = 24) in a controlled feeding trial to compare the accretion of EPA and DHA into red blood cell membranes (RBC) by adding
a direct source (algal oil supplement) of EPA and DHA in a diet with a 10:1 versus 2:1 ratio of n-6/n-3 FA. Subjects were
randomized into 8-week crossover diet sequences and each subject consumed three of four diets [10:1, 10:1 plus supplement
(10:1 + S), 2:1 and 2:1 + S]. LNA and ALA intakes were 9.4 and 7.7%, and 1.0 and 3.0% during the low and high ALA diets, respectively.
Compared to the Western-style 10:1 diet, the 2:1 diet increased EPA by 60% (P < 0.0001) in RBC membranes without the direct EPA source and a 34% increase (P = 0.027) was observed with the 10:1 + S diet; however, DHA levels increased in both diet ratios only with a direct DHA source.
Shifting towards a 2:1 diet is a valid alternative to taking EPA-containing supplements. 相似文献
17.
In an attempt to combine the hypocholesterolemic properties of plant sterols with the hypotriglyceridemic action of fish oil
FA, plant sterols have recently been esterified to fish oil n−3 PUFA. The objective of this study was to determine the effects
of plant sterols esterified to n−3 PUFA on plasma lipid levels and erythrocyte fragility. For 5 wk, male Golden Syrian hamsters
were fed diets varying in cholesterol and plant sterol content: (i) Noncholesterol (semipurified diet with no added cholesterol
or plant sterols) (ii), Cholesterol (0.25% cholesterol) (iii), Sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1% nonesterified plant sterols),
or (iv) Fish oil esters of plant sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1.76% EPA and DHA sterol esters, providing 1% plant sterols).
The addition of fish oil esters of plant sterols to the cholesterol diet decreased (P=0.001) plasma total cholesterol levels by 20%, but nonesterified plant sterols did not have such a beneficial impact. In
addition, non-HDL cholesterol concentrations were 29% lower in hamsters fed fish oil esters of plant sterols than in hamsters
fed nonesterified plant sterols (P<0.0001). Despite higher (P<0.0001) plant sterol levels in whole erythrocytes of hamsters fed nonesterified plant sterols and fish oil esters of plant
sterols compared with hamsters fed no plant sterols, no difference was observed in erythrocyte fragility. The present results
show that EPA and DHA esters of plant sterols have a hypocholesterolemic effect in hamsters, and that these new esters of
plant sterols exert no detrimental effect on erythrocyte fragility. 相似文献
18.
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique mitochondrial phospholipid, containing up to 85 wt% 18∶2n−6 in mammals. The influence of maternal
dietary fatty acids on the acyl composition of offspring CL has not been examined previously. Adult female mice were thus
fed diets rich in 18∶1n−9 (olive oil), 18∶2n−6 (safflower oil), 18∶3n−3 (linseed oil) or 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 (fish oil/safflower,
9∶1, w/w), for a five month period, encompassing two breeding cycles. Offspring from the second breeding cycle were then fed
these diets. The acyl composition of CL, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from liver and heart was evaluated
from mice killed 3, 18 and 42 days after parturition. The primary nutrient sources at these three time points were transplacental
nutrients, breast milk and the diet, respectively. Maternal diet was found to influence the acyl composition of CLvia both placental transfer of fatty acids and breast milk. Fish oil feeding resulted in replacement of a substantial portion
of 18∶2n−6 with 22∶6n−3; after 42 days, the area% of 18∶2n−6 in heart CL was reduced from 62% in safflower oil fed mice to
12%. In comparison to fish oil feeding, linseed oil feeding resulted in a much lower accumulation of 22∶6n−3. Olive oil feeding
resulted in substantial replacement of 18∶2n−6 with 18∶1n−9 (18∶2n−6 was reduced from 62% to 31%). Physiologically, these
findings are relevant because changes in CL acyl composition may influence the activity of associated inner mitochondrial
membrane enzymes.
This work was presented in part as an Honored Student Award paper at the 82nd Annual AOCS Meeting, Chicago, IL, May 1991. 相似文献
19.
Within the Danish population, milk DHA (22∶6n−3) levels vary by more than a factor of 10. This paper deals with fluctuations
in the milk content of 22∶6n−3 and other long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) and the acute effects of fish meals and fish oil supplements
on milk levels of LCPUFA. Twelve fish-eating mothers with 4-mon-old infants provided one blood and one adipose tissue sample,
and seven consecutive morning hindmilk samples with dietary records from the previous days. Another 12 lactating women were
given fish oil (2–8 g) for breakfast and delivered 6–12 milk samples during the following 24 h. The mean milk 22∶6n−3 content
of the fish-eating mothers was 0.57±0.28 FA% (=percentage of total area of FAME peaks in GLC) and the day-to-day variation
(SD/mean) within the individual was 35±17%. Mean milk 22∶6n−3 content on mornings with no fish the day before was 0.42±0.15
FA%; this was increased by 82±17% (n=9, P=0.05) if the mother had eaten fatty fish. Fish oil resulted in a twofold increase in milk 22∶6n−3 levels, which peaked after
10 h and lasted for 24 h. The EPA content of milk was also increased by fish meals and fish oil supplements, but these had
no effect on the level of arachidonic acid. The study showed that diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations in levels of milk n−3
LCPUFA are large, which makes it difficult to assess the 22∶6n−3 intake of breast-fed infants from a single milk sample. In
studies of the functional outcome of dietary 22∶6n−3 in breast-fed infants it is suggested also to use a measure of maternal
22∶6n−3 status. 相似文献
20.
Robin A. Henderson Robert G. Jensen Carol J. Lammi-Keefe Ann M. Ferris Kenneth R. Dardick 《Lipids》1992,27(11):863-869
To examine the effect of fish oil supplementation on the fatty acid (FA) composition of human milk and maternal and infant
erythrocytes, five lactating women were supplemented with 6 g of fish oil daily for 21d. Usual maternal diets contained 1,147
mg of total n−3 FA, with 120 mg from very long-chain (>C18) n−3 FA. Supplementation increased dietary levels to 3,092 mg of total n−3 FA and 2,006 mg of very long-chain n−3 FA. Milk
samples were collected daily, prior to fish oil ingestion, and at 4-h intervals on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. Milk n−3 FA content
increased within 8 h and reached steady state levels within one week. The n−6 fatty acid content decreased. Erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic
acid content increased from 0.24% to 1.4% (P<0.01) in mothers and from 0.11% to 0.70% (P<0.05) in infants. Docosapentaenoic acid increased from 1.4% to 2.2% (P<0.05) in mothers and from 0.30% to 0.78% (P<0.01) in infants. There was no significant change in docosahexaenoic acid or n−6 fatty acid content. Maternal platelet aggregation
responses were variable. No differences in milk or plasma tocopherol levels were noted.
Based on a paper presented at the Symposium on Milk Lipids held at the AOCS Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 1990. 相似文献