路桥过渡段桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

桩承式加筋路堤与路堤填土加筋技术联合应用于黄土地区路桥过渡段,减小路桥过渡段差异沉降和桥头跳车现象。通过 现场试验 对桩承式加筋路堤中心轴和路肩对应位置处格栅上、下表面桩顶和桩间土土压力、桩间格栅变形以及加筋路堤各断面格栅上、下表面土压力和格栅变形进行监测分析,研究结果表明：桩承式加筋 路堤通过土拱效应和张拉膜效应将路堤荷载向桩顶转移,从而可有效减小桩间土荷载;桩承式加筋路堤中心轴处路堤荷载转移主要以土拱效应为主,以张拉膜效应为辅,而路肩处格栅张拉膜效应较显著,路堤荷载传递由土拱效应和张拉膜效应共同完成,格栅在路肩处发挥作用效果大于路堤中心轴处;路堤加筋技术在桥台附近减载作用明显,随着距桥台距离的增加,减载作用逐渐减弱。     

深厚软土层端承摩擦桩桩承式加筋低路堤现场试验

为揭示桩承式加筋低路堤的荷载传递机理及土工格栅的加固效应,选取武汉智能网联赛车道项目主赛道连接段某低路堤路段开展了一个承载单元的现场试验,分别测试了施工期桩帽顶部与格栅上层的土压力分布、路堤分层沉降、格栅应变与挠曲。数据分析表明：随着填土高度的增加,土拱效应与张拉膜效应逐渐发挥,桩帽顶部的土压力开始超过桩间土压力并在填筑结束后逐渐趋于稳定。在端承摩擦桩桩承式加筋低路堤的荷载传递机制中,桩间土承担主要荷载,占比62.23%,张拉膜效应仅占很小一部分,占总荷载的3.77%。土工格栅的最大应变出现在桩帽边缘处,但最大值仅为0.195%,这表明土工格栅性能难以得到充分发挥。在该桩承式加筋低路堤中,两桩中心处的桩间土沉降要明显大于四桩对角线中心处。     

中低压缩性土地区桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

将桩承式加筋路堤技术应用于中低压缩性土地区高速铁路桥台和涵洞之间填方路基的处理,通过逐渐改变CFG桩桩长形成刚度均匀变化的地基加固区,严格控制线路纵向差异沉降。通过现场试验对桥台、涵顶和路基中心地基沉降进行了长期观测,同时对桩承式加筋路堤桩间土沉降、孔隙水压力、格栅上下表面土压力和格栅变形进行了长期监测分析。研究结果表明:桩承式加筋路堤可有效减小中低压缩性土地基沉降,总沉降小且很快趋于稳定;桩承式加筋路堤通过土拱效应和张拉膜效应将路堤荷载向桩帽传递,格栅下桩土应力比明显高于格栅上,张拉膜效应明显,格栅上桩土应力比接近1.0,土拱效应较弱;格栅在路肩处发挥的作用强于线路中心处。     

桩承式加筋路堤桩体荷载分担比计算

为反映多层加筋材料分布层位和应变差异对桩承式加筋路堤的影响,基于土拱形态和筋材应变分布的假设,推导桩土荷载分担比的计算公式。首先根据极限平衡理论和同心圆二维土拱模型假设,推导筋上桩体荷载分担比的计算公式;再假设帽间格栅变形为圆弧曲线,考虑帽上格栅变形对帽间格栅应变的贡献,推导更符合常用大桩帽疏桩结构特点的格栅应变计算公式;进一步以筋下填土产生的土压力和桩间土应力为附加应力计算底层格栅挠度,提出以底层格栅挠度为自变量的任意层格栅挠度表达式;最终依据格栅应变计算格栅拉力及其竖向分量,得到考虑格栅拉膜传荷作用的筋下桩体荷载分担比计算公式。该方法可适用于单层以及非单层加筋的桩承式加筋路堤,经工程实例验证,计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

柔性桩承式加筋路堤桩土应力比分析

针对柔性桩承式加筋路堤,建立了路堤–网–桩–土相互协调共同工作的荷载传递模型,通过改进的路堤荷载传递模型和假定的柔性桩侧摩阻力分布模式分析了路堤土拱效应和桩土相互作用,根据平衡条件推导获得了新的可以考虑土拱效应、拉膜效应和桩土相互作用三者耦合条件下桩土应力比及桩土差异沉降计算公式。通过工程实例的分析计算,验证计算模型的合理性,并分析了各因素与桩土应力比的关系。结果表明：网上、下桩土应力比均随路堤填土内摩擦角的增加先增大后减小,随桩体压缩模量、路堤填土压缩模量的增加而增大,随桩间土压缩模量、桩间距的增加而减小,且网下桩土应力比大于网上桩土应力比;网上桩土应力比随土工格栅抗拉强度的增加而减小,网下桩土应力比随土工格栅抗拉强度的增加而增大,网上、下桩土应力比差随土工格栅抗拉强度、路堤填土重度和填土高度的增加而增大。桩土应力比和桩土差异沉降理论计算值与工程实例实测值对应较好。     

