俄罗斯出口天然气管道建设规划及对中国引进天然气资源的影响

为避免俄罗斯与乌克兰之间的冲突对俄罗斯出口天然气的影响,俄罗斯开始规划新的天然气出口管道,包括向欧洲供气的北流管道和南流管道,以及面向亚太地区的东部天然气管道。俄罗斯国内陆续出台的天然气发展规划对中国引进俄罗斯天然气资源有重要影响,萨哈林项目和恰扬金气田成为向中国供气的主要资源基地,东线供气方案实施的可能性越来越大。中国石油公司应时刻关注俄罗斯在东部地区的能源政策与发展动向,以推动引进俄罗斯天然气项目的进展。     

Russia pushes ahead with new pipelines

The start of the construction of an oil export pipeline from Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean marks an important new phase in Russia's policy of diversifying its exports away from Europe. Sales to the former Comecon nations of Eastern Europe have been eroded over the last decade-and-a-half since the countries there have tried to import crude oil from the North Sea and elsewhere, following the collapse of the Soviet economic bloc with its barter system of trade in oil and major commodities. Recently, Western Europeans have expressed concerns about the share of Russian supplies in their energy balances, particularly since the argument between Russia and Ukraine over gas supplies at the beginning of 2006 ( see 'Gas and Power', February 2006 ). Since then, the European Commission has been warning of the danger of the European Union's becoming over-reliant on Russian energy.     

Ukraine and Russia again at odds

Ukraine and Russia are having their by now annual dispute over gas deliveries. In recent years, the two countries have argued over the price charged to Ukraine for gas supplied by Russia and about the tariff imposed by Ukraine for the transit of Russian gas through Ukraine to Western Europe ( see 'Focus', January 2006 ).     

EU worries (again) about Russian energy supplies

The issue of energy security has been thrust back on Europe's agenda with the interruption to Russian oil exports to central and eastern Europe. The Russians raised their prices to Belarus at the start of the year by imposing an export duty on their crude oil. Belarus retaliated by charging the Russians more to transport their oil through Belarus to countries further west, prompting the Russians to stop supplying Belarus altogether. The whole episode aroused fears across the EU of a repeat of the argument between Russia and Ukraine that led to a shortfall in gas deliveries to western Europe at the beginning of last year ( see 'Focus', January 2006 ).     

俄罗斯石油天然气工业发展述评

对俄罗斯近年经济发展、石油天然气资源、年产量和出口规模等资料进行统计分析表明，俄罗斯在经济上已经不再具有“超级大国”的地位，但其石油天然气的年产量、出口量仍然不可忽视，原苏联在石油天然气勘探开发方面的经验仍具有参考和借鉴的意义。另外，由于自然条件和资金、技术方面的原因，对世界上最后的石油天然气后备资源——板具远景的俄罗斯北极海域的全面勘探开发为时尚早。对俄罗斯目前到处结交“能源伙伴”的政策应该关注，并进行深入研究。     

俄罗斯天然气工业近况及发展趋势

俄罗斯是世界最大的天然气生产国和出口国之一，在世界天然气工业占有举足轻重的地位。针对俄罗斯所处的地缘政治和资源争夺日益趋紧的背景，简要介绍了俄罗斯天然气工业的生产、需求和消费、进出口、价格等近况，以及发展趋势和面临的问题。     

EU wrong-footed as Russia moves ahead with new export pipelines

Whilst the European Union (EU) tries to find new sources of gas imports outside Russia, Moscow is pre-empting any such moves to lessen the EU's dependence on Russia by announcing new plans to bring gas to Central and Western Europe. A major new gas export line has been brought nearer by an agreement to route the South Stream gas pipeline via Serbia, whilst another export project has just been agreed under which Russia will provide a conduit to Europe for gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.     

