Rheology of tapioca starch

Rheological properties of tapioca starch solutions were evaluated using a computer controlled rotational viscometer in relation to four factors: temperature, 20–80°C; concentration, 2–6%; pH, 4–8 and cooking time, 5–35 min. All test solutions showed power-law flow behavior. A second order composite design was used to investigate the effects of concentration, temperature, pH value and cook time on rheological property parameters (consistency coefficient, m, and flow behavior index, n), and develop second order multiple response models of parameters related to concentration, temperature, pH value and cook time.     

羧甲基纤维素钠溶液的流变性质及其在酸性乳饮料中的应用

羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)是一类重要的离子型纤维素衍生物,在食品工业中有广泛应用。CMC的水溶液具有假塑性,CMC分子结构参数(分子量和取代度)和浓度的改变影响其流变行为。研究发现,不同结构参数的CMC用于稳定酸性乳饮料的效果不同,分子量大、取代度高的CMC有利于体系的稳定。当加入的CMC浓度过低时,酪蛋白颗粒易发生架桥絮凝而使体系失稳,较高浓度的CMC才可使体系趋于稳定。     

Viscoelastic properties of aqueous and milk systems with carboxymethyl cellulose

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is widely used as a stabilizer and thickener in the food industry. Previously published work has been carried out in predominantly monophasic systems, i.e. aqueous solutions, but there are few studies of complex systems like dairy desserts where CMC may interact with carbohydrates and milk proteins. Oscillatory rheological methods were used to study the influence of CMC concentration (0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50% w/w) and type of dispersing media (aqueous solution, skimmed milk and whole milk) on the viscoelastic properties of aqueous and milk systems. Both the type of dispersing media and the CMC concentration clearly affected the viscoelastic behaviour of samples, which ranged from fluid-like to weak gel. At the lowest CMC concentration (0.75% w/w), no significant differences in G′, G″ and η* values at 6.28 rad/s were observed between the three systems studied. At the highest CMC concentration (1.5% w/w) G′ and η* values at 6.28 rad/s were significantly higher for whole-milk samples than for skimmed-milk samples, which in turn were higher than for aqueous solutions.     

Rheological interactions of selected hydrocolloid–sugar–milk–emulsifier systems

Rheological properties of solutions containing different ratios and concentrations of three hydrocolloids, i.e., basil seed gum (BSG), guar gum and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were investigated. In addition, the effect of sucrose, skim milk powder and emulsifier, as key ice cream constituents, on the rheological properties of selected hydrocolloids was studied. Power law model was used to describe the rheological properties. Results showed that flow behaviour index of selected hydrocolloids, without any additives, was in the range of 0.501–0.789, while consistency coefficient and apparent viscosity of samples varied from 0.052 to 0.750 Pa.sⁿ, and 0.014 to 0.110 Pa.s, respectively. Addition of sucrose and emulsifier to hydrocolloids led to more viscous and more pseudoplastic solutions, whereas skim milk decreased viscosity and pseudoplasticity in some cases. BSG as a new source of hydrocolloid revealed promising results. Synergistic interactions between gums improved the viscosity of solutions, especially in the case of CMC and guar.     

RHEOLOGY OF SUCROSE-CMC MODEL SOLUTION

The rheological behavior of an aqueous solution composed of 65% sucrose and 0.1% CMC was experimentally determined from -10C to 50C using a rotational viscometer equipped with coaxial cylinders. The model solution behaved as pseudoplastic fluid, represented by the power-law model. Flow behavior and consistency indices determined at -10.1, 0.5, 9.8, 19.0, 30.1 and 50. OC, showed values between 0.79 to 0.86 and 0.15 to 10.22 Pa. sⁿ, respectively. The effect of temperature on the rheological parameters was represented by Arrhenius-type relationships, with R²≥ 0.97. They were compared to the rheological behavior of a concentrated orange juice with 65° Brix and 7% pulp content. The comparison of separate rheograms for both fluids showed that the model solution can be used to represent concentrated orange juice.     

