Al-Mg-Si系合金板材各向异性与织构之间的关系

对T4P态的商用6016铝合金板材沿不同方向的力学性能、显微组织和织构差异进行了研究。结果表明:合金沿不同方向的力学性能均存在明显差异,厚向异性系数r值和加工硬化系数n值均沿轧向最高,而沿45°方向最低;合金已发生完全再结晶,但是各部位再结晶晶粒仍然存在较大差异,表层晶粒数量较多且尺寸细小,而纵截面再结晶晶粒长宽比横截面的要大;合金板材沿厚度方向存在明显的织构梯度,表层主要以Cube织构{001}100和不常见的{114}131织构为主,而中间层除了Cube织构{001}100之外,还存在P{011}112、R{124}211以及{112}253;分析了织构组分与r值的关系,并建立了成形性能、组织和织构之间的定量关系。     

预先热处理对6111铝合金冷轧及再结晶织构的影响

采用取向分布函数(ODF)法研究了预先热处理对6111铝合金的冷轧和再结晶织构组态的影响。结果表明:预先热处理因改变基体的成分和第二相的析出状态而显著影响6111铝合金的形变织构和再结晶织构;热轧板不经预处理而直接冷轧,其再结晶织构主要由绕法向旋转了15°的立方取向(Cube ND15)和{011}〈111〉取向构成;冷轧前进行过时效处理,其再结晶织构主要由绕法向旋转了20°的立方取向(Cube ND20)和{011}〈122〉取向构成;冷轧前进行固溶处理会显著提高冷轧织构中Brass和Goss组分的取向密度,再结晶织构明显弱化,而且Cube ND20组分绕法方向(ND)产生很大的漫散,接近于{001}〈UVW〉纤维织构。     

中间退火对5052铝合金组织与性能的影响

研究了中间退火对5052铝合金板材组织与性能的影响。对合金的拉伸性能及显微硬度进行测试,使用扫描电镜(SEM)对合金的断口形貌进行观察,使用金相显微镜及X射线衍射仪(XRD)对合金的显微组织和宏观织构进行分析。结果表明:经过中间退火的5052铝合金板材的屈服强度比直接轧制的低10 MPa左右,晶粒尺寸大约82%。中间退火试样不同方向的断后伸长率差别不大,而直接轧制试样的轧向较45°和90°方向的断后伸长率小9%,具有明显的各向异性。拉伸变形后中间退火试样晶粒沿最大切应力方向呈明显的流变特征,断口处韧窝发达、分布更均匀。中间退火试样的{100}001 Cube织构和{100}011 H织构等再结晶织构更强,而直接轧制试样的B织构{110}112和Goss织构{110}001等轧制织构更强。经中间退火的板材各向异性得到明显改善。     

7050铝合金厚板织构、拉伸性能及断裂韧性的不均匀性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、常温拉伸和紧凑拉伸实验,对120mm厚的7050铝合金板材的织构分布、拉伸性能及断裂韧性进行分析。结果表明:沿板材厚度方向,合金的组织、织构、强度及断裂韧性呈不均匀分布;在同一厚度处,合金的强度和断裂韧性具有明显的各向异性;由板材表层到中心,粗大第二相及再结晶晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;板材表层的织构主要由剪切织构{111}110和立方织构Cube{001}100组成,中心主要由β取向轧制织构和少量立方织构组成,1/4厚度处是过渡层;由板材表层到中心,轧向及长横向强度呈不均匀变化,板材中心处强度比表层的小;板材同一厚度处,强度和断裂韧性具有明显的各向异性,轧向强度大于长横向和短横向强度,L-T取向的断裂韧性大于T-L取向和S-L取向的断裂韧性;L-T取向的断裂方式主要是穿晶断裂,S-L取向的断裂方式以沿晶断裂为主,T-L取向是混合型断裂,其穿晶断裂比例比L-T取向的穿晶断裂比例小,沿晶断裂比例比S-L取向的沿晶断裂比例小。     

冷轧6111铝合金板材固溶处理后的再结晶织构

采用取向分布函数法研究了冷轧6111铝合金板的再结晶织构。结果表明:冷轧6111铝合金薄板的再结晶织构主要由两种织构组分构成,一种是绕板法向旋转约15°的立方织构组分Cube ND15,另一种是{110}〈111〉织构组分;该两种再结晶织构组分与主要形变织构组分均具有〈111〉型取向关系,其中Cube ND15组分与形变织构中的S组分间具有近似的40°〈111〉取向关系,{110}〈111〉组分与形变织构中的Copper组分间具有33°〈111〉取向关系;在退火保温过程中,再结晶织构的取向密度首先达到最大值,然后略有降低,经一定时间后基本不再变化。     

