金华火腿生产过程中脂质氧化及脂肪氧合酶变化特点研究

60只重量为6.2～6.9kg的原料腿按传统工艺加工金华火腿.分别于原料腿、盐后、晒后、成熟中期、成熟结束、后熟-1和后熟-2七个工艺点随机取5只腿的股二头肌为样品,分析TBA值、羰基值、共轭二烯值及脂肪氧合酶活力的变化,同时用响应曲面法研究加工过程中主要因子对脂肪氧合酶活力的影响.结果显示TBA值在晒后达到最高,羰基值、共轭二烯值在盐后达到最高,在其它工艺步骤变化不明显.脂肪氧合酶活力从原料腿的8.00U/min·g蛋白上升到盐后的12.55U/min·g蛋白,之后不断下降,至后熟-2酶活为4.87U/min·g蛋白.温度、盐含量和硝酸盐含量是脂肪氧合酶活力的显著影响因子,且温度与盐和硝酸盐含量之间的交互作用对酶活产生显著影响.利用所得回归方程预测加工过程中的实际酶活在成熟中期达到最高,该酶活可解释20%左右的脂肪氧化水平,说明生产过程中脂肪氧合酶在脂肪氧化中不起主导作用,脂肪氧化以自动氧化为主.     

金华火腿加工过程中内源脂肪酶活力变化特点研究

以浙江兰溪两头乌杂交猪后腿为原料,按传统工艺加工金华火腿。分别在原料、腌制结束、晒腿结束、成熟中期、成熟结束、后熟-1和后熟-2七个工艺点随机取5条腿的股二头肌为样品,分别测定中性脂肪酶、酸性脂肪酶的活力变化,以及测定pH5.8时脂肪酶综合活力的变化;同时,利用响应曲面法研究温度、盐含量、硝酸盐含量、亚硝酸盐含量对脂肪酶活力的影响,并利用所得回归方程预测金华火腿加工过程中脂肪酶的实际表现活力。结果表明,加工过程中,脂肪酶活力持续降低,在后熟-1工艺点,酸性脂肪酶和中性脂肪酶活力残留分别是8.16%和3.0%,至后熟-2已测不到酶活;温度、盐含量及其交互项是脂肪酶活力的显著影响因子(P<0.05),硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量对脂肪酶活力影响不显著(P>0.05)。加工过程中,预测的脂肪酶实际表现活力在成熟中期工艺点之前低于酸性脂肪酶及中性脂肪酶的潜在活力,之后则高于潜在活力,其变化规律与酸性和中性脂肪酶完全不同。     

盐含量对金华火腿中脂质水解的影响

考察盐含量对金华火腿中的内源酶活力及游离脂肪酸含量的影响.将原料腿分成2组,分别进行低盐(8%)和高盐(浓度12%)处理.取原料腿、腌制结束期、风干结束期、成熟1期、成熟2期、后熟期的股二头肌部位分别测定其中盐含量、内源酶活力和游离脂肪酸的含量.结果显示:在整个生产工艺中,盐含量不断升高,低盐样品从0.19%上升到8.42%,高盐样品从0.19%上升到9.77%:内源酶活力不断下降,且高盐处理的样品的内源酶活力低于低盐处理样品;总的游离脂肪酸含量呈现上升趋势,其中棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸是主要的脂肪酸,亚油酸是重要的风味前体物质.盐含量对脂质水解作用的影响不大.     

金华火腿现代化生产过程中脂质及内源酶的变化特点

考察在控温控湿的现代化生产中,金华火腿脂质的变化情况.以期为优化工艺提供理论基础.取预腌、腌制结束、风干中期、风干结束、成熟1、成熟2、成熟3和后熟阶段的金华火腿的股二头肌部位的样品,分别测定样品中脂肪酶活力、磷脂酶活力、酸价和TBA值.结果显示,在整个生产过程中,脂肪酶活力不断下降,在成熟1之前的下降速率要明显快于之后的阶段;酸价分别从预腌时期1.695 mg KOH/g样品上升到后熟阶段的4.623 mg KOH/g样品;而TBA值开始上升,在风干阶段出现最大值,而后下降,但下降变化不明显.与传统工艺相比,各指标的变化上并没有太大的区别,但在生产的时间上大大缩短了.     

