鱼道水力特性研究进展

综述竖缝式、池堰式和涵洞式、丹尼尔式及组合式鱼道水力特性的国内外研究进展;对比分析水流流态、流速场特征、流量与水深的关系、紊流特性及消能率等几方面对不同鱼道的水力特性的影响;得出了竖缝式鱼道中无量纲流量与相对水深之间呈线性关系的结论,列出了池堰式鱼道中流量与水深的关系式;指出鱼道中紊流的紊动能、紊流强度及紊流结构均会对鱼道水力特性、鱼类对栖息地的选择以及鱼类通行造成较大影响;展望鱼道未来研究重心会逐渐集中于鱼道内紊流特性及其数值模拟的研究,尤其是紊流结构的研究。此外,不同结构形式鱼道内水力条件对鱼类通行的影响及改善措施亦将成为未来研究热点之一。     

河道整治工程中鱼道水利设施紊流特征研究

以ANSYS Workbench为建模分析平台,对涵洞式鱼道开展不同工况条件下紊流特性分析。并以水流速度、紊动能、漩涡、湍流耗散率四个参数为紊流特性分析对象,获得了涵洞内在不同水流方向上参数变化趋势及量值区间,并对比了各个工况条件下参数演化差异,明确了涵洞式鱼道只有在低坡度、一定埋深条件下紊流特性才处于最佳,亦是有益于鱼类的生存繁衍。本研究为涵洞式鱼道紊流特性数值模拟分析提供了一定的参考依据。     

两种主要技术型鱼道的水力特性研究进展

综述竖缝式、组合式及丹尼尔式鱼道水力特性的研究进展,从鱼道结构型式方面对比分析国内外两种主要技术型鱼道水力特性的研究现状和研究结果,指出鱼道中水流的流速、流态、紊动能、雷诺切应力和漩涡尺寸等可能会对鱼类上溯造成困扰的水力因子,同时讨论了鱼道水力学研究中存在的问题并展望该领域的研究方向。     

竖缝与堰组合式鱼道水力特性数值模拟研究

堤坝等水利水电工程截断河流,鱼道能克服其阻碍作用,使鱼类顺利上溯洄游。采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对竖缝与堰组合式鱼道进行数值模拟,对其池室内流速以及紊动能情况进行分析研究。结果表明：该类型鱼道池室内部水力特性稳定,具有竖缝式鱼道和堰式鱼道共同优点,适宜于不同鱼类游过,能较好地适应鱼类上溯。     

竖缝式鱼道池室结构变化对水力特性的影响分析

竖缝鱼道的消能主要集中在竖缝处,竖缝束窄使水流形成漩涡,导致鱼道内流速过高,水流紊乱。为了改善竖缝式鱼道池室的水流特性,采用雷诺应力(RSM)模型对不同结构形式的同侧竖缝鱼道进行数值模拟。研究表明:在池室内正对竖缝下游布置圆柱型障碍物,竖缝处流速梯度减小,紊动能和雷诺剪切力均降低约20%～30%,这种池型的鱼道水力特性稳定,能满足更多鱼类的过坝。     

鱼道进口补水消能数值模拟研究

鱼道设计中常采用进口段开挖设置补水消能池的方式提高鱼道进口流速,强化其诱鱼、集鱼、进鱼能力。而补水水体与消能池水体掺混,会对鱼道内水体产生明显扰动,导致鱼道内(消能池部位)流态紊乱。为了能够完整捕捉尺度小、变化复杂的紊动流场结构,获得适合鱼类洄游的紊动能分布,采用三维数学模型对某电站鱼道进口补水消能复杂三维流场进行模拟研究,求解紊动能参数,优化了盖板补水消能方案。研究结果表明：在消能池顶部设置盖板,补水水流自盖板间的缝隙进入鱼道,可强制将大尺度紊流涡团变成小尺度涡团,涡团尺度变小后,黏性切应力易于将紊动能转化成内能而耗散掉,使鱼道内紊动能降低;另外,通过调整盖板缝宽,使补水出流相对均匀,也可降低紊动能;缝宽首尾窄、中间宽的布置型式使各缝隙垂向流速分布较为均匀,有利于鱼类洄游。研究成果可为此类工程过鱼设施进口段设计提供科学理论依据,以获得稳定、均匀的补水水流,提高鱼道进鱼能力。     