移动荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的动力特性

为了研究桩承式加筋路堤在移动荷载作用下的特性,采用FLAC 3D软件建立了移动荷载作用下道路的三维动力流固耦合分析模型,对桩承式加筋路堤和天然路堤在移动荷载作用下的竖向变形、桩土应力比、超孔隙水压力、加速度等进行了对比分析,并研究了不同轴载对路堤竖向变形的影响。分析结果表明：移动荷载作用下,桩承式加筋路堤通过桩体土拱效应和格栅张拉膜效应的联合作用,其路面竖向变形、桩土应力比、超孔隙水压力、加速度均比天然路堤的结果明显减小;随着轴载的增加,桩承式加筋路堤路面竖向变形不断增大。     

桩承式加筋路堤土拱效应试验研究

桩承式加筋路堤中存在土拱效应,它影响着路堤的荷载传递和沉降变形性状,桩土应力比是反应土拱效应的重要参数。本文通过模型试验,研究了桩土相对位移、路堤高度、桩梁净间距、桩梁宽度及水平加筋体等因素对桩土应力比及路堤沉降的影响。结果表明:①桩土应力比随桩土相对位移的发展而变化,存在上限值和下限值;②路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比越大;桩梁宽度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比也越大;③使用水平加筋体能提高桩土应力比,提高的幅度与水平加筋体拉伸强度有关;④当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比小于1.4时,无论是否使用水平加筋体,路堤顶面均会出现明显的差异沉降;当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比大于1.6时,路堤顶面不会出现明显的差异沉降。该研究成果可为桩承式加筋路堤设计提供有益的参考。     

基于有限元方法的桩承式加筋拓宽路基数值模拟分析

针对桩承式加筋路基这一复杂的工作系统,结合连霍高速某段桩承式路堤拓宽工程,通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立了桩承式加筋路堤整体三维有限元分析模型;从土拱效应、土工格栅的拉膜效应,以及桩土间刚度差异引起的不均匀沉降等方面分析了系统的工作机理。结果表明土工格栅最大变形和最大拉力发生在桩帽边缘处;拓宽路堤的施工阶段对地表沉降影响较小;软土的长期固结是造成不均匀沉降的主要原因等结论。     

基于混合试验的桩承式加筋路堤参数影响分析

桩承式加筋路堤的路堤土拱效应、加筋体张拉膜效应以及桩土地基承载效应之间存在着较为复杂的耦合效应,由于土拱效应随路堤加载与桩间土下沉的演化,目前的计算理论与方法难以真实地评价桩承式路堤荷载调节与沉降稳定的全过程。引入混合试验的技术思路,开发一套阵列式多活动门试验装置及桩土地基混合试验方法,实现加筋垫层路堤物理模型与桩土地基数值模型的适时数据交换,开展9组不同路堤高度与加筋体拉伸模量的参数影响试验。试验结果表明：所建立的混合试验方法能够较好地实现桩承式加筋路堤的全组件参与、全效应耦合工作性能模拟,大大地节省了试验成本和时间,为桩承式加筋路堤的长期承载性能演化以及沉降预测提供了一种新的试验手段。同心圆力学模型能够较为准确地评价路堤的最大土拱效应。当路堤高度较低时,采用拉伸模量较高的加筋体能够提高桩的荷载分担比。采用拉伸模量较高的加筋体,在不同的加筋高度条件下均能够显著地降低桩间土沉降与桩土差异沉降。随着路堤高度的增加,不同加筋体模量试验的桩、土荷载分担比趋于一致,采用地基反力系数法不能可靠地反映桩间土的真实承载机制。     

交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤性能分析

为了研究交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的性能,采用FLAC3D软件建立桩承式加筋路堤的三维动力流固耦合分析模型,对比分析桩间距、路堤高度、格栅模量、桩体模量等对路面沉降及路基中孔隙水压力的影响。结果表明:随着格栅模量、桩体模量的增加或桩间距、路堤高度的逐渐减小,桩承式加筋路堤路面的工后沉降逐渐增大;随着桩间距、路堤高度、格栅模量的增加或桩体模量的逐渐减小,路基中累积的超孔隙水压力最大值逐渐减小。     

A simplified method for analysis of a piled embankment reinforced with geosynthetics