鲈鱼风干成熟过程中脂质分解氧化规律

以鲈鱼(perch)为原料进行腌制风干成熟,通过分析测定加工过程中鲈鱼肌肉脂肪组成、脂肪酶及脂肪氧合酶(LOX)活力、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)和过氧化值(POV)变化情况,探究其脂质分解氧化规律。结果表明:鲈鱼肌肉风干过程中总脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),中性脂质、磷脂含量在加工过程中显著下降(P<0.05),游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量显著上升(P<0.05),棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)、二十碳五烯酸(C20:5)和二十二碳六烯酸(C2 2:6)是FFA的主体成分;酸性脂肪酶、中性脂肪酶和磷脂酶活力在加工过程中总体上都呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),且磷脂酶活力下降幅度最大,中性脂肪酶活力始终显著高于其他两种酶(P<0.05);而LOX活力持续下降,POV和TBARS值在整个加工过程中都呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,说明风干成熟后期较高的温度能促进脂质氧化产物进一步分解,加速风味物质的形成。     

发酵剂对熏马肠脂肪酶活力的影响

主要研究发酵剂对熏马肠发酵成熟过程中脂肪酶活力的影响。结果表明,酸性脂肪酶活力、中性脂肪酶活力、磷脂酶活力在发酵成熟过程中持续下降,并且发酵剂组的三种酶活力在添加发酵剂后显著高于空白组(p0.05)。通过相关性分析表明,在熏马肠发酵成熟过程中,发酵剂组中的三种酶活力与p H、水分含量及盐分含量呈极显著相关性(p0.01)。     

金华火腿生产过程中脂质水解特性研究

60只重量为6.2～6.9 kg的原料腿按传统工艺加工金华火腿.分别于原料腿、盐后、晒后、成熟中期、成熟结束、后熟1和后熟2七个工艺点随机取5只腿的股二头肌为样品,分析总脂肪、甘油酯、磷酯、游离脂肪酸和相关指标的变化.结果显示：生产过程中磷脂的变化较大,约有66.67%的磷酯发生了水解.相关性分析发现：磷酯和甘油酯含量与游离脂肪酸含量之间的R2分别为0.91和0.67,磷酯是脂类物质中最主要的风味前体物质.生产过程中总游离脂肪酸含量呈上升趋势,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量提高,多不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量下降,其中亚油酸的含量下降最明显,为4.48%.亚油酸可能是氧化形成风味成分的主要脂肪酸.     

淡水鱼加工副产物低盐鱼露生化特性的研究

以淡水鱼加工副产物为原料,采用分段加盐,后期添加耐盐酱油酵母的方法生产鱼露,并对其生化特性进行研究。结果表明:在发酵过程中,氨基酸态氮(AA-N)、可溶性总氮(TSN)、总酸和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的含量先上升后逐渐下降,赋香发酵后显著下降;pH先显著下降,随后基本保持不变;食盐含量在发酵过程中略有上升;活菌数和混合蛋白酶的活力在发酵过程中变化较复杂;在发酵过程中游离氨基酸的含量先增加后略有降低,赋香发酵后显著降低。     

发酵剂对风鹅脂肪酶活力的影响

以白鹅为原料,按传统工艺加工成风鹅,比较了发酵剂对风鹅脂肪酶活力的影响。结果表明,在加工过程中中性脂肪酶活力、酸性脂肪酶活力、磷脂酶的活力都呈下降的趋势。在风干期间接种发酵剂组的3种酶活力均大于对照组的酶活力,2组差异性显著(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,3种酶活力与盐分、pH值呈显著负相关,相关系数在0.846⁰.975;与水分呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.8590.975;与水分呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.859⁰.952。     

金华火腿生产过程中风味成分的变化

取60条杂交猪后腿作为原料，按金华火腿传统生产工艺进行生产，分别在原料、盐后、晒后、成熟中期、成熟结束、后熟（1）、后熟（2）工艺段随机取5条腿的股二头肌作为样品进行风味成分检测．结果显示：原料腿和盐后腿中检出89种风味物质，晒后腿中检测出90种风味物质，成熟中期和成熟结束腿中分别检测出91种和96种风味物质，在后熟（1）和后熟（2）工艺段分别检测出93种和94种风味物质．这些成分可归类为：烷烯烃、芳香烃、醇、醛、酮、酸、酯、含氧杂环化舍物、含氮化合物、含硫化合物、含氯化舍物、酰胺和萜烯类等物质，其生产过程中的变化规律不同．在金华火腿产品的风味成分中，醛类占化舍物总数的45．07％，酸占18．39％，醇占13、93％，酮占9．00％．主成分分析显示，第一主成分主要由5种直链醛组成，第二主成分主要由5种直链醇和支链醇、2种支链酮、甲苯、已烷等组成．第一和第二主成分总计解释了金华火腿风味成分变化总方差的90．6％。     

Changes of alanyl aminopeptidase activity and free amino acid contents in biceps femoris during processing of Jinhua ham