环形波纹钢管涵洞式鱼道水力特性数值模拟

环形波纹钢管涵洞式鱼道内波纹的粗糙度可以使边界附近产生足够低的流速,鱼类可以由此游向上游。对3种流量0.05,0.07,0.09 m3/s,3种埋深0D,0.1D,0.2D,坡度0.4%工况下,环形波纹钢管涵洞式鱼道内水面线、流速场和紊流场分布分别进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明环形波纹钢管涵洞中,高流速区（无量纲流速大于0.9）位于涵洞过水断面中心区域,高紊流区（紊流强度大于0.2）位于水面中心附近。在涵洞底部边壁附近较大区域内,由于流速较小,紊流强度也较低（紊流强度小于0.1）,鱼类可以由此顺利完成上溯。相比无埋深式涵洞,嵌入式涵洞内平均流速较小,紊流强度变化较为平缓,更有利于鱼类的洄游。     

水沙两相浑水模型的紊流封闭及初步验证

一些学者采用两相浑水模型模拟挟沙水流运动,但其紊流封闭仍借用经验公式、单相紊流模型或双流体紊流模型,未形成两相浑水理论框架下的紊流模式。本文基于双流体紊流模型推导出固液两相浑水紊动能和紊动耗散的偏微分方程,给出固相偏移紊动能的渐近解,以表示固相紊动能与固液两相浑水紊动能的相对差,继而推导出固相紊动耗散的代数表达式,完成对固液两相浑水模型的紊流封闭。固液两相浑水紊流模型能够考虑相间作用和颗粒碰撞等物理机制,保留了双流体紊流模型能够分别计算固、液相各自紊动信息的特点,又将偏微分方程数量减少一半。采用河流动力学绝对含沙量分布的计算方法,并引入各向紊动强度分配系数进行修正后,利用实验资料对两相浑水紊流模型进行验证,计算结果同实测值符合较好,结果表明本文模型能反映出随着泥沙浓度增加,挟沙水流紊动抑制加剧的现象。     

竖缝式鱼道90°转弯段水力特性研究

水流流态和紊动能是鱼道两个重要的水力特性,这两个因素是否合理,很大程度上决定了鱼道设计以及过鱼效果的好坏.以老口航运枢纽鱼道工程为原型,以1:1的比例建立数值模型,采用Flow-3D软件,对竖缝式鱼道90°转弯段的水力特性进行数值模拟研究,分析了竖缝式鱼道90°转弯段流态和紊动能分布、主流区沿程及垂向的流速和紊动能变化...     

基于FLUENT的箱式鱼道水力特性模拟研究

箱式鱼道作为一种新型的竖缝式鱼道,具有过鱼效果好、构造简单、经济成本低、便于标准化等诸多优点,在青海湖上有成功的工程实践,然而目前国内尚无系统的研究。以青海湖箱式鱼道为例,采用FLUENT数值模拟软件,建立standard k～ε数学模型,结合目标鱼类,针对鱼道内流态、流速分布及紊动能情况进行分析。结果表明,该类型鱼道休息区与主流区分布合适,能够产生"S"型蜿蜒曲折的水流特征。箱式鱼道底层具有较大回流区,鱼道内紊动能较小,适合鱼类休息;上层隔板的梯形渐变段设计,有效减小流速峰值,为鱼类洄游创造良好的流场。图11幅,表2个。     

Numerical study of the effect of a V-shaped weir on turbulence characteristics and velocity in V-weir fishways

