高温合金服役和修复过程中的微观组织演变研究

对ЖC6y高温合金服役、修复过程中的微观组织演变进行了研究。结果表明,经过高温、长时间的服役,强化相γ′粒子出现明显退化,其粗化机制包括粒子聚集机制和Ostwald熟化机制。MC碳化物则分解为M6C型碳化物,并被一层γ′膜包覆。恢复热处理工艺可以恢复合金的持久性能。     

蒸汽轮机用Waspaloy叶片材料长期时效组织及力学性能

研究了Waspaloy合金在标准热处理状态下,700℃长期时效过程中的组织和力学性能变化。结果表明,长期时效过程中Waspaloy合金析出相主要为MC型碳化物,M23C6型碳化物和γ'相,时效过程中并未发现有害TCP相。M23C6型碳化物在晶界呈链状分布,长期时效过程中其大小、分布基本不变,稳定性良好;γ'相在时效100 h后充分析出,尺寸随时效时间延长而长大,γ'粗化规律符合L-S-W理论,5000 h时效后γ'相形貌仍然为球形。时效100 h合金强度有小幅上升,随后随时效时间延长合金强度变化不大。     

DZ125高温合金涡轮叶片的性能恢复热处理

高温合金涡轮叶片长期服役存在组织老化和性能退化问题,通过热处理对长时服役叶片的微观组织进行调整,恢复其性能并使其具备再次装机使用的能力,有助于降低发动机大修成本。本文以某型号飞机发动机DZ125高温合金涡轮叶片为研究对象,分析热处理工艺对长时服役叶片性能恢复的影响,并进行了详细的组织观察,结果表明:高温合金叶片老化的主要原因是晶间析出碳化物,γ'强化相粗化变大,出现球化和筏化现象等。经过热处理后,长时服役叶片组织得到一定程度恢复,椭球形γ'相粒子已经全部成长为立方状,γ/γ'相共晶区域面积增大,碳化物重新融入晶体,微观组织形态与新叶片基本相同。     

含铪高钨K416B镍基铸造高温合金的组织与蠕变行为

通过组织形貌观察和蠕变性能测试,研究了含铪高钨K416B镍基铸造合金的组织及蠕变机制。结果表明:合金铸态组织由γ基体、γ'相、MC和M6C型碳化物组成;其中,MC碳化物主要以链状和汉字型结构分别在晶界和枝晶间析出,而大块状M6C碳化物镶嵌在共晶处;蠕变期间,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中可沿不同方向发生滑移,且位错可绕过或剪切γ′相;蠕变后期,高密度位错在碳化物和晶界处塞积,产生应力集中,致使裂纹沿晶界和碳化物/共晶界面处萌生及扩展是合金的断裂机制。     

长期时效对FGH96粉末高温合金组织稳定性及性能的影响

研究了FGH96粉末高温合金经750℃长期时效1000和3000 h后的晶粒尺寸、晶界形貌、晶粒取向、γ'强化相和碳化物的演变规律及长期时效对合金650℃使用温度下拉伸性能的影响.结果 表明:750℃长期时效对合金的晶粒尺寸、晶界形貌和晶粒取向没有明显影响.然而,长期时效后,合金中γ '相形貌、尺寸和分布发生了显著的变化,大尺寸γ'相先长大后分裂再变小,平均尺寸变大、尺寸梯度降低、间距变大,由双峰分布最终演变为单峰分布;形貌由近球形、方状和蝶状先演变为不规则状,最终又演变回近球状、方状与蝶状.未长期时效合金的晶内和晶界处存在大量富含Ti、Nb元素的块状MC型的碳化物,并与MB型硼化物共存,经750℃长期时效3000 h后没有明显变化.而富含Cr元素的M23C6型小颗粒碳化物经750 ℃长期时效3000 h后,析出量增加并呈链状分布于晶界.长期时效后,FGH96合金650℃拉伸强度降低,塑性提高,主要原因是合金中的γ'相分裂、粗化及晶界处M23C6型碳化物析出呈链状分布所致.     