Sixty experimental Jinhua hams were processed by a traditional method. The potential alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP) activity in biceps femoris was determined. The effects of temperature, salt content, sodium nitrate content and pH on muscle AAP were evaluated using response surface methodology. Porcine muscle was found to possess very strong potential AAP activity that decreased gradually during processing from 201,635 U g⁻¹ before salting to 6147 U g⁻¹ after aging. Temperature, pH and salt content had significant exponential effects on AAP activity (P < 0.001). Both temperature and salt content interacted with pH in their effects on AAP activity (P < 0.01). However, 0–50 mg L⁻¹ sodium nitrate had no detectable effect on AAP activity (P > 0.05). The regression model showed muscle AAP maintaining its activity all through Jinhua ham processing, indicating that muscle AAP may generate free amino acids during the processing and storage of Jinhua ham. The concentrations of free amino acids increased significantly (P < 0.05) during Jinhua ham processing, except for arginine and cystine. The concentrations of most free amino acids were 5–20 times higher in the final product than in hams before salting. Final concentrations exceeded thresholds for sensory detection, thus implicating an important role of free amino acids in the determination of Jinhua ham flavor.     

Changes in flavor compounds of dry-cured Chinese Jinhua ham during processing

Sixty experimental Jinhua hams were processed by a traditional method using green hams from local Liangtouwu cross-bred pigs. Samples of Biceps femoris were taken from five hams randomly at each of the key stages of production, i.e., green ham, end of salting, end of sun-drying, middle of loft-aging, end of loft-aging, post-aging-1 and post-aging-2. Analysis of flavor compounds showed 89 compounds at the green ham stage and at the end of salting, 90 at the end of sun-drying, 91 at the middle of loft-aging, 96 at the end of loft-aging, 93 at the post-age-1 and 94 at the post-age-2. The flavor compounds could be clustered in the following chemical families: alkanes and alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, oxygenous heterocycle compounds, nitrogenous compounds, sulphur compounds, chloride compounds, amides, and terpenes. During processing, the concentrations of aldehydes and carboxylic acids increased; while the concentrations of alcohols, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons decreased. Sulphur compounds and pyrazines were formed and increased continuously during processing. In the final Jinhua ham, the contents of aldehydes, carboxylic acids, alcohols and ketones were 45.07%, 18.39%, 13.93% and 9.00% of the total flavor substances, respectively. The first principal component was a group dominated by five unbranched aldehydes; the second principal component was a group dominated by five branched and unbranched alcohols, two branched ketones, toluene, hexane and 4-nitrophthalamide. The two principal components explained 90.6% of the total flavor variance in Jinhua ham.     

Time-related changes in cathepsin B and L activities during processing of Jinhua ham as a function of pH, salt and temperature

Sixty experimental Jinhua hams were processed by traditional methods using green hams from local crossbred pigs of Lanxi, Zhejiang province, PR China. Biceps femoris was sampled from five hams randomly taken after each processing stage. Potential activities of cathepsin B and L were determined. The effects of temperature, salt content, pH value and nitrate content on the activities of cathepsin B and L were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM) and the actual activities of cathepsin B and L during Jinhua ham processing were calculated. The results showed that potential activities of cathepsin B and L decreased gradually from 11332.05 to 9955.50 Ug(-1) prior salting to 1055.32-1359.90 Ug(-1) at the end of post-aging, respectively. After processing, about 9.31% original potential activity of cathepsin B and 13.66% original potential activity of cathepsin L were left. Temperature, pH value and salt content showed significant effects on cathepsin B and L activities. By stepwise regression analysis, two quadratic regression equation models were built individually for estimating cathepsin B and L activities. The models predicted that the actual activities of cathepsin B and L were less than 5% of their corresponding potential activities most of the time before half of loft-aging and about 15% and 20% during the rest processing periods. Nevertheless, cathepsin B and L retained actual activities throughout processing, especially during loft-aging and post-aging periods.     

Studies on time-related changes of dipeptidyl peptidase during processing of Jinhua ham using response surface methodology