Gelling Properties of Egg White Produced Using a Conventional and a Low-shear Reverse Osmosis Process

ABSTRACT: Gelling properties of heat-induced egg white (EW) powders obtained using a conventional (control) and a reverse osmosis (RO) process were investigated under different pHs (3–9) and protein concentrations (5–20%) by dynamic and uniaxial compression rheological tests. At pH 9, temperature sweep tests indicated that gelation behavior of RO and control samples were similar. Both gelation temperature and G' were concentration-dependent; the increase in G' with concentration followed a power-law relationship with an exponent of 2.42. Failure stress and strain of cured gels were concentration- and pH- dependent but were not significantly (p = 0.05) different for the two powders. Results suggest that gelling properties of EW powders are not significantly affected by the RO treatment.     

Rheology and Microstructure of Succinylated Canola Protein Isolate

Steady shear rheological properties of aqueous dispersions of unmodified and succinylated canola (rapeseed) protein (54 and 84% modification of free amino groups) were examined over a wide range of pH (3.5–11.0) and NaCl concentration (0.0–0.70M). All dispersions were pseudoplastic and followed power-law or power-law plastic flow behavior. Apparent viscosity at shear rates of 10 and 1000 s-1 was affected by extent of succinylation, pH, NaCl concentration, and interactions among these factors. At both shear rates, protein solubility and hydrophobicity were reliable predictors of apparent viscosity. Dispersion microstructure, as revealed by light microscopy, appeared to play an important role in flow behavior.     

魔芋葡甘聚糖与琼脂共混溶胶的剪切流变特性研究

利用流变仪研究了不同质量浓度、溶胀时间和温度条件下魔芋葡甘聚糖/琼脂(KGM/Agar)共混体系的剪切流变特性。结果表明:KGM/Agar共混体系随着质量浓度增大,黏稠系数k增大;随着加热时间延长,黏稠系数k增大;而温度在30~60℃范围内,黏稠系数k随着温度升高先增大再减小然后再增大,呈现波浪式。从黏稠系数和流动指数结果表明,其混合胶的最佳工艺为:KGM/Agar共混胶的质量浓度1.2%,溶胀温度40℃,溶胀时间120 min。魔芋葡甘聚糖/琼脂(KGM/Agar)共混体系流变特性服从幂律方程,通过进一步对黏稠系数k和流动指数n随浓度、时间和温度的变化趋势进行拟合,其关系曲线分别用指数函数和多项式曲线拟合,以期为KGM/Agar的应用和质量评价提供指导。      

四种添加剂的流变性能研究

论文主要对四种添加剂进行了流变性能的研究,四种添加剂中,黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶其胶体溶液流变性有更多的相似性,它们浓度在0.3%以上时,均为非牛顿型流体,CMC浓度在0.5%以上时为非牛顿型流体,且为非触变性流体.海藻酸钠胶体溶液为牛顿型流体.四种添加剂胶体溶液的粘度,瓜尔豆胶＞黄原胶＞CMC＞海藻酸钠.但在搅动环境下,当剪切力大于一定的屈服应力时,剪切稀化效应将导致粘度的下降,下降幅度为瓜尔豆胶＞黄原胶＞CMC.黄原胶更具有独特的流变性、优良的热稳定性、酸稳定性,其次为瓜尔豆胶.CMC、海藻酸钠的热稳定性并不是很好,在高酸性的环境条件下,海藻酸钠的粘度反而增加.     

Rheological and Chemical Characterization of Smoothie Beverages Containing High Concentrations of Fibre and Polyphenols from Apple

Beverages are an ideal food format to deliver health-promoting polyphenols (PPs) and dietary fibres (DFs) to consumers. In this study, complex beverage systems, smoothies, were formulated containing high concentrations of apple PPs (500 mg per 300 ml beverage), apple fibres of two different particle sizes (AF01, 250 μm; AF09, 300–700 μm; each containing soluble and insoluble fibres), and stabiliser carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; 0.05–2.00 %). The beverages were pasteurised at 85 °C for 15 s, and subjected to total extracted PP content (TEPC) and rheological measurements (viscosity, elastic modulus G′ and viscous modulus G″ at 4, 20, 37 and 60 °C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR spectroscopy and N₂ physisorption measurements on the AF01 and AF09 fibre powders showed that they differed in particle size, yet were similar in particle surface morphology, chemical composition and specific surface area. Characterisation of smoothies prepared from the AF01 and AF09 fibres showed that the particle size of the apple fibres, testing temperature and CMC concentration strongly influenced the extractability of PPs and rheological behaviour of the smoothies. The peak TEPC values of the AF01 and AF09 beverages, 327 and 351 mg catechin equivalent per 300 ml beverage, occurred at 1.50 % and 1.00 % CMC, respectively. The temperature dependence of smoothie viscosity was examined, and an Arrhenius relationship was observed for both the AF01 and AF09 smoothie systems. The stabilising effect of CMC for this type of smoothie beverage was confirmed. CMC concentrations of 1.00–1.50 % afford high extracted PP content, good phase stability and beverage flow properties. These results presented here can be used to guide the development of stable beverages containing relatively high concentrations of PPs and DFs (including both insoluble and soluble).     

RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE SOLUTION UNDER ASEPTIC PROCESSING CONDITIONS

The rheology of Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solutions, which are widely used as carrier fluids in aseptic processing simulations, was studied. Effects such as time dependency, recovery, and viscoelasticity were studied. A model was developed to determine the apparent viscosity of CMC solutions as a function of shear rate, temperature, and concentration. The model can be used in process design from both a fluid mechanics standpoint and a heat transfer standpoint. It was found that the solutions behaved as pseudoplastic fluids that were irreversibly thixotropic and also viscoelastic.     

Effect of salts on the rheology of hydrocolloids from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves in concentrated domain

Rheological properties of 2–8% mulberry leaf hydrocolloids extracted by hot water (Hw) or sodium bicarbonate (Alk or Alk-v) were evaluated. Steady shear rheological results of mulberry leaf hydrocolloids indicated the structural behavior with a Newtonian viscosity at low shear rate and shear-thinning behavior over intermediate to high shear rate regime. As simulated by Carreau model, the characteristic time constant of mulberry leaf hydrocolloids increased, but the power-law behavior index decreased with increasing concentration. Results from the dynamic rheological experiments revealed that the behavior of 2% mulberry leaf hydrocolloid solutions were characteristic concentrated polymer solution. However, as the concentration was raised up to 4–8%, a gel-like behavior may occur depending on the extraction methods, possibly owing to the formation of aggregates at high polymer concentration. Furthermore, rheological properties of Alk and Alk-v were generally higher than those of Hw. Though mulberry leaf hydrocolloids were ionic polymers, the rheological properties in concentrated domain were not influenced pronouncedly by the addition of 0–200 mM of NaCl, KCl or MgCl₂. In contrast, under sufficiently high CaCl₂ concentration (68 mM or 200 mM for alkaline extracted and water extracted mulberry leaf hydrocolloids, respectively), formation of a three-dimensional gel network was observed, possibly due to the cross-linking of Ca²⁺ with carboxyl groups of mulberry leaf hydrocolloids in addition to charge screening effects.     

Flow behaviour,linear viscoelasticity and surface properties of chitosan aqueous solutions

A study of rheological properties of chitosan solutions was carried out in terms of polymer concentration (0.05–2.5 wt%) and temperature (5–25 °C).The chitosan solutions studied exhibited Newtonian behaviour at concentrations lower than 0.25 wt%. Above this value, the rest of the systems showed shear-thinning behaviour.The viscoelastic properties of chitosan solutions above 0.25 wt% were characterized by oscillatory shear measurements under small-deformation conditions and the results showed fluid-like viscoelastic behaviour.Time-concentration and time-temperature superposition methods were carried out to obtain an overall master curve; where the rheological properties of chitosan solution at a specific temperature or concentration can be predicted over a broad time scale.The fact that the activation energy for steady shear flow was higher than for oscillatory shear promoted deviations from the Cox–Merz rule, when temperature was decreased at the highest chitosan concentration studiedIn addition, their dynamic surface tension behaviour and surface viscoelastic properties were explored. The time-dependent decrease in surface tension along with the limiting elasticity of the interface seems to indicate that commercial chitosan may play the role of an emulsifier as well as a stabiliser of O/W emulsions.     