Fishways are used to allow fish to migrate around water infrastructure, whether movements are in the upstream or downstream direction. Hydrodynamic conditions within various fishways, including turbulence levels, are important for successful fish passage. A numerical hydrodynamic study was conducted for V-weir fishways, which assist species migrating upstream. The variables investigated included, fishway slopes of 4%, 7%, and 10%, relative spacing between weirs of 1.3, 2.6, and 4 (D/L, ratio of distance between weirs to pool width), and weir angles of 22.5°, 40°, and 60°. Turbulence characteristics, including turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), Reynolds shear stress (RSS), turbulent intensity (TI), turbulent dissipation (TD), as well as maximum water velocity, were examined by CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation using a re-normalized group or RNG turbulence model. The CFD was calibrated with flow measurements made in a physical model of the V-weir fishway in laboratory control experiments. Based on inferences from fish passage literature, the results showed that, in the range of parameters studied, a weir angle of 22.5^°, a slope of 10% and relative spacing between weirs of 1.3 and 2.6 were assessed as offering the best potential performance for several species and sizes of fish, while the latter has lower cost as it requires fewer weirs. The V-weir fishway may be adaptable for smaller fish.     

Hydraulic and turbulence structure of triangular labyrinth weir‐pool fishways

Detailed laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze and evaluate a new weir‐pool fishway design. The new design consisted of a series of one‐cycle, triangular labyrinth weirs that formed a weir‐pool fish passage. Hydraulic characteristics of flow over the proposed fishway were examined for three pool lengths and a wide range of discharges. It was found that the new design had superior discharge capacity over classical weir‐pool fishways in plunging flow regime. Spatial and point analyses of measured velocity data were carried out to understand turbulence structure and distribution of turbulent flow. The power dissipation per unit volume was calculated for different tests, and it varied nonlinearly with discharge. Based on the limiting criteria for energy dissipation rates of different fish species, the maximum operating discharge for different slopes was extracted for the proposed design. The model‐to‐prototype scaling analysis was performed based on the recommended scaling factor of three for prototype. It was found that the approach velocity of prototype increased by 12%, whereas the total discharge increased by more than five times. The contour plots of time‐averaged velocity indicated that the proposed fishways offered diversified flow fields without exceeding the maximum velocity above the standards recommended for weir‐pool fishways. To study the size, direction, and periodicity of turbulent eddies, magnitude of the most energetic eddy and dominant frequencies were extracted using power spectrum analysis. Quadrant analysis consistently showed that Reynolds shear stresses in ejection and sweep events became weaker as the pool length increased. The small region of strong ejection and sweep events evidenced a good resting place for fish migration, whereas the generated turbulence was large enough to attract fish species to use the passage.     

竖缝式鱼道休息池水动力特性研究

诸多鱼类会在休息池内,特别是转弯段休息池内出现滞留或上溯困难。通过建立三维RNG k-ε紊流模型,分析了竖缝位置、池室长度、休息池内增设辅助隔板等对直段休息池、转弯段休息池水动力特性的影响。结果发现,休息池内水流紊动能、紊动耗散率远低于普通池室,且休息池越长,紊动能及紊动耗散率越低,休息空间越大;竖缝位置对直段休息池水流特性影响不大,规范规定的休息池池长是合理的。对于29°弯段休息池,竖缝异侧布置更有利,对于180°弯段休息池,同侧布置更有利;由于180°弯段休息池池室中央存在大范围高流速回流区,应予充分重视。在休息池内增设辅助隔板能有效消除池室中央大回流区,且大幅增加低流速区面积,值得推广应用。     

Design of a bilateral-symmetric multi-slot fishway and its comparison with vertical slot fishway in terms of hydraulic properties