Sixty experimental Jinhua hams were processed by traditional methods using green hams from local cross-bred pigs of Lanxi, Zhejiang province, PR China. Biceps femoris was sampled from five hams randomly taken after each processing stage. Potential activities of DPP I and IV in addition to the changes of some enzyme influencing factors were determined. The effects of temperature, sodium chloride content, sodium nitrate content and pH value on the activities of muscle DPP I and IV were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the actual activities of muscle DPP I and IV during Jinhua ham processing were estimated. The results showed that potential activity of muscle DPP I decreased gradually from 8608.23 to 1842.06 Ug(-1) before loft-aging and then increased gradually from 1842.06 to 12196.60 Ug(-1) at the end, while that of muscle DPP IV decreased continuously and about 11% of the initial potential activity was left at the end of processing. Most of the chemical components analyzed in Biceps femoris as well as physical parameters changed greatly during processing. Temperature, sodium chloride concentration and pH value influenced DPP I and IV activities significantly. However, nitrate concentration from 0 to 50 mgkg(-1) showed little effect. By regression analysis, two quadratic regression equation models were built. The models showed that DPP I could have strong activity during Jinhua ham processing, whereas the activity of DPP IV was always very weak despite its strong potential for activity. In conclusion, muscle DPP I may be a key enzyme responsible for the generation of dipeptides in Jinhua ham processing while the effect of DPP IV was possibly very limited.     

Chemical and structural changes in dry-cured hams (Bayonne hams) during processing and effects of the dehairing technique

Pigs of similar genetic backgrounds and feeding regimes were slaughtered in two abattoirs, one carrying out dehairing by scalding and the other by singeing. One ham from each of 80 carcasses was retained. Sixteen fresh hams (8 from each dehairing technique) were used for analysis while 64 hams were processed into dry-cured ham. Sixteen hams (8 from each dehairing technique) were taken for analysis at end of salting (day 14), end of rest (day 78), mid-processing (day 127) and end of processing (day 251). During processing, the water content of all muscles decreased while the salt content increased. The salt concentration in muscle water tended to equalize in all muscles. The nitrogen content of desalted dry matter (i.e. dry muscle tissue) decreased in both Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus. The content of every free amino acid increased with time, except for taurine and glutamine. Electrophoresis of the low ionic strength-soluble fractions showed all protein bands decreased during processing. Electrophoresis of the myofibrillar fractions indicated changes in all bands except actin (42kDa). These changes were more marked in the Semimembranosus than the Biceps femoris in the earlier processing steps. Ultrastructural changes were more marked in Semimembranosus than Biceps femoris. Hardness and chewiness increased in both muscles during the first half of processing then returned to values close to the initial ones in Semimembranosus but changed little in Biceps femoris. The scalded hams lost more weight than the singed ones during processing. The salt content was higher in scalded hams. Water-soluble nitrogen and NPN were higher in singed hams at the end of processing. The scalded hams were saltier and pungent. They had more pronounced aromas of dry ham, rancidity and hazelnut, and less aroma of fresh meat. Their texture was drier and less mellow.     

Biochemical changes during processing of traditional Jinhua ham

Jinhua ham is the most famous traditional meat product of China and one of the most famed dry-cured hams in the world. Its processing consists of six stages: green ham preparation, salting, washing and sun-drying and shaping, ripening, and post-ripening. Intense proteolysis and lipolysis occur during processing period. As a result, the content of free amino acids in final ham products is 14-16 times that of green ham, and 191 volatile compounds have been identified during processing, which make a major contribution to the flavor of Jinhua ham.     

Accelerated processing of dry-cured ham. Part I. Viability of the use of brine thawing/salting operation

In a previous study, the brine thawing/salting operation using frozen hams as raw material was proposed in order to obtain accelerated processing of dry-cured hams. The time needed to reach the same NaCl concentration on a dry weight basis and the same NaCl concentration in the ham liquid phase for the deeper areas at the end of the post-salting stage were determined.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of the brine thawing/salting operation on the whole dry-cured ham manufacturing process, using the traditional thawing and salting methods as control.

The obtained results indicate that although a strong reduction in the thawing, salting and post-salting stages is obtained by using brine thawing/salting, the time needed in the dry-curing and maturing phases increases compared to those traditionally processed, probably due to the absence of pile salting and thus the reduction in the thickness of the ham piece as a consequence of the ham pressing. From the composition and microbiological point of view, no significant differences were observed among the hams processed by the different treatments.     

Influence of partial replacement of NaCl with KCl on formation of volatile compounds in Jinhua ham during processing

The influence of partial replacement of NaCl with KCl on formation of volatile compounds during Jinhua ham processing was evaluated using GC/MS system. Jinhua ham was treated with either 100% NaCl (I) or 60% NaCl and 40% KCl (II). Formation of volatile compounds increased in Jinhua hams during processing for both salt formulations, particularly at the end of the salting period. There were differences in volatile compound formation between formulations I and II after 45 days of processing. Contents of lipid-derived volatiles (hexanal) and Strecker aldehydes (2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal) were higher in Jinhua hams treated with formulation II after 45 days of processing. Partial salt replacement of NaCl with KCl changed formation of volatile compounds in Jinhua hams and may have affected the flavor of finished products.