Al对IN718合金拉伸性能及稳定性的影响

Al对IN718合金拉伸性能及其稳定性影响的研究结果表明,在标准热处理状态下,Al增加合金中γ"和γ'相析出总量,提高合金室温和680℃的抗拉伸强度,但Al抑制晶界δ相析出,促进Laves相、M7C3相和σ相等在晶界析出,恶化合金的拉伸塑性.经680℃长期时效以后,γ"和γ'相粒子长大,其中高Al合金中析出的γ"/γ'"包覆组织"的长大速率比常规合金中的γ"相小,但两者拉伸强度下降的速度基本相同;合金晶界状态恶化,使室温拉伸塑性明显降低;强化相粒子长大,合金基体的高温强度降低,使680℃拉伸塑性升高.     

固溶温度对铸造waspaloy合金组织的影响

研究了4种固溶温度:1000、1040和1080和1120℃×4 h,AC(空冷)+双时效(845℃×24 h/AC+760℃×16 h/AC)热处理制度对铸造waspaloy合金组织的影响。结果表明,铸态waspaloy合金组织由γ基体、团状γ'相和MC碳化物组成。固溶处理后,铸态γ'相溶解到基体中,并随固溶温度升高,铸态γ'相含量逐渐减少。当固溶温度大于1080℃时,枝晶形貌消失,铸态γ'相完全溶解;在随后845℃稳定化处理过程中,均匀细小的二次γ'相开始析出,MC碳化物开始分解,并在晶界处析出不连续的粒状M23C6碳化物;经过760℃时效处理后,更多均匀细小的二次γ'相析出并长大。最终确定铸造waspaloy合金的最佳固溶温度应大于1080℃,此时经时效后组织更加均匀一致。     

块状碳化物的形态演化及对镍基合金蠕变性能的影响

通过不同工艺热处理、蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了固溶温度对一种定向凝固镍基合金中碳化物形态演化与蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:铸态DZ125合金中存有粗大块状MC型碳化物,热处理期间合金中MC型碳化物可发生分解和形态演化,逐步转变成粒状M23C6型碳化物。随固溶温度提高、时间延长,碳化物发生分解及形态演化的几率增加,并使细小粒状M23C6型碳化物沿晶界不连续析出。与低温固溶处理合金相比,高温固溶处理合金在780℃具有良好的蠕变抗力。其中,以共格方式嵌镶在?基体中的立方γ′相均匀分布在枝晶干和枝晶间区域,并有细小粒状碳化物沿晶界弥散析出,可抑制晶界滑移,是大幅度提高合金蠕变抗力的主要原因。在近780℃蠕变后期,与应力轴呈45?角的晶界承受较大的剪切应力。裂纹在沿与应力轴呈45?角的晶界处萌生与扩展,直至断裂是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

K477合金热暴露的组织稳定性研究

采用扫描电镜和图像分析软件,对K477合金在不同温度(900、940、980和1020℃)下分别热暴露200 h后的组织稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:K477合金的主要强化相γ'相随热暴露温度的升高而粗化,但体积分数随热暴露温度升高而降低,晶界分布的片状γ'相长大并连接起来。晶内和晶界处的块状MC碳化物转变成M23C6碳化物,并且在表面形成γ'包膜。γ'相对碳化物和晶界的包裹阻止了碳化物的长大,同时对晶界起到了强化作用,随热暴露温度的升高,K477合金的硬度有所提高。     

Hf对抗热腐蚀镍基高温合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

研究Hf对抗热腐蚀镍基高温合金组织和力学性能的影响;探讨组织演化和力学性能的关系,对于Hf的添加对γ筏形化和/γγ'错配度的影响也进行讨论.结果表明:与无Hf合金相比,含0.4%Hf(质量分数)合金的组织晶界上存在较少的大块状MC碳化物,而细小M23C6碳化物的含量更多,这对蠕变性能有利;Hf的添加有助于使MC碳化物的数量在蠕变过程中保持较高的水平;在长期时效过程中,晶界上碳化物分解为细小离散分布的M23C6碳化物,沿着晶界形成γ'层,无Hf合金的晶界粗化现象更为明显;Hf的添加可以提升合金长期时效后的高温拉伸性能;同时,Hf对提高低应力条件下的蠕变强度作用明显.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.