MODELLING HYDROCARBON GENERATION IN THE PALAEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC SUCCESSIONS IN SE POLAND AND WEST UKRAINE

The Lower Palaeozoic succession in SE Poland and West Ukraine has source rock potential, particularly the Ordovician and Silurian which contain oil‐prone Type II kerogen. The thermal maturity of these units ranges from early to late‐phase oil window (locally up to gas window). Within the Mesozoic succession, source rock potential is highest in the Middle Jurassic which has TOC of up to 26 wt% and a genetic potential of up to 39 mg/g of rock, with organic matter dominated by gas‐prone Type III kerogen. In SE Poland, the organic matter in this unit is generally immature, whereas maturities in West Ukraine are sufficient for hydrocarbon generation to occur. Modelling of hydrocarbon generation suggested that petroleum in Lower Palaeozoic source rocks began to be generated in the Early Carboniferous. Peak generation took place from the late Visean to the early Namurian, and terminated either as a result of source rock depletion or Variscian inversion. Expelled hydrocarbons migrated during post‐Carboniferous and Mesozoic uplift. Middle Jurassic source rocks in SE Poland have only reached the early oil window. Higher thermal maturities in the Ukraine resulted in hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. This took place after Miocene burial and maturation. A number of small hydrocarbon accumulations occur in Mesozoic reservoirs in SE Poland / West Ukraine, and hydrocarbons have migrated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks. However, the prospectivity of the study area is reduced as a result of phases of uplift and intense erosion which allowed hydrocarbons to escape from structural traps.     

Indonesia fights off oil and gas crises

Rising domestic consumption and falling output have turned Indonesia into a net importer of oil, forcing it to consider withdrawing from OPEC. In recent years, Jakarta has depended on gas for its export revenues. Now, the gas industry is in trouble. Output from the Arun gas fields is declining and the state oil and gas company, Pertamina, was recently forced to delay LNG shipments to its three largest customers. The government is looking for new investment in an attempt to stave off an energy crisis, but foreign companies are unhappy about business conditions there. Meanwhile, oil and gas consumption is rising rapidly thanks to a system of domestic price subsidies, which the government has been unable to end. The delay to much needed reforms in the energy sector threatens not only the oil and gas industries but the economic and political stability of the country as well.     

THE DNIEPER-DONETS PALEORIFT, UKRAINE: DEEP STRUCTURES AND HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATIONS

Numerous deep seismic and borehole studies have been made in the Dnieper-Donets Paleorift (Ukraine), and, when combined with studies of oil- and gasfield distribution, indicate that there exists an interesting relationship between deep lithospheric structure and evolution, and the hydrocarbon potential of the Paleorift.
It has been found that hydrocarbon accumulations tend to be associated with slopes in the Moho discontinuity, where most faults are located, and also where the basement and the lower layers of sedimentary cover have been fragmented by faults. These areas are the most promising for exploration.
These facts could imply an abiogenic, mantle origin for oil and gas. Alternatively, the hot mantle ascending beneath the Dnieper-Donets Paleorift may have created thermodynamic or fluid-flow conditions within the sedimentary cover which were favourable for the transformation of biogenic material into oil and gas. In this case, mantle fluid-flow along faults assisted the migration of hydrocarbons and its accumulation in traps.     

俄罗斯天然气产品测量、计量保障体系简介

为满足国内日益增长的天然气消费需求,我国政府已与土库曼斯坦等国家就引进天然气签订协议,未来还将从俄罗斯进口天然气。了解俄罗斯天然气产品测量及相关的计量保障体系,将有助于商务合同中有关技术协议的签订,保证引进工作的顺利开展,保护国家利益。为此,对俄罗斯天然气产品流量测量和质量测定的计量保障体系的基本情况做了比较全面的介绍,包括国家一级标准装置和标准物质、溯源链、方法标准、工作标准物质、测量仪器等,在此基础上提出了对俄罗斯天然气产品测量计量保障体系、标准、修订方面的几点认识,可为加快我国天然气产品测量标准体系的完善及与俄罗斯天然气产品测量体系的对比研究提供参考。     