Piled embankments provide an economic solution to the problem of constructing embankments over soft soils. The piles and geosynthetic combination can alleviate the uneven surface settlements that sometimes occur in embankments supported by piles without reinforcement. The main focus of this paper is to present a new method for analysis of an embankment of granular fill on soft ground supported by a rectangular grid of piles and geosynthetic. This method is based on consideration of the arching effect in granular soil and similar to the method proposed by Low, B.K., Tang, S.K., Choa, V. [1994. Arching in piled embankments. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120 (11), 1917–1938]. The main refinements are: inclusion of a uniform surcharge load on the embankment fill, individual square caps were used, and taking into account the skin friction mechanism, which contributes to soil–geosynthetic interface resistance. Using this method, the influence of embankment height, soft ground depth, soft ground elastic modulus, and geosynthetic tensile stiffness on efficiency, stress concentration ratio, settlement ratio, tension of geosynthetic, and axial strain of geosynthetic are investigated. The results show that inclusion of a geosynthetic membrane can increase the fill load carried by piles. As a result, both the total and differential settlements of the embankment can be reduced. The new design method was verified against several current design methods. Theoretical solution showed that BS8006 [1995. Code of Practice for Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and other Fills. British Standards Institution, London, p. 162] and Guido, V.A., Kneuppel, J.D., Sweeny, M.A. [1987. Plate loading tests on geogrid-reinforced earth slabs. In: Proceedings of the Geosynthetics '87, New Orleans, USA, IFAI, pp. 216–225] methods overpredict the vertical stress acting on the geosynthetic due to that the reaction of the soft ground on the geosynthetic is not considered in their methods. It also showed that the present method is in good agreement with Low, B.K., Tang, S.K., Choa, V. [1994. Arching in piled embankments. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120 (11), 1917–1938] method.     

Geosynthetic reinforced piled embankment modeling using discrete and continuum approaches

Understanding the load transfer mechanism can support engineers having more economical design of geosynthetic reinforced piled embankments. This study aims to investigate the load transfer mechanisms by two different numerical methods including the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). The DEM model adopts (a) discrete particles to simulate the micro-structure of the granular materials and (b) coupled discrete element – finite element method (DEM-FEM) to capture the interaction between granular materials and geotextiles. On the other hand, the FDM model uses an advanced constitutive soil model considering the hardening and softening behaviour of the granular materials. The numerical results show that the geotextiles can only contribute to the vertical loading resistance in cases where the soils between piles are soft enough. In terms of design, an optimum value of the geotextile tensile stiffness can be found considering the load, the soft soil stiffness and the thickness of the embankment. Both the DEM and the FDM show that a high geotextile tensile stiffness is not required since an extra stiffness will slightly contribute to the efficiency of the geosynthetic reinforced piled embankments. Nevertheless, both models are useful to optimize the design of geosynthetic reinforced piled embankments.     

桩承路堤土拱效应现场试验与分析

桩承路堤在路堤自重作用下形成竖向土拱,并通过土拱传递荷载,其浅层荷载传递机制直接影响到桩土的协调工作和地基的加固效果。为研究桩承路堤中竖向土拱效应的特性,通过设置试验段进行了现场试验,对采集到的应力与变形数据进行了分析处理。研究结果表明,刚性桩支承路堤中存在明显的竖向土拱效应,且在路堤浅层采用粗粒土填料填筑有利于路堤中连续、稳定的土拱的形成,能够起到更好的加固效果。最后提出了一些合理化建议,可供设计与施工人员参考。     

3D numerical study of the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) systems provide an economic and effective solution for embankments. The load transfer mechanisms are tridimensional ones and depend on the interaction between linked elements, such as piles, soil, and geosynthetics. This paper presents an extensive parametric study using three-dimensional numerical calculations for geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments. The numerical analysis is conducted for both cohesive and non-cohesive embankment soils to emphasize the fill soil cohesion effect on the load and settlement efficacy of GRPS embankments. The influence of the embankment height, soft ground elastic modulus, improvement area ratio, geosynthetic tensile stiffness and fill soil properties are also investigated on the arching efficacy, GR membrane efficacy, differential settlement, geosynthetic tension, and settlement reduction performance. The numerical results indicated that the GRPS system shows a good performance for reducing the embankment settlements. The ratio of the embankment height to the pile spacing, subsoil stiffness, and fill soil properties are the most important design parameters to be considered in a GRPS design. The results also suggested that the fill soil cohesion strengthens the soil arching effect, and increases the loading efficacy. However, the soil arching mobilization is not necessarily at the peak state but could be reached at the critical state. Finally, the geosynthetic strains are not uniform along the geosynthetic, and the maximum geosynthetic strain occurs at the pile edge. The geosynthetic deformed shape is a curve that is closer to a circular shape than a parabolic one.     