Aiming at improving the hydraulic properties and enhancing the fish passage efficiency, this study proposes a novel bilateral-symmetric multi-slot fishway (BMSF) by combining the structural features of a double-sided vertical-slot fishway, multi-slot fishway and T-shape fishway. Eight BMSF cases are further designed by adjusting the slot width and the distance between the short baffle and the front end of the central wall, in order to achieve the relatively best hydrodynamic characteristics. The flow fields of two vertical-slot fishways and eight BMSF fishways are obtained by numerically solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation, the volume-of-fluid equation and the k-ω-SST turbulence model. Numerical results manifest that the recommended BMSF-8 provides the smallest values in terms of the maximum time-averaged velocity magnitude (1.42 m s⁻¹), the maximum time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (0.132 m² s⁻²), the maximum time-averaged Reynolds shear stress component (44 Pa), the spatial-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude (0.58 m s⁻¹), and the spatial-mean time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (0.042 m² s⁻²) in the middle pool at Q = 1000 L/s. Even for the depth-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude at the slot and the volume percentages of some critical physical quantities, BMSF-8 is also superior to the other cases. To sum up, BMSF-8 leads to the relatively lowest flow velocity and turbulence, being more suitable for the passage of the whole fish community (especially for small-sized fishes with weaker swimming ability). In addition, the generalizability of the aforementioned superiority of BMSF-8 is displayed by providing the numerical results of four operating conditions (i.e., Q = 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 L/s).     

齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼在竖缝式鱼道模型中的上溯行为研究

为了解齐口裂腹鱼在鱼道中的上溯情况,在大比尺竖缝式鱼道物理模型中开展了以齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为过鱼对象的过鱼试验研究。试验中对通过时间、通过率和上溯轨迹进行了记录,并运用Spearman秩相关分析对齐口裂腹鱼的上溯轨迹和池室结构的水力因子(流速、紊动能、总水力应变)进行了分析。研究发现,试验用鱼通过时间平均值为132.7s,多数鱼倾向于快速通过鱼道完成上溯。试验鱼道通过率为71.9%,过鱼效果良好。多数齐口裂腹鱼上溯过程中会避开高流速区、高紊动能区和高水力应变区,在池室内齐口裂腹鱼上溯轨迹主要分布于上述参数较低的右侧回流区和隔板背水面,竖缝断面处多数齐口裂腹鱼选择上述参数相对较低的隔板侧区域通过。研究结果可为相关竖缝式鱼道设计和实践提供参考。     

开孔促淤板周围水流紊动特性试验研究

为深入了解开孔促淤板周围的水流特性,通过室内概化水槽试验分析了开孔促淤板前后的水流紊动特性,采用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了开孔促淤板前后典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析了典型断面上的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果表明:板后近板区出现回流区,且回流区与开孔促淤板格栅位置相对应;板后水流相对紊动强度、雷诺切应力及相对紊动能明显大于板前,开孔促淤板对板后近板区水流影响较大;随着与开孔促淤板距离的增大,回流现象消失,流速变化趋于稳定,水流相对紊动强度减小且最终趋于稳定,相对紊动能出现折减且折减率逐渐降低;靠近近板区xOy面雷诺切应力大于yOz面雷诺切应力,靠近下游xOy面雷诺切应力与yOz面雷诺切应力相差较小。     

射流冲沙研究

作者通过实验和分析，研究了横流中加入平面冲击射流对防止局部泥沙淤积的影响。水槽实验中观测了水射流局部紊动强度变化、射流冲沙范围内局部紊动剪应力分布、泥沙不淤积临界断面的底部垂向紊动强度和射流强度与泥沙防淤尺度的关系。得出了射流影响区水流紊动能随距离的衰减规律和保持泥沙不淤积所需的水流临界紊动强度。统计分析了射流强度与紊动能的变化关系。根据泥沙悬浮理论和射流紊动输沙机理，建立了水射流局部无泥沙淤积长度经验计算式，并以不同特性泥沙的射流输沙实验资料对所建立的计算公式进行了验证，二者吻合良好。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OF PLUNGE POOL AND ENERGY DISSIPATION ANALYSIS

A 3-D numerical model for simulating the complicated turbulent flows was developed and the code was made. A numerical calculation of the plunge pool of Laxiwa project in China was carried on. Those 3-D distributions of velocity,pressure on bottom wall,turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence energy dissipation rate are revealed in detail and the detailed flow patterns of plunge pool were shown. By studying on the characteristics of turbulent diffusion and energy dissipation,the calculated results show that the major turbulence and energy dissipation are taken place near the axis of water jet. The calculated results also indicated that the calculated maximum impact pressures on the bottom wall of the plunge pool have a good agreement with those obtained by physical hydraulic model test.