俄罗斯录井技术现状与应用前景分析

俄罗斯录井技术起步较早,但近几年发展速度放缓。我国与俄罗斯的录井技术各有特色,具有很强的互补性。为了借鉴俄罗斯录井技术的长处,提高我国的录井技术水平,从录井仪研发、钻井参数、气体参数、地质参数和录井信息化等方面分析了俄罗斯录井技术的现状和特点,并与我国的录井技术进行了对比。分析认为,俄罗斯在仪器房布局、传感器类型等方面具有技术优势,我国在仪器房安全防护、气体定量分析、录井信息化和特色录井技术等方面具有技术优势。因此,我国应引进俄罗斯的优势录井技术,提高我国的录井技术水平,缩短我国与先进录井技术之间的差距。      

Review of China's Oil and Gas Policies in 2018

In 2018, the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Oil and Gas System was implemented, and supporting measures were introduced one after another to promote the further expansion of the oil and gas market. The promotion of the competitive transfer of mining rights has continued, and Xinjiang has for the first time sold the exploration rights of five oil and gas exploration blocks through listing. The supervision of the fair opening of oil and gas pipeline networks has been strengthened, and oil and gas infrastructure will be opened to third parties. Market access for oil sales has been further relaxed, and restrictions on more than 30 foreign-funded chain gas stations requiring Chinese ownership have been lifted.The management system of oil and gas import and export has been improved, and non-state-owned trading enterprises in the free trade zone have for the first time been granted the right to import crude oil. The pricing mechanism of natural gas has been further improved; the price management of residential gas has been changed from the highest gate station price management to reference gate station price management so as to realize the connection between residential gas and nonresidential gas reference price levels. The promotion of the successful listing of Shanghai crude oil futures will promote the formation of Asian pricing power for crude oil and enhance China's influence on pricing in the international oil market. In addition, the state has issued the Opinions on Promoting the Coordinated and Stable Development of Natural Gas, which is conducive to solving the problems of the incomplete natural gas production, supply, storage and marketing system, and unbalanced industrial development in China. Focusing on enhancing domestic oil and gas exploration and development,such fiscal and taxation support policies as shale gas tax cuts and the proposed extension of subsidy years have been introduced so as to slow down the excessive rise in oil and gas dependence on foreign countries, and enhance the ability to ensure national energy security.     

世界各国天然气出口能力及中国境外投资选择

为了多维度地掌握世界天然气供应能力及变化趋势,给我国的天然气进口及境外投资合作提供更准确的选择角度和依据,基于BP 2015年生产交易数据和IMF经济数据,采取3种方式进行综合分析,以寻找、比较、发现各国包含的机会和风险:①根据时间序列数据分析全球陆上管道气与LNG出口趋势;②根据横截面各项数据对天然气生产国进行分项排名,最后按算术平均值确定综合排名;③对主要国家天然气政策及出口前景进行分析预测。结果表明:①2005-2014年,天然气出口量的增长趋势受经济形势影响较大,LNG在全球贸易中的比重由26%上升至33.4%,天然气全球化趋势不可逆转;②在全球天然气主要生产国生产和出口能力方面,美洲、欧洲及欧亚大陆国家、中东、非洲以及亚洲各有其特点;③市场化呈上升的趋势,美国未来天然气出口前景较乐观,不同政策和国情影响出口能力。结论认为,中国目前对进口目标国或天然气生产和投资目标国的选择总的来说是合理的。     

雅克拉污水处理站污水储罐腐蚀及腐蚀治理措施

雅克拉污水处理站设计处理污水量500 m~3/d,来水主要有雅克拉站污水、YK12井单井流程污水、大涝坝站污水,处理后的污水达到A3标注。污水站自2008年投运至今,污水储罐本体累计穿孔10次,主要集中沉降罐本体(6次)和内部中心柱出口管线(1次)和注水罐本体(2次)及罐底(1次)。沉降罐内中心筒刺漏已严重影响污水处理效果,为维持污水处理需要和减少现场动火安全隐患,暂时对储罐本体刺漏采用环氧树脂+玻璃布堵漏。为彻底解决储罐腐蚀问题,需对污水站进行停运检修,停运检修周期长(达2月)、检修费用高(全面检修花费135万元)、检修期间污水倒运难。2010年8月-10月主要对污水站四个污水储罐进行开罐检查,根据腐蚀情况进行腐蚀管壁的更换和罐底打补丁,并对污水储罐安装牺牲阳极块和99.5%无溶剂环氧涂层,根据污水"曝氧"腐蚀影响,在污水接收罐罐顶增加除氧剂加注流程。     