[AMIM]Cl为溶剂的纤维素溶液流变性能

 以离子液体氯化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑（[AMIM]Cl）为纤维素溶剂,制备3种不同质量分数的纤维素溶液,测定纤维素溶液在不同条件下的静态及动态流变性能,分析实验数据,计算溶液的黏流活化能 及结构黏度指数 。静态流变结果表明,实验范围内的纤维素溶液均为假塑性流体,表观黏度、剪切应力、结构黏度指数均随温度升高而下降,当温度达到100℃,溶液表观黏度趋于恒定。动态流变结果表明：该体系的损耗模量和储能模量随溶液质量分数的增加而增大,随温度的升高而减小;损耗模量和储能模量的曲线都有1个交点,交点前粘性效应占优,交点后弹性效应占优。     

葡聚糖水溶液流变性研究

本实验研究了葡聚糖水溶液的流变性能,选取了五种不同分子量的葡聚糖,分别考查了分子量、溶液浓度、溶液温度等因素对葡聚糖水溶液流变性的影响。结果显示,多数葡聚糖水溶液表现出牛顿流体的特性,而当葡聚糖分子量为531000,溶液浓度为30%时,溶液则表现出假塑性流体的性质,黏度随着剪切速率的提高而降低。当葡聚糖浓度较低时(≤1%),水溶液均表现出一种特殊的流变性,即黏度随着剪切速率增加先降低后升高,本研究对出现这一现象的原因进行了分析。     

温度、NaCl及乙醇对Tw80水溶液的临界胶束浓度的影响

临界胶束浓度（Critical Micelle     

普鲁兰多糖对κ-卡拉胶凝胶特性及流变学性质的影响

研究了普鲁兰多糖对κ-卡拉胶凝胶特性和流变学性质的影响。实验表明:κ-卡拉胶的凝胶强度、凝胶温度和熔化温度随着κ-卡拉胶和K+的浓度的增加而增加。随着普鲁兰多糖添加量的增加,κ-卡拉胶的凝胶强度、凝胶温度和熔化温度出现一定程度的升高,胶体的持水能力得到改善,胶液的流动行为指数（n）减小,表观粘度逐渐增大,胶液近似于牛顿型流体。      

Viscoelastic Behavior of Whey Protein Isolates at the Sol-Gel Transition Point

The flow behavior of whey protein isolates (WPI) was studied in systems processed under different conditions. Experiments were undertaken to study effects of heating conditions (temperature/time), pH, solid content, calcium chloride, and guanidinium hydrochloride addition on the gelation of whey protein isolate solutions. The rheological data demonstrated a power-law frequency dependence of the viscoelastic functions G″ (ω) and G″ (ω) and a frequency-independent tan δ determined from a multi-frequency scan of tan δ vs gelling time at the gel point. The power-law exponents (n) obtained from these dynamic measurements for determining the sol-gel transition point were between 0.62 and 0.69. Those values suggest a percolation mechanism for the gelation process.     

鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白静态流变特性的研究

利用流变仪研究了肌原纤维蛋白(MP)浓度、温度、pH和离子强度四个因素对肌原纤维蛋白静态流变特性的影响。运用幂率定律计算出K(粘度系数)和n(流变指数)。结果表明:MP样品的剪切应力均随着MP浓度和离子强度的增大而上升,而随着温度和pH的上升先增大后减小;K和n与肌原纤维蛋白浓度,温度,pH和离子强度有关;肌原纤维蛋白溶液的n值最大为0.463,当MP溶液浓度为30mg/mL,pH6.0,离子强度0.6时,n值最小为0.162,且n值随MP浓度和离子强度的增加而降低,说明流体假塑性随MP浓度和离子强度的增加而增加。      

Continuous Flow Radio Frequency Heating of Water and Carboxymethylcellulose Solutions

Tap water and 1% CMC solutions were heated in a 40.68 MHz, 30 kW continuous flow radio frequency unit. Temperatures at different vertical and radial locations were monitored by fiber optic probes during batch heating of tap water and 1% CMC solution. Temperatures at different locations were similar during batch heating of tap water, while a significant temperature difference was observed for 1% CMC solutions, with the temperature close to the wall being higher than that at the center. Similar trends were observed during continuous heating of tap water and 1% CMC solutions, with T_wall > T_R/2 > T_center for the latter. The observations were a result of different dielectric properties of these 2 fluids, as well as the fluid flow characteristics during continuous heating.