A simplified model to analyze the reinforced piled embankments

It is an economic way to use the piled embankment for the construction of embankment over soft soil. The combination of piles and reinforcement can effectively reduce the differential settlement at the surface of embankment. The paper presents a simplified model for analysis of an embankment of granular fill on soft ground supported by reinforcement and piles. This model is based on consideration of the arching effect in granular material proposed by Hewlett & Randolph. The vertical equilibrium of the unit body at the center of pile caps immediately below the reinforcement is established. The refinements of the model are that the failure mechanisms of the arch both at the crown and at the pile cap were considered, three-dimensional situation was taken into account for reinforced piled embankment, calculation of the vertical stress carried by the subsoil due to arching effect and reinforcement for multi-layered soil was proposed. Using the simplified model, the influence of embankment height, one-dimensional compression modulus of subsoil, tensile stiffness of reinforcement on stress reduction ratio (SRR) and tensile force of reinforcement is investigated. It is found that the model can be used to assess the relative contribution of the reinforcement and subsoil. The results show that subsoil gives a major contribution to overall vertical equilibrium, while the reinforcement gives obvious contribution at relatively large settlement. The inclusion of the reinforcement can reduce the vertical stress acting on the subsoil. The simplified model is then evaluated by three case studies. The results of this model show good consistence with these cases.     

Load transfer mechanism and deformation of reinforced piled embankments

A series of twenty-eight centrifuge tests was performed on piled embankments with basal geosynthetic reinforcement to assess the influence of pile spacing, embankment height, pile cap size and geosynthetic stiffness on the load transfer mechanism and surface settlements. The measurements of the forces on the piles made it possible to assess the load transfer mechanisms, and 100% efficiency was achieved for all tests performed. The results showed that for the thicker mattress and/or closer piles, the surface settlements were smaller or negligible. Geosynthetic maximum deflections were also examined experimentally and analytically, the latter based on BS8006 (2010) and its further corrigendum in 2012. Close agreement in the predictions of the maximum reinforcement deflection was reached with BS8006 (2012) by adopting a slight modification in the ratio of diagonal and orthogonal maximum deflection (y_d/y = √2).     

桩承式路堤土拱数值模拟中路堤土本构模型的选择

数值模拟方法已成为研究桩承式路堤中土拱最重要的手段,其关键在于路堤填土要采用合理的本构模型。建立桩承式路堤平面土拱分析的弹塑性有限元模型,考虑摩尔-库伦模型（MC）、硬化土模型（HS）和小应变硬化土模型（HSS）3种不同的路堤土本构模型,用有限元方法模拟不同路堤土本构模型下桩承式路堤中的土拱形态和土拱效应。计算结果表明：3种不同路堤土本构模型下平面土拱的形态都是半个椭圆。路堤土采用HS和HSS模型,获得的土拱形态、效应和桩帽-土差异沉降相同。较之HS和HSS模型,路堤土采用MC模型时计算得到的桩帽-土差异沉降较小,桩帽荷载分担比略大。当路堤高度较小时,采用MC模型获得的土拱远小于HS和HSS模型下的计算结果。土拱效应的数值模拟中路堤土可采用简单的MC模型,但土拱形态的数值模拟中路堤土宜采用HS模型。     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.     

基于系统分析的桩网复合地基荷载效应定量评价模型研究

目前对桩-网复合地基的设计主要存在两点不足,一是计算路堤底桩土荷载分担时需要假设土拱高度,二是对桩间地基土反力的定量评价偏于保守。针对这两个问题,重点分析了路堤荷载作用下土拱效应与加筋薄膜效应,根据堤底桩土相对位移得到计算的土拱高度,推导土拱效应与薄膜效应共同作用下路堤荷载在桩与土之间的分配计算公式;考虑刚性桩桩顶与桩端位置的桩土相对位移以及桩周土对桩侧作用摩阻力存在中性点,根据应力、位移连续性条件,建立桩-网-土联合作用的桩承式加筋路堤的荷载效应计算模型并给出求解方法,通过3个工程实例对该方法进行合理性验证。结果表明,具备一定刚度的桩端下卧层时,采用本模型的计算结果与实测值比较接近,可为工程应用借鉴。     

基于最小势能原理的加筋垫层与路堤桩土相互作用研究

桩承式加筋路堤由于涉及桩–桩间土–垫层–加筋体的相互作用问题而使其承载机理复杂,适用于分层土的简化计算方法尚需要深入研究。在广义桩–广义土物理模型的基础上引入加筋垫层,考虑桩土荷载传递及加筋体拉伸产生的弹性势能,推导了整个系统的总势能方程,并将其离散化,建立了一个无约束非线性数学规划模型。该数学模型以总势能方程作为目标函数,采用下降迭代算法求解总势能方程的最小值,可求得桩、土、垫层垂直方向上的变形。通过一个未加筋的算例对数学规划模型进行了验证,并结合某堆煤筒仓实际工程对该方法计算的加筋处理效果进行了讨论。