RESERVES/RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES USED IN RUSSIA AND WESTERN COUNTRIES: A REVIEW AND COMPARISON

The international oil industry currently uses a number of schemes for hydrocarbon reserves and resources classification. These serve different purposes and are used variously by Governmental agencies, oil companies, scientific societies, research institutes and by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (McKelvey, 1975; Grishin, 1993; Nemchenko et al., 1996). Although the schemes have many features in common, attention has been paid in recent years to the development of a single, universal classification (McKelvey, 1975).
Russia, unlike many other countries, uses only one reserves classification scheme (Anon., 1983; Nemchenko et al., 1996; Stasenkov and Gutman, 1989). Interest is growing in the comparison of the Russian scheme with those used elsewhere. A number of Russian oil and gas companies (e.g. Lukoil, Yukos and Gazprom) have already introduced Western standards for reserves evaluation in order to facilitate foreign investment. Conversely, Western companies operating in the Russian Federation are translating the Russian classification scheme into more familiar terms and definitions.     

Iraqi law opposed, worries about security and a petrol mystery

This section summarizes downstream developments of the previous month. Exploration & Production are covered in 'Upstream Review'.
Iraq's Cabinet has approved a controversial draft law permitting foreign oil investment and allowing regional governments to negotiate directly with foreign companies. Many in Iraq say the law is being imposed on the government by Washington as a way of ensuring that US oil companies have a large role in the production of Iraq's oil. There is also opposition to the idea that regions such as Kurdistan and the Shi'i-dominated south should have an important role in oil policy. Moreover, there is still no firm agreement on how Iraq's oil revenues are to be shared between the various provinces. An important gas export project looks unlikely to go ahead, following Kuwait's decision not to refurbish a pipeline designed to import gas from Iraq's South Rumailah field after Iraq failed to build the infrastructure to export the gas.     

Chaos in Iraq, troubles in Russia and prices back at their previous highs

This section summarizes downstream developments of the previous month. Exploration & Production are covered in 'Upstream Review'.
Iraq suffered its worst single day of civilian casualties since the end of the US-led invasion when a car bomb killed more than 125 outside a police recruiting centre in Hillah. Attacks continued on oil installations, including the export pipeline to Ceyhan, which functioned for less than eight days in February, having been closed previously since 19th December. The US death toll in Iraq passed the 1,500 mark and the interim Prime Minister, Ayad Allawi, extended the country's 'state of emergency' for a further 30 days amid continuing violence. Ukraine is to suggest that Iraq exports some of its crude via the under-used Ukrainian pipeline network ( see GER Survey of Russia on website). This would involve a new pipeline across Turkey to the Black Sea. The Ukrainians also want to export electricity to Iraq.     

Caspian: Plenty of pipelines,but where is the gas?

Governments and oil companies continue to produce proposals for pipelines to export gas from the Caspian to Western Europe. Large volumes are forecast to begin arriving early in the next decade, but there are correspondingly few indications where the gas is going to come from. Production plans by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are modest in comparison with some of the outside export forecasts for these countries. There is also mounting competition for Europe's gas from the countries' own markets and from an energy-hungry China.     

Gazprom's domestic agenda takes second place to exports

Russia's Gazprom has announced plans to spend $1.2 bn on extending its gas distribution network across the country. Many areas are without natural gas despite the fact that Russia is by far the world's largest producer of gas ( see Table 5.2c ). Low domestic prices nevertheless mean that Gazprom's priority remains the export market. The company has just agreed to spend $5 bn on an export pipeline to Germany.