热加工过程对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金组织、织构演变及力学性能的影响（英文）

系统研究热加工过程对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金组织、织构及力学性能的影响。通过工艺优化获得了力学性能各向异性很弱的合金板材。热轧和冷轧板材的显微组织均呈拉长态组织。热轧板表层的织构组分以H{001}110和E{111}110为主,而1/4层和中间层的织构以β取向线为主。与热轧板相比,一次冷轧板的β取向线密度增加而表层的H取向减弱。经中间退火后,形变织构基本消失,最终冷轧后的织构以β取向线为主。随着厚度的减小,织构梯度逐渐变弱。合金板材固溶处理后的再结晶织构组分仅含有cubeND{001}310织构。此外,分析了热加工过程、显微组织、织构以及力学性能之间的关系。     

基于扫描间距调控Inconel 738合金的微观组织和力学性能

采用EBSD技术系统地研究了扫描间距h对选区激光熔化(SLM)成形Inconel 738合金微观组织、动态再结晶行为、织构演变和力学性能的影响。研究表明,随着h的增加,平行于沉积方向的细长柱状晶晶粒长/径比减小,晶粒的形貌由粗大的细长柱状晶向细小的等轴晶转变,晶粒的取向变得更加随机;随着h的增加,动态再结晶体积分数增加,再结晶区域位错密度和应变低于未再结晶区域;随着h的增加,其铸造织构的类型发生变化,织构主要由Rotated-Goss织构{110}110转变为Rotated-Goss织构{110}110+Cube织构{001}100,Cube织构的强度逐渐增强,而Rotated-Goss织构的强度逐渐减弱;此外,通过选择合适的扫描间距(h=70μm),沉积态Inconel 738合金可获得优异室温力学性能(σ_y=933 MPa,σ_(uts)=1209 MPa,ε_f=38%),达到良好的强度与塑性匹配。     

超塑Al-Mg-Li合金的显微组织与织构特性

采用一种新型形变热处理方法制备细晶Al-Mg-Li合金板材,研究静态再结晶退火对合金板材晶粒组织及超塑变形行为的影响。结果表明,晶粒尺寸、形状和织构的分布沿板材法向方向存在明显不同;表面层的晶粒组织细小、等轴,含有旋转cubeND{001}（310）取向;中心层具有粗大、长条状晶粒,含有a取向线的织构组分。随着再结晶温度的升高,整个板材的晶粒尺寸长大,中心层晶粒纵横比减小,表面层织构强化而中心层织构弱化,超塑性伸长率下降。升高再结晶温度导致整个板材内的旋转cubeND{001}（310）织构组分强化而a取向线的织构弱化。分析了不同温度下再结晶织构的形成机制。     

热轧Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_9形状记忆合金板材的织构及其对拉伸和恢复性能的影响

采用XRD、SEM和拉伸试验机对热轧Ni47Ti44Nb9形状记忆合金板材的织构及其对拉伸和恢复性能的影响进行研究,以便为改善该合金的力学和记忆性能提供理论依据。热轧板材的织构主要为{001}uv0和{111}uvw丝,沿轧向(RD),{001}uv0丝织构中强组分向{001}010靠近,{111}uvw丝织构中的{111}112和{111}165组分较强;沿横向(TD),强织构组分为{001}010和{111}132;热轧板材经高于再结晶温度热处理后,沿轧向,应力诱发马氏体相变临界应力最高,与轧向成45°角方向的临界应力最低,且沿横向拉伸断口表面出现很多微裂纹;经850℃热处理后,临界应力随着冷速的加快而降低,且该温度下退火板材的织构对可恢复应变的影响不明显,基本在7.0%～7.4%。     

大应变交叉轧制对高Mg含量Al-Li合金板材组织和性能的影响（英文）

采用透射电镜观察(TEM)、电子背散射成像技术(EBSD)和X射线衍射技术对比分析喷射成形Al-9.8Mg-1.5Li-0.4Mn合金交叉轧制态板材与挤压态板材的显微组织及织构特征,并测试板材的拉伸性能和深冲性能。结果表明:大压下量交叉轧制能促进动态再结晶的发生、细化晶粒组织以及改善再结晶晶粒的择优取向;与CBA和CCB轧制方式相比,CBB轧制方式显著降低了挤压态合金中典型Brass织构{110}112的取向密度,在β取向线上CBB轧制态板材中Copper织构{112}111和Brass织构{110}112的取向密度均最低,且板材中没有典型的织构特征;同时,CBB轧制态合金板材具有更好的深冲性能,在0°、45°和90°三个方向的力学性能基本一致,其室温拉伸强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为617 MPa、523 MPa和大于20.1%,各方向力学性能偏差小